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Universidad Santa María
Núcleo Oriente
Facultad de Ingeniería
Laboratorio de Química I

PREPARACIÓN DE SOLUCIONES
VALORACION DE ACIDO - BASE

Profesora: Integrantes:
Carmen Suarez. Espinoza, Romina. C.I.: 25.994.824.
Seccion: D Guevara, Carynlu. C.I.: Gomez, Daniela. C.I.:

Puerto la Cruz, 2 de marzo de 2015.
INTRODUCCIÓN
La composición de una solución se debe medir en términos de volumen y masa, por lo tanto es indispensable conocer la cantidad de soluto disuelto por unidad de volumen o masa de disolvente, es decir su concentración. Durante cualquier trabajo experimental, el uso de soluciones se hace indispensable, por lo que es necesario conocer los procedimientos para su elaboración.
A continuación, a partir de la preparación de soluciones como el hidróxido de sodio y el ácido clorhídrico aplicaremos en los mismos la titulación de cada uno.

OBJETIVOS
1. Preparar a partir de sustancias sólidas soluciones diluidas.
2. Obtener sustancias diluidas a partir de soluciones concentradas.
3. Determinar la concentración de una solución tipo acido con una concentración ya conocida previamente.
4. Señalar la concentración de una solución acida problema mediante una solución básica de concentración conocida.

MARCO TEÓRICO * Ácidos: Son compuestos que tienen un sabor agrio típico, llamado sabor ácido. Producen una sensación punzante en contacto con la piel. Sus disoluciones acuosas cambian el color de muchos colorantes vegetales; por ejemplo, producen un color rojo con el tornasol (azul). Contiene hidrógeno que puede liberarse, en forma gaseosa, cuando a sus disoluciones acuosas se añade un metal activo, como, por ejemplo, cinc. Los ácidos pueden disolver muchas sustancias. Cuando estos reaccionan con hidróxidos metálicos, pierden todas sus propiedades características.

* Bases: Las bases Tienen sabor amargo característicos. Sus disoluciones acuosas producen una sensación suave (jabonosa) al tacto y cambian el color de muchos colorantes vegetales; por ejemplo, devuelven el color azul al tornasol enrojecido por los ácidos. Las bases Precipitan muchas sustancias, que son solubles en los ácidos y pierden todas sus propiedades características cuando reaccionan con un ácido.

* Dilución: Significa disminuir la concentración de una solución normalmente añadiendo más solvente. En una dilución la cantidad de soluto no varía, varia la cantidad de solvente.

* Concentración: Concentración se refiere a la composición de una solución o, secundariamente, de una mezcla homogénea (por ejemplo, una aleación de metales). Una solución (o disolución) es una mezcla cuyos componentes forman una sola fase.

* Indicador: Un indicador de pH es una sustancia que permite medir el pH de un medio. Habitualmente, se utilizan como indicador sustancias químicas que cambian su color al cambiar el pH de la disolución. El cambio de color se debe a un cambio estructural inducido por la prolongación o desprotonación de la especie.

* Punto de Equivalencia: Punto de una valoración en el que se ha alcanzado la igualdad en el número de equivalentes químicos entre las dos sustancias que reaccionan.
Materiales y Equipos: * Matraces aforados de 100 y 250 Ml. * Pipeta graduada de 10 mL * Balanza con apreciación 0,01 g * Piseta * Vasos de precipitados * Agitador de vidrio * Embudo * Frascos de vidrio * Etiquetas * Bureta graduada de 50 Ml * Matraces Erlenmeyer de 125 Ml
Sustancias:
* Acido oxálico ( H₂C₂O₄2H₂O ) * Solución concentrada de HCL (Ácido clorhídrico) * Hidróxido de sodio (NaOH) * Agua destilada * Azul de bromotinol (Indicador) * Anaranjado de metilo (Indicador)

PRE-LABORATORIO
1) Defina que es dilución * La dilución es la reducción de la concentración de una sustancia química en una disolución.
2) Realice los siguientes cálculos que son de utilidad para agilizar el trabajo práctico:
a) Cuántos gramos de ácido oxálico (H₂C₂O₄2H₂O) se requiere para preparar 100mL de solución 0,1N
Datos:
Gr (H₂C₂O₄2H₂O) =? Solución = 100 mL L 0,1L, 0,1N
N= Eq-grs Soluto/V (Lt. Solución)
Eq-grs = 0,1N x 0,1L = 0,01Eq-grs
Eq-gr = m (grs)/Pe
Pe = PM/NH+ = 90gr H₂C₂O₄2H₂O/2
Pe= 45gr/Eq-gr
M(grs) = 45gr/Eq-gr x 0,01Eq-grs m(grs) = 0,45grs Ácido Oxálico

b) Qué volumen de HCl de densidad 1,19g cc y 37% en masa se requieren para preparar 100mL de solución 0,1N
Datos:
Vc HCl = ?, d = 1,19g/cc 1,19g/mL, 37%p/p, Vd = 100mL, Nd = 0,1N
NcVc = NdVd
Nc= Eq-grs Sto/V(Lt solución)
Eq-grs Sto = m(grs)/Pe
Pe= Pm/NH+ = 36gr/Eq-gr/1 = Pe = 36gr/Eq-gr d = gr Sol/ ml Sol (Se asume 1Lt) = 1,19gr/ml x 1000ml sol = 1190gr Sol
%p/p = gr Soluto/gr Solución x100 gr Soluto = %p/p x grs Solución/100 = 37x1190grSol/100 = 440,3gSoluto
Eq-grs Sto = 440,3g/36gr/Eq-gr = 12,23 Eq-gr
Nc = 12,23Eq-gr/1Lt = 12,23Nc
Vc = NdxVd/Nc = 0,1Nx100ml/11,23Nc
Vc = 0,81N

c) Cuántos gramos de NaOH se deben pesar para preparar 100 mL de solución 0,1N
Datos: mNaOH = ?, V = 100ml 0,1Lt Sol, N = 0,1
N = Eq-gr Sto/V(Lt Sol)
Eq-gr Sto = NxV(Lt sol) = 0,1Nx0,1Lt = Eq-gr Sto = 0,01Eq-gr
Eq-gr Sto = m(grs)/Pe
Pe= Pm/NoH- = Pe = 40gr/Eq-gr/1 = 40gr/Eq-gr m(grs) = Eq-gr Sto x Pe = 0,01Eq-gr Sto x 40gr/Eq-gr m(grs) = 0,4gr NaOH

d) Qué volumen de NaOH 12N se debe medir para preparar 100 mL de solución 0,1N
Datos: Nc = 12N, Vd = 100 mL, Nd = 0,1N
NcVc = NdVd
Vc= NdxVd/Nc = 0,1Nx100mL/12N = Vc= 0,83ml.

PROCEDIMIENTO EXPERIMENTAL * Solución de ácido clorhídrico
Se tomó 2 ml de ácido clorhídrico (HCL) en un matraz de 100 ml y este se llenó de agua destilada hasta la línea de aforo, luego se tomó la solución y se agitó para homogenizarla, se trasvasó a un frasco color ámbar y se cerró. * Solución de ácido oxálico
Se tomó 0,21 gr de ácido oxálico que se pesaron en la balanza, tomando en cuenta que el vidrio de reloj también fue pesado y la balanza arrojó un peso de 16,09 gr. Posteriormente se llenó un tubo de ensayo hasta 20 ml de agua destilada y se trasvasó a un vaso precipitado junto con el ácido oxálico para disolverlo, luego se pasó a un matraz aforado de 100 ml y se llenó con agua destilada hasta la línea de aforo y por último se agitó y se trasvasó la solución concentrada a un frasco color ámbar con tapa. * Solución de Hidróxido de sodio
En el vidrio de reloj se pesó 1 gr de NaOH (Hidróxido de sodio), se tomó un tubo de ensayo y se llenó con 20 ml de agua destilada, luego se pasó a un vaso precipitado para que se pudiese disolver las piedras de hidróxido de sodio, una vez disueltas se pasó la solución a un matraz de 250 ml y se llenó con agua destilada hasta la línea de aforo. Por último se tomó el frasco color ámbar esterilizado y se pasó toda la solución del matraz al frasco.
Todo se dejó dentro del laboratorio por 15 días posterior a que pasaron los días se procedió a realizar el experimento que nos indicaba si las soluciones que teníamos eran ácidos o bases.
Primero se tomó el NaOH y se introdujo en la bureta, se pasó el NaOH a un beaker y se colocó un embudo en la bureta, se llenó la bureta de la solución de NaOH hasta llegar a cero, posteriormente se tomó el ácido oxálico con volumen de 10 ml y se introdujo 3 gotas de fenolftaleína que hizo un papel de indicador, se colocó en una fiola y se dejó caer de la bureta NaOH, poco a poco las gotas que caen de NaOH eran rosadas eso quería decir que se estaba acercando a la neutralización, se observó cuando llegó a color rosado que el volumen fue 5,2 ml y se puede deducir que ese fue el volumen de la base del NaOH.
Por último se repitió el mismo procedimiento con HCl, se llenó la bureta hast cero de NaOH y se tomó 10 ml de ácido clorhídrico (HCl) (Va), se tomó una fiola y allí se dejó caer los 10 ml de HCl, se le agregó 3 gotas de indicador y se trasvasó poco a poco gotas de NaOH hasta que llego a un color rosado con volumen de 23,4 ml.
Concluimos que el ácido oxálico se gastó menos (5,2 ml) porque este ácido oxálico se neutraliza siempre más rápido al tener mayor concentración.

RESULTADOS EXPERIMENTALES * Valoración de una solución de hidróxido de sodio. * Concentración de NaOH = 0,2N * Volumen de NaOH gastado = 5ml * Cambios de la mezcla al agregar el indicador: Se torna de color amarillo. * Valoración de una solución de acido clorhídrico. * Concentración de HCl = 0,18N * Volumen de HCl gastado = 9ml * Cambios de la mezcla al agregar el indicador: Se torna de color rosado. Estos resultados nos indican que las soluciones han sido neutralizadas correctamente.

POST-LABORATORIO 1. Defina:
a) Equivalencia: Es un término que ha sido utilizado en varios contextos en química. En la mayor parte de los usos, es la masa de un equivalente, que es la masa de una sustancia dada que: * Se deposita o se libera cuando circula 1 mol de electrones * Sustituye o reacciona con un mol de iones hidrógeno (H+) en una reacción ácido-base; o * Sustituye o reacciona con un mol de electrones en una reacción redox.]
El peso equivalente tiene dimensiones y unidades de masa, a diferencia del peso atómico, que es una magnitud adimensional. Los pesos equivalentes fueron determinados originalmente de forma experimental, pero (tal como se utilizan ahora) se obtienen de las masas molares.
b) Neutralización: Es una reacción entre un ácido y una base. Cuando en la reacción participan un ácido fuerte y una base fuerte se obtiene sal y agua. Mientras que si una de las especies es de naturaleza débil se obtiene su respectiva especie conjugada y agua. Así pues, se puede decir que la neutralización es la combinación de cationes hidrógeno y de aniones hidróxido para formar moléculas de agua. Durante este proceso se forma una sal.
c) Indicador: Es una sustancia que siendo ácidos o bases débiles al añadirse a una muestra sobre la que se desea realizar el análisis, se produce un cambio químico que es apreciable, generalmente, un cambio de color; esto ocurre porque estas sustancias sin ionizar tienen un color distinto que al ionizarse.
d) Punto de equivalencia: O punto estequiométrico, de una reacción química se produce durante una valoración química cuando la cantidad de sustancia valorante agregada es equivalente estequiométricamente a la cantidad presente del analito o sustancia a analizar en la muestra, es decir reacciona exactamente con ella.[] En algunos casos, existen múltiples puntos de equivalencia que son múltiplos del primer punto de equivalencia, como sucede en la valoración de un ácido diprótico.[] Un gráfico o curva de valoración muestra un punto de inflexión en el punto de equivalencia. Un hecho sorprendente sobre la equivalencia es que en una reacción se conserva la equivalencia de los reactivos, así como la de los productos. 2. Calcule la concentración de NaOH ( Solución Problema) Datos:
250ml NaOH 0,1 N
Mm NaOH= 40g
Operación:
0,1eq-g / L x 1L / 1000mlx 250 ml x 40g / 1eq-g= 1g NaOH. 1. Calcule la concentración deHCL. 4. Si al efectuar la titulación de neutralización acido-base un volumen de NaOH diferente a los 10 ml. ¿Que puede decir respecto a la discrepancia de este valor? , ¿A qué se debe? * El volumen de NaOH utilizado puede ser mayor o menor a los 10 ml a causa de que el ácido (HCL) pueda tener un volumen y densidad más alto o menor, por lo cual se necesite una mayor/menor cantidad de base para lograr la neutralización. 5. ¿Cuántos mL de una solución 0.0460 N de ( H₂C₂O₄2H₂O ) acido oxálico se neutralizaran con 10 Ml de NaOH 0.051 N y con 10 mL de Ba(OH)2 0.051 N? : NaVa=NbVb

* Datos: Na= 0.0460 Vb₁= 10 ml Vb₂= 10 ml Nb₁= 0.051 N Nb₂= 0.051 N Va= ? * Operaciones:
- Va₁ = Nb₁ * Vb₁ / Na
Va₁ = 0.051N*10 ml/ 0.0460 N = 11.08 ml
- Va₂= Nb₂ * Vb₂ / Na
Va₂= 0.051 N * 10 ml / 0.0460 N = 11.08 ml

CONCLUSIÓN
Con el desarrollo experimental de la presente práctica nos pudimos percatar de que la concentración de una solución depende directamente de los factores de molaridad y normalidad, las cuales son propiedades que determinan las características de una solución, con lo cual se puede saber que tan básicas o ácidas pueden ser estas soluciones.
También nos pudimos percatar de la importancia que representa el manejo de soluciones, ya que el costo de las mismas puede ser muy variado, y si al instante de producirlas no se presta atención a la concentración y densidad de los compuestos y no se valoran adecuadamente, pueden variar considerablemente, afectando de una manera drástica la calidad de la concentración y en algunos casos inutilizándola, ya que se le puede saturar.
Además el estudio de las soluciones posee una gran importancia, ya que se puede decir que es la base de la industria química, por un sin número de procesos y productos provienen de los compuestos entre solutos y disolventes, como en el caso de la industria de los alimentos, perfumes, farmacéuticos, pinturas, etc. Una gran economía o pérdida en la industria, la representa el correcto estudio y manejo de los reactivos de una solución, dado que al optimizar estos, depende el ahorro o el desperdicio de los mismos.

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

* Manual de Química General I, Universidad Santa María. * http://ciencia-basica-experimental.net/titulacion.htm * http://www.profesorenlinea.cl/Quimica/Disoluciones_quimicas.html

ÍNDICE Pág. * Introducción........................................................................................... * Objetivos ................................................................................................ 2 * Marco Teórico...................................................................................... 3 - 4 * Materiales ............................................................................................. 4 * Pre-Laboratorio ..................................................................................... 5 - 7 * Procedimiento experimental................................................................. 8 - 9 * Resultados experimentales.................................................................. 10 * Post-Laboratorio................................................................................... 11 - 12 * Conclusión............................................................................................ 13 * Bibliografía …………………………………………………………………. 14

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...The Just Reward is about two sisters who came from a poor single parent home and was sent out by their mother to find a better way of living. The eldest daughter Camille who is obedient, respectful and caring left tearfully. But her sister Paula who is mean, disobedient, and disrespectful and is claimed to have the mannerism of a cockroach. As they were on their way to find a better way of living they came across an old woman who was homeless and had lice in her hair. She then asked the first sister Camille to give her some bread, give her some water and comb her hair, then to go into her ruined home and take the rocks that were saying don’t take me. The old said to her that her reward will be like her nature. The next day the younger sister came across the old woman who then asked Paula to do the same but Paula refused to give her some bread, water and to comb her. When sent into the house she scorned the house and took the stones that were saying take me again disobeying the woman’s orders. As Paula left the old woman told her that her reward would be like her nature. In the ending Camille ended up with a wheelbarrow filled with gold, a bundle of fine clothing and a house with orange, grape and lime trees. Paula ended up with a sore body from being beaten by fierce-looking winged creatures, stings from swarms of bees and large winged creatures and her encounter with an endless oily emerald-green pool. In the ending Paula ended up at home with her mother and Camille had a house...

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Johnny

...The JobsCentral Learning Rankings and Survey Report 2013 An annual study of the private higher education rankings and learning preferences in Singapore December 2013 This report is published by: JobsCentral Pte Ltd http://jobscentral.com.sg 3A International Business Park, #08-08, ICON@IBP, Tower A, Singapore 609935 Survey Contacts: Gerald Goh geraldgoh@jobscentral.com.sg | Jonathan Tay jonathantay@jobscentral.com.sg Copyright © 2013 JobsCentral Pte Ltd, a CareerBuilder company This document is copyrighted; any unauthorized use of it may violate copyright, trademark and other laws. For permission to use content from this document or reprints, please contact JobsCentral at geraldgoh@jobscentral.com.sg or call (65) 6778 5288 JobsCentral is a company. The JobsCentral Learning Rankings and Survey Report 2013 01 INTRODUCTION Since its launch in 2009, the JobsCentral Learning Rankings and Survey series is the largest and most comprehensive research on Singapore’s private education landscape. The report is based on an independent research project by the JobsCentral Group, and comprises two main categories: rankings of Singapore’s private education institutes (PEIs), and the learning preferences of the general population aged 16 and above. This year, 8,367 people responded to the online survey, which ran from 1st October to 3rd November. Incomplete and duplicated responses were discarded and do NOT contribute to this count. Results of this survey are statistically...

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Johnny Songstealer

...Johnny Singstealer claims that he now owns the copyright to the “Happy Birthday To You” song for 20 years. The song was inherited from his family. He is seeking royalties from the use of the Happy Birthday Song. Bobby Bandleader says that everybody utilizes the “Happy Birthday To You” song. He has added his own “twist” in the song so it’s not the traditional song. He uses harmonizing chords, as well as, changed some of the words in the song to make it his own creativity. I am going to decide whether or not Bobby Bandleader will owe royalty payments to Johnny Singstealer simply because he uses the melody of the song and the basis of the song, HBTY. “Happy Birthday To You” is a song that is known throughout the world as the birthday song (Cold Case: The Happy Birthday Song Edition, 2011). The origination of the song was copywritten by Preston Ware Orem and R.R. Forman many years ago. They were the first to actually write out the song in which they received the copyright because of that and were estimated at $5 million dollars in 1990. The copyright isn’t due to expire until 2030, but has now been passed down to Johnny Singstealer in which he now owns the copyright. The purpose of copyright laws and royalties is to afford the copyright owner a fair return for his creative work and the copyright user a fair income under existing economic conditions (Proceedings by Copyright Royalty Judges). Bobby Bandleader has not sung the song, “Happy Birthday To You” verbatim...

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