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Jollibee Case

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Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of
Special Needs Housing Projects
Funded by the
Housing Authority of the County of Los Angeles
(HACoLA)
Prepared for the
Los Angeles County
Community Development Commission (CDC)
June 2009

www.shelterpartnership.org

HACoLA-Funded Special Needs Projects Survey
Table of Contents
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES

i ii iv

PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Background
Purpose
Methodology
Special Needs Housing Services Standards
Findings
Program Reporting and Outcomes
Conclusions
Next Steps

1
2
2
3
3
6
6
7

PART II. BACKGROUND AND BASIC DATA

10

9. Methodology
10. Geographic Distribution
11. Occupancy
12. Target Population
13. Waiting Lists
14. Special Needs Housing Services Standards

10
12
15
18
26
30

PART III. PERMANENT HOUSING

36

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

36
39
49
55
59
61
71
74
76
81
84

Units Reserved for Special Needs Populations
Permanent Housing Services Funding
Adequacy of Services in Permanent Housing
Permanent Housing for Individuals Services Funding
Permanent Family Housing Services Funding
Permanent Housing Services Staffing
Permanent Housing for Individuals Services Staffing
Permanent Family Housing Services Staffing
Permanent Housing Rental and Operating Subsidies
Permanent Housing Operating Reserves
Permanent Housing Replacement Reserves

Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of HACoLA Special Needs Housing Projects
June 2009

ii

Table of Contents
(continued)
PART IV. TRANSITIONAL HOUSING
26.
27.
28.
29.

Transitional Housing Special Needs Beds
Transitional Housing Services Funding
Transitional Housing Services Staffing
Adequacy of Services in Transitional Housing

88
88
90
98
105

APPENDICES

109

A. Permanent Housing Units by Agency
B. Permanent Housing Services Funding per Special Needs Unit by
Agency
C. Permanent Housing Rental and Operating Subsidies by Agency
D. Permanent Housing Reserves by Agency
E. Transitional Housing Special Needs Beds by Agency
F. Transitional Housing Services Funding per Special Needs Unit by
Agency
G. Survey Instrument
H. Services Standards Bibliography

110
113

Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of HACoLA Special Needs Housing Projects
June 2009

121
126
131
133
141
149

iii

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Background
The City of Industry Fund Program is comprised of tax increment set-aside money administered by the Housing Authority of the County of Los Angeles (HACoLA). Annual Notices of Fund Availability
(NOFAs) invite developers to apply for these funds for developments within Los Angeles County and within 15 miles of the boundary of the City of Industry. Developers may submit proposals for affordable rental housing developments or special needs developments, which may be permanent or transitional housing. The NOFAs define populations targeted through the special needs funding and detail services required to allow those populations to live independently. The developers commit to either directly providing those services or to linking with other organizations to secure the services. HACoLA often also offers in these NOFAs funding it receives from HUD under the
HOME Investment Partnership Program.
To fund supportive services, Los Angeles special needs housing developers have for many years creatively blended federal, state, and local service funding sources, making use of resources designated for people who are homeless or have other special needs, have a mental illness, or are living with HIV/AIDS.
The Stewart B. McKinney – Vento Act Supportive Housing Program (SHP) was a particularly effective source of funding for services. However, beginning with the Appropriations Act for
Federal Fiscal Year 1999, Congress has required SHP grantees to match supportive services funding. The match provision applies to all recipients of SHP funds, regardless of whether the grantee originally received funds before the provision was instituted. SHP grantees can request
SHP funding for no more than 80% of the total supportive services costs in a project. Therefore,
SHP grantees must work to find the remaining 20% of the total costs from other sources.
The Appropriations Act for Federal Fiscal Year 1999 also required that 30 percent of the appropriation for the Continuum of Care (not including Shelter Plus Care renewal grants) be awarded to permanent housing programs. While HUD did not require each community to submit
30 percent of its projects as permanent housing, HUD prioritized permanent housing production and operations over services by encouraging each Continuum of Care to propose to spend at least
30% of annual Continuum of Care funding for permanent housing and by awarding bonuses to
Continua of Care that ranked permanent housing projects in priority lists. The result nationally has been a reduction in services funding from 50% of the 2002 Continuum funding to 34% of the 2008
Continuum funding.1

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2009). “Debreifing Broadcast: 2008 Continuum of Care
Competition.” http://hudhre.info/documents/CoCDebriefBroadcastSlides_2008.pdf. (accessed on June 15, 2009).
1

Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of HACoLA Special Needs Housing Projects
June 2009

1

Locally, LAHSA devotes the Continuum funding it provides to funding renewals of existing projects, so supportive services in new projects cannot be funded by SHP. Therefore, since 1999, special needs developers have had to seek services funding from other sources. In Los Angeles, there is no readily accessible dedicated funding source for services in permanent supportive housing.
2. Purpose
While developers funded under the City of Industry Fund Program’s special needs housing option commit to providing appropriate services to the populations they chose to target, there is no formal reporting mechanism to ensure that such services are actually provided. The Los Angeles County
Community Development Commission (CDC) contracted with Shelter Partnership to administer a survey of all the agencies that have received funding from the Housing Authority of the County of
Los Angeles (HACoLA) for special needs housing projects under the City of Industry or HOME
Programs. In addition to questions about the target population and services, the HACoLA-Funded
Special Needs Project Survey (Survey) also reviews some financial aspects of the projects, specifically operating subsidies and reserve balances.
3. Methodology
The Survey covered basic information related to the projects, such as the number of units, operating subsidies, and supportive services funding.
Shelter Partnership mailed postcards to the developers of the 77 housing projects the CDC asked us to survey. In November 2008 the Survey itself was mailed and emailed. Agencies that had received funding for multiple projects were asked to complete a separate survey for each applicable project.
Few of the projects promptly completed the Survey form and returned it. Most required follow-up e-mails and phone calls. Most initial submissions left sections blank or had inconsistencies that required follow-up. Shelter Partnership conducted extensive follow-up to unresponsive agencies and to agencies that responded only partially. The final response rate among agencies whose projects were not deleted from the Survey by the CDC was 90%. Surveys were returned for a total of 42 permanent housing projects with a total of 1122 special needs units and 19 transitional housing projects with 442 beds.
While we collected data on both permanent and transitional projects, our analyses focus on the permanent housing projects. Decisions such as whether to produce permanent or transitional projects are largely driven by available funding. In recent years, major funding sources such as the
Stewart B. McKinney - Vento Act Continuum of Care have stressed permanent housing over transitional. Recent funding in the City of Industry Fund Program demonstrates this trend: only one transitional housing project has opened since 2006, and that one is a Safe Haven, not a traditional transitional housing program. We expect this preference for permanent supportive housing projects over transitional to continue. Accordingly, while we report the Survey responses from the
Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of HACoLA Special Needs Housing Projects
June 2009

2

transitional housing operators, our analysis of levels and adequacy of services focuses on the permanent projects.
Shelter Partnership also consulted industry leaders, the literature, and local program guidelines to determine what level of supportive services would be appropriate in permanent housing for populations with needs similar to the descriptions in the City of Industry Fund Program NOFA, designating these levels “consensus service standards,” which were compared to the services and staffing reported in the Survey responses.
4. Special Needs Housing Services Standards
Shelter Partnership consulted industry leaders, the literature, and local program guidelines to strengthen the analysis of supportive services in permanent housing for special needs populations.
Shelter Partnership identified sources that detailed costs and service levels appropriate to the populations targeted in the City of Industry Fund Program. The best practice review confirmed supportive housing as the ideal model for serving the special needs population. Services funding and staffing recommendations differed by geographical area and type of services provided, namely core or basic services consisting of case management versus more comprehensive specialized services. We focused on analyses that described populations with needs similar to the descriptions in the City of Industry Fund Program NOFA.
The literature and best practice review suggests, for chronically homeless single adults, supportive staff to tenant ratios no greater than 1:15. Families requiring intensive services should be supported with staff to tenant ratios no greater than 1:12. Supportive staff does not include facility or property management employees.
Similarly, the literature and best practice review suggests for programs serving chronically homeless single adults, the minimum total annual services cost per unit should be $4,030. A program targeting chronically homeless families would require minimum annual services funding of
$10,883 per family.
5. Findings
The key findings are:


The projects are serving the intended special needs populations with affordable rents.



The 42 permanent and 17 transitional projects we surveyed are distributed throughout Los
Angeles County, with significant numbers of units in each supervisorial district.



Projects were initially available for occupancy on dates ranging from 1993 to 2008, with a preponderance of projects first available in 2002 or more recently.

Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of HACoLA Special Needs Housing Projects
June 2009

3



Only one transitional housing project has opened since 2006, likely due to the decreasing popularity of this housing model in favor of permanent housing, and that one is a Safe
Haven, not a traditional transitional housing program.



The great majority of housing projects surveyed target at least one of the special need populations identified in the NOFAs: developmentally disabled, victims of domestic violence, families who are homeless or at-risk of homelessness, frequent users of
Department of Health Services or Department of Mental Health emergency facilities, persons living with HIV/AIDS, mentally ill, or transition age youth (TAY).



Some projects are designed to house mixed populations, and most house homeless populations. •

All the housing projects reserve at least some of their units for special needs tenants, including 36 permanent projects (86%) that reserve all their units (except manager units) for them.



Waiting lists are employed by over 90% of the permanent housing projects, while almost
75% of the transitional projects use them. A variety of procedures for applications and waiting lists are employed.



Thirty-seven of the 42 permanent housing projects (88%) report receiving operating subsidies in amounts ranging up to $37,608, an amount that includes services funding.
Subsidies come from seven different governmental sources, with the great majority provided by the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), either directly or via the City and County Housing Authorities of Los Angeles.



The operating reserve amounts that the Survey respondents report range from none to a per-unit high of $16,231. Similarly, replacement reserves range from none to $6,016.
Nine projects reported no operating reserves. Six of these are funded under the HUD
Section 811 Program. Staff from these projects reported that HUD prohibits Section 811 projects to fund operating reserves.



Thirty-seven of the 42 permanent housing projects (88%) report that they provide services.
While almost all Survey respondents believe they have appropriate levels of services staff, the levels most reported are well below the consensus standards for permanent supportive housing. •

Annual service funding among those 37 ranges from $343 per unit to $37,608, the latter amount including both operating subsidy and services funding.



All transitional housing projects report services funding, ranging (for those that submitted adequate data to allow calculation) from $2,926 per bed per year to
$38,866.

Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of HACoLA Special Needs Housing Projects
June 2009

4



Permanent projects serving persons with developmental disabilities and homeless persons with mental illness tend to report the highest annual per unit services funding.
In transitional housing, projects serving transitional age youth (TAY) tend to report the highest annual per bed services funding.



Of the permanent housing projects serving individuals, twelve projects (34%) reported services funding per unit below the consensus standard of $4,030. Eight of the twelve projects (67%) reported funding amounts of less than half of the $4,030 per unit consensus standard. In assessing themselves, however, only two of the twelve projects (17%) reported providing insufficient services.



The story was similar among permanent housing projects serving families. Six out of seven projects (86%) reported services funding per unit below the consensus standard of $10,883. Appropriately, the two projects with the lowest level of service funding per unit reported that their funding level is not sufficient to meet the service needs of tenants. •

We calculated the ratio of staffing to units or beds. In permanent housing, staffing ranged from greater than one full time service staff per unit to the equivalent of 120 units to one full time staff person, with TAY projects reporting the highest staffing to unit ratios.



Fifteen out of the thirty permanent housing projects for individuals (50%) for which we were able to calculate a staffing to tenant ratio reported staffing to tenant ratios meeting the consensus standard, while 15 (50%) are not. Of the 15 that are below the standard, however, twelve reported that the current level of services funding is adequate to meet the needs of their tenants.



Once again, the seven permanent housing projects serving families follow a similar pattern, with only two family projects meeting the consensus standard (29%), while five are not (71%). Four of those five, however, reported that the current level of services funding is adequate to meet the needs of the tenants.
For transitional projects, the data show a wide range of staffing levels, from 2.06 beds per full time service staff to 64 beds per full time service staff.




The great majority of the permanent housing projects have retained their original services and believe that the level of services provided is sufficient. Over 90% of permanent housing projects reported that their projects have not lost services funding.



Only 12% of the permanent housing projects believe that their current services funding is not sufficient to meet tenant needs.

Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of HACoLA Special Needs Housing Projects
June 2009

5



Similarly, 74% of the transitional housing projects have retained their original services.
The great majority of the transitional housing projects (84%) believe that the level of services provided is sufficient.



More than half (52%) of the permanent housing projects have concerns about future services funding and 42% of the transitional housing projects report concerns about future funding.

6. Program Reporting and Outcomes
Measuring success is a fundamental aspect of every program, but in the case of the HACoLA City of Industry Special Needs Housing Program, there are both internal and external factors that compromise HACoLA’s ability to fully gauge program performance. At the project level, there are differences of understanding concerning the distinctions between funding for services and operating expense and surprisingly little capacity among agency staff to simply report what services are being provided and what they cost.
The means by which these agencies responded to the Survey is also problematic. The blank sections and inconsistencies demonstrate record-keeping systems in no way geared toward assessment of service provision. We also found that agency staff often returned the Survey instruments apparently without the review of agencies’ executive officers. If a more routine reporting system is devised, requiring the concurrence of executive officers to all submitted reports would be a tangible measure to ensure greater accuracy and investment in what is being collected and provided to HACoLA on a periodic basis.
And on a more general level, the data that were able to extract are hardly the bases upon which to measure program success. The measurements of staffing and budget are important benchmarks, but not the outcome that the program is designed to produce: long-term stable tenancies that enable people to live independently with dignity. Any attempt to measure that activity would certainly raise agency capacity issues. HACoLA should evaluate these housing outcomes with the objective of establishing universal goals across the system, and setting realistic benchmarks.
7. Conclusions
The analysis of best practices implemented by experienced providers in Los Angeles, New York
City and Minnesota revealed a range of service levels from which we were able to extract consensus service standards. The consensus service standards allowed us to examine projects above and below the threshold for services funding per unit and staffing to unit ratios. Projects below the consensus standard either offer services insufficient to meet tenant needs or are leasing to higher functioning tenants than the populations described in the City of Industry Fund Program
NOFA.
Overall in permanent housing, services funding per unit in permanent housing ranged from $0 to
$37,608 for MERCI’s project Ernie’s Place, which was unable to separate the operating subsidies
Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of HACoLA Special Needs Housing Projects
June 2009

6

from the services funding for the Survey. Twenty-one of the 39 permanent housing projects (54%) that reported on services funding operate with funding that meets the consensus standard per unit.
Of the eighteen projects with services funding below the consensus standard, only four reported offering insufficient services.
Staffing levels ranged from greater than one full time service staff per unit to the equivalent of 120 units to one full time staff person. Only seventeen of the 37 permanent housing projects (46%) that provided data adequate to allow a calculation of staffing to unit ratios have staffing meeting the consensus standard. Despite this apparent need for additional services, 88% of the permanent housing providers believe their service levels are sufficient to meet tenant needs.
Why would so many report satisfactory services when they provide services at levels so far below the consensus standard? It is beyond the scope of this Survey to answer that question.
Possibilities include:


The agencies could genuinely believe services are adequate.



The success of the permanent supportive housing model may result in some long-term tenants not needing as intensive services as they did when they first moved in, therefore lowering the services-per-unit average.



The agencies could report services as adequate while knowing that higher levels of service would support greater independence, longer tenancies, less turnover, and less institutionalization. •

Application processes may screen out those requiring higher levels of service, thus matching tenants’ service needs to the available services.



There could be a reluctance to reveal deficiencies to a government agency, especially one that makes judgments about capacity in annual funding competitions.



Because the agencies have not been required to assess or report on their service levels, they may not have put the same level of effort into responding to our questionnaire as they would for functions that are reviewed, such as documenting tenant eligibility and calculating rent.

8. Next Steps
In so many ways, this assessment represents an important baseline for deeper study. This study offered unprecedented insight into the characteristics of the City of Industry-funded agencies, programs, and tenants, in addition to their performance in addressing goals related to services in housing. The recommendations that emerged from the research offer both immediate and tangible remedies for improving the program, while highlighting the areas of the program that need further
Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of HACoLA Special Needs Housing Projects
June 2009

7

investigation. Nonetheless, there are several reasons why this study can be seen as an initial phase within a larger research effort.
All of the data was self-reported by the City of Industry-funded agencies, so at a minimum there is the need for follow-up and probing to better understand certain findings or relationships. For example, some agencies reported satisfaction with their current services funding levels, but reported staffing that appears insufficient to meet the special needs of their tenants. It would be helpful to know how agencies are assessing the needs of their tenants.
On a broader note, a lot of the questions that were raised at the outset of the project period could not be resolved with the tools and data available. We simply did not have the means to address a core intent of this assignment: to understand how provision of services relates to outcomes. We believe a range of variables (e.g., severity of client need, access to other service programs, on-site staffing, etc.) that could play a significant role in determining program success, though success for the purpose of this assignment had only to do with reporting that tenants have access to some services. While we do not have data on the long-term success of tenants in these projects, we strongly suspect that direct access to appropriate services is strongly related to positive housing outcomes.
Perhaps an additional step could be to return to the agencies to understand how they track longterm success of their tenants.
Appropriate housing and supportive services for special needs persons continue to be a significant challenge for the County of Los Angeles. There is insufficient transitional and permanent housing with the necessary and appropriate services for all special needs populations.
Virtually all county departments receive funds from various sources that can be used for housing or services for a variety of special needs populations. Currently, special needs housing providers must work with individual departments and each department must decide how these funds are allocated. This greatly complicates the process of coordinating service resources in special needs housing in which the County has made capital funding investments.
As housing demand escalates among special need populations, it is imperative that the County takes the lead in establishing a proactive countywide strategy and operational mechanism to address these needs in a coordinated manner and provide a meaningful approach to the provision of services in special needs housing.
Based on the findings of the Survey, the following next steps are recommended to enhance the provision of services in City of Industry-funded special needs housing in the County of Los
Angeles:


Develop a mechanism for prioritizing and coordinating ongoing services funding for City of
Industry-funded special needs housing.

Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of HACoLA Special Needs Housing Projects
June 2009

8



Assign County departments lead roles on a project-specific basis, depending upon the targeted special needs population(s) being served.



Utilize the services of technical assistance providers to support project-specific coordination. •

Create and administer a services data collection process to identify gaps and to heighten awareness among the special needs housing providers that the County places a high priority on the provision of services in special needs housing in which it has invested.
Assure that the outcome reporting is consistent with the core outcomes of the City of
Industry special needs housing program, is analyzed comprehensively, and is used as a tool to monitor program performance and make future adjustments to the program.



Report services gaps to the Board of Supervisors, the Special Needs Housing Alliance, department heads, and decision makers within departments and agencies with the ability to commit available financial and staffing resources.



In all cases where services for a target population are insufficient, require the department head responsible for that population to report to the Board of Supervisors quarterly until the deficiency is remedied.



Conduct further research on turnover and tenant retention to assess the relationship between services and tenant independence, longer tenancies, less turnover, and less institutionalization. Shelter Partnership, Inc.
Survey of HACoLA Special Needs Housing Projects
June 2009

9

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...How was Jollibee able to build its dominant position in fast food in the Philippines? What sources of competitive advantages was it able to develop against McDonald’s in its home market? Jollibee was able to build its dominant position by becoming more flexible than McDonalds. Jollibee took advantage of their competitor’s lack of flexibility by understanding local customer’s tastes and needs. Jollibee understood the locals preferred the taste of their sandwich over McDonalds and also attacked by releasing their own massive burger to compete with the Big Mac. Jollibee was the first to introduce burgers in the Philippines which shaped the expectations of the customers. McDonalds was not flexible enough to adapt to the locals preferred tastes. Jollibee’s creative, custom menu kept their customers returning and loyal. How would you evaluate Tony Kitchner’s effectiveness as the first head of Jollibee’s International Division? Does his broad strategic thrust make sense? How effectively did he develop the organization to implement his priorities? Kitchner believed in the sprinkler approach and the first-mover advantage which he initiated expansion rapidly. In the long run, most franchising would need to meet specific sales levels in order to afford necessary promotion and advertising to build brand awareness. I see his effectiveness as failure due to his strategy for entry. The strategic thrust may just only make sense short term. As Noli Tingzon, how would you deal...

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...A Research Study on How Jollibee Foods Corporation Turned a Simple Manila Business College Student into a Professional Individual Ramos, Abegael O. BS-HM Table of Contents Title Page ....................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents …....................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgement ….................................................................................................... iii Chapter I. The Problem and Its Background Introduction …............................................................................................................... Background of the Study …............................................................................................ Conceptual Framework ….............................................................................................. Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................ Hypothesis ….................................................................................................................. The Importance of the Study ……………………………………………………………………..….……….. Scopes and Limitations ….............................................................................................. Definition of Terms …...........................................................................

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Jollibee Foods Corporation International Expansion Critical Success Factors

...JOLLIBEE FOODS CORPORATION: INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION ------------------------------------------------- By Group 4 CASE BACKGROUND Jollibee Foods Corporation (JFC) is the most successful fast food chain in the Philippines. It started out as an ice cream parlor owned by the Tan family, headed by Tony Tan Caktiong (TTC) as President. Brought about by oil crisis which doubled the price of ice cream, JFC diversified into hamburgers in the year 1977. Jollibee’s philosophy is epitomized by “Five Fs” – Friendliness, Flavorful food, Fun atmosphere, Flexibility in serving customer needs, and Focus on families. Though it began as a family business, eventually, it went public in 1993. JFC expanded its business through acquisition of other food chains but Jollibee stores remained the bread and butter of the parent company, contributing 85% of total revenues. Jollibee had grown quickly having a total of 223 stores worldwide by the end of year 1997. Jollibee ventured into overseas expansion attempts since 1985 but were mostly unsuccessful due to location and partner issues. In 1993, TTC hired an Australian national Tony Kitchner (who was the former VP for International Operations in Pizza Hut for 14 years), to lead JFC International Division in order to push its international presence at full throttle. Tony Kitchner initiated many drastic changes in the division from modifying office design and dress code to pushing aggressive expansion strategies and rebranding Jollibee’s image offshore...

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...must be evaluated keeping long term business strategy in mind. Evaluating this decision culturally; the US, especially California, has one of the most diverse cultures as far as food and population. This is partially evident by the menu appealing to Americans in Guam. Moreover, Jollibee’s analysis of California indicates a high Filipino expatriate concentration and low level of competitors; two things relatively easy to quantify. The Hong Kong location is expected to have far less Filipinos than the Central location which struggled to attract locals, but did an excellent job with expatriates. This company understands expatriates. Moreover, the ongoing issues in China, for example, mangers quitting, reflects some cultural differences that Jollibee is still struggling with in this region of the world. The lack of solid and positive information of New Guinea is indicative that this market, as this point, is not yet ready to have “flag-planted.” Moving to geographic distance; certainly the California is the furthest from the parent country in comparison to the other two options. Success in Guam demonstrates that geographic obstacles (distance and size) can be overcome assuming the correct business infrastructure is in place. For comparison sake, Brunei and Taiwan are both relatively close in terms of physical distance, and their ventures started around the same time, yet both performed quite differently. Economically, the US has a...

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...CASE 8: MCDONALD PHILIPPINES THE JOURNEY OF GEORGE YANG Known as the McDonaldman of the Philippines, George Yang (Gyang) started his journey after graduation from Wharton School of Finance, University of Pennsylvania in 1964. Back in Manila, he settled in to start a family and began a two-year juggling act of working as a marketing manager of a tobacco company (Bataan Cigarettes), consulting for a manufacturing company, and selling a variety of things on the side. These included insurance, nicotine guards (TAR-OFF), imported cosmetics, and lecturing Financial Management and Marketing subjects at his alma mater, De La Salle University. Kristin was very supportive of George. She acted as sales manager of the Tar-Off that George invented, even when walking down streets to offer the filters on consignment. At the prodding of Don Amado Araneta, Kristin started a nameless counter in supermarkets offering jewelries to young working mothers, which later evolved into a more sophisticated brand, Kristin Jewelry, which carried fine jewelry for upscale clients. George worked behind the scene, understanding market behavior, monitoring fluctuations in the price of gold in the global markets, and running the factory of 50 workers. Gyang, inspired by the success of the jewelry business, thought of something on a larger scale. He had been reading reports on a growing American fast-food chain called McDonald’s, which was being extolled in business reviews in many other countries. He wrote...

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