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Kabanata 2

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Kabanata 2

KAUGNAY NA LITERATURA AT PAG-AARAL

Ang mga sumusunod na tala ay masusing pinaglaanan ng panahon ng mga mananaliksik upang magkaroon ng higit na kamalayan at sapat na kaalaman ang mga mambabasa sa pag-aaral. Ito ay binigyan ng kahulugan ng mga mananaliksik, sinuring mabuti at binigyan ng karampatang interpretasyon para sa ikauunlad ng pag-aaral.

Lokal na Literatura Ayon kay Helen Flores ng isang sikat na pahayagan ng dyaryo dito sa Pilipinas nilagdaan na umano ng Presidente ng Pilipinas na si Benigno Aquino ang batas na “Philippine Standard Time” o Republic Act 10535 na ang lahat ng ahensya ng gobyerno at istasyon ng telebisyon at radyo ay susunod sa PST na itinatalaga ng Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) na nag-uutos na kailangan pagpare-parehohin ang oras sa buong pilipinas. Upang solusyonan ang nakasanayan ng mga Filipino ang Filipino Time” na kung saan maiiuugnay sa nakagawian ng mga Filipino ay iniisip na unahin ang sarili sa lahat ng bagay at hindi iniintindi ang mas nakakarami dahil sa pagnanais na bigyang halaga ang sarili. Mula naman sa aklat na Filipino Values Today na isinulat ni Florentino T. Imbreza (2003) nakasulat dito ang mga kaugalian ng mga Filipino mabuti man o masama. Sa aklat na ito, makikita kung paano ang pag-uugali ng bawat taosa isang pangyayari, kung ito ba ay nagdudulot ng masama o mabuti sa iba. Halimbawa na lamang ang pagsingit sa isang pila, nakapaloob dito ang Self Discipline o sariiling disiplina at ang pasensya sa mahabang pila.

Banyagang Literatura Ayon kay William I. Thomas (1923) na may akda ng apat na kahilingan at pangatlo sa iyon ay ang paghangad sa seguridad ay nagmula sa takot na naglalarawan sa negatibong tao na hindi nakikihalobilo sa kanyang kinabibilangan ay makakaranas ng hindi magandang relasyon sa kanyang lipunan. Ang panibagong akda niya sa ikaapat na kahilingan ay nagsaad na ang paghangad sa nararapat na mararanasan sa kontentong nakamit na estado ng buhay, kasikatan, at sa katanggap-tanggap na pamamaraan. isa sa pangangailangan ng lipunan ang maisakatuparan ang mga bagay gaya ng kakayahan ng paggawa at agarang katapusan sa bagay na inaayos o ginagawa. Mula naman sa pag-aaral nila Anat, Greg, Keren (2002) ang kanilang institusyon ng teknolohiya sa bansang Israel nagsagawa ng pag-aaral na naglalarawan na ang paghihintay ay sinubukan sa pagpila na kung saan ay mayroong epekto sa pang-sikolohiyal na kaalaman batay sa relasyon ng disenyo ng paggamit ng pagpila at mga emosyon at pag-uugali ng mga taong naghihintay sa pagpila. Ang paksa sa pagtatalo ay nasubukan sa pagpila na kung saan kailangan pumila ng mga tao at maghintay. Ang datos na nakalap ay nagmula sa isang daan at tatlompu’t apat na kalahok na kinumpirma na ang mga taong malapit sa empleyado na nagbibigay serbisyo ay mapapakiusapan ng maayos. Pero ang mga taong naghihintay sa isang mahabang pila ay nagpapakita ng pagiging magagalitinkumpara sa maramihang linya ng pila. Ang maramihang linya ng pila ay bagama’t marami ay nagpapakita rin ito ng kakulangan sa hustisya at walang layunin ng pagkakapantay-pantay. Ang pag-aaral na ito ay iminungkahi na ang kapakipakinabang na tularan na disensyo para sa alternatibong pamamaraan ng pagpila at mga pananaw tungkol sa sikolohiyal na aspetong pagpila. Bawat metodo at mga resulta ay iminumungkahi na bigyan ng malawak na adyenda para mga hinaharap na mananaliksik.

Kaugnay na Pag-aaral Ayon kay Martha de Lacey (2012) pinagkumpara ang pagkakaiba ng lalake at babae briton batay sa kanilang pasensya habang pumipila. Lumalabas sa pag-aaral na mas maikli ang pasensya ng lalake kumpara sa mga babae na nakapila. Ang pag-aaral na ito ay isinagawa sa bansang Britanya kung saan hindi lalagpas sa apat na minuto lamang ang hangganan ng pasensya ng mga kalahok sa pagpila. Ang mga may na edad limangpu’t lima ay mas mahaba ang pasensya sa loob ng apat na minuto kumpara sa edad ng tatlompu’t lima hanggang apatnapu’t apat kasama na rin ang edad labing walo hanggang dalawampu’t apat ay hindi lalagpas sa apat minutong paghihintay sa pagpila. Ang mga nakakatandang kababaihan ay kontento sa paghihintay ng pagpila habang ang mga nakakabatang kalalakihan ay hindi matiyaga at mas una pang sumusuko sa pagpila. Lumalabas sa pag-aaral ni Martha de Lacey na ang mga lalake ay maituturing na maikli ang pasensya sa pagpila sa loob ng tatlong minuto at dalwampu’t tatlong segundo lamang pumila kumpara sa mga kababaihan na nagtagal ng tatlong minuto at tatlompu’t siyam na segundo sa pagpila. Nakasaad din sa kanyang pag-aaral na ang modernong teknolohiya gaya ng cellphone at internet ay naging pakinabang sa kabawasan ng oras na nailalaan sa pagpila. Ang kaugnay na pag-aaral ay nagpapakita ng layunin kung saan maisasalarawan ang pagpila ng mga tao. Sa pamamagitan ng pag-aaral na ito maiiugnay ang mga karanasan ng mga kalahok sa isinasagawang pag-aaral. Maaaring maging ideya ang kaugnay na pag-aaral sa mga mananaliksik at upang makatulong sa pag-aanalisa ng mga makakalap na datos. Ayon sa pag-aaral ni Leon Mann na may akda ng The Queue Culture: The waiting line as a Social System, ang isang napakahabang pila ay isang maliit na larawan ng sitemang panlipunan, na nahaharap sa iba’t-ibang suliranin, katulad ng paggawa ng sariling patakaran na hindi kanais-nais. Pinapakita sa pag-aaral na ito ang mga kaugalian ng mga kanluraning kultura na may nakalaan na oras para sa mga nakapila. At ang pag-aaral na ito ay naglalaman ng pormal at di-pormal na pag-uugali ng mga tao sa pila. At malaman ang kahalagahan ng prayoridad ng mga unang pumila. Napapaloob din sa pag-aaral na ito ang mga hindi kanais-nais na pangyayari at kalagayan ng mga tao dahil sa mga naghuhunahan na matapos sa pila.

Ayon kay Jane E. Hardy, na gumawa ng eksperimentong The Rules of the Queue, nakapaloob sa ekperimentong ito ang mga karanasan ng kanyang mga estudyante sa isang pila kung saan may iba’t ibang pangyayari katulad ng mga nagpapanbantay ng kanilang pila at ipinapakita rin sa eksperimentong ito ang mga pagtugon ng mga estudyante na nasa pila. Ang aktibidaded na ito ay ginawa para makita ang sistema ng pagpila ng mga amerikano.

BATAYANG KONSEPTUWAL

Nagmula kay Freud ang simula at pagpalaganap ng pag-aaral patungkol sa psychoanalysis, ang tao at ang kanyang personalidad ay binubuo ng tatlong element na tinatawag na id,ego and superego. Ang tatlong ito ay may ginagampanan sa personalidad ng tao at ang id ay para sa pangangailangan, nais, at kagustuhan. Kung hindi mabibigyang halaga ang id ito ay maaaring magbigay ng karanasan ng anxiety o tensiyon. Ang ego naman ay gumaganap bilang pagtanggap at paghanap sa katotohanan ng indibiduwal. At ang panghuli ay ang superego o konsensiya ng aspetong personalidad ng isang tao na may kakayahang humusga ng tama o mali.

Ang teorya naman ni William James na Self Theory na nakapaloob ang ispirituwal, lipunan at kahalagahan sa sarili na nagsasaad na ang tao ay mayroong sukat ng pagiging mature sa sarili at kuntento sa mga bagay na nagging bahagi ng kanyang sarili sa pamamagitan ng emosyonal na pgapapakilala at ito ay mayroong tatlong panig. Una, ang ispirituwal kung saan ang bawat isa ay may pag-unawa sa sarili bilang isang nilikha na nakakaramdam, nag-iisip, kumukilos at nararanasan kung paano mamuhay. Pangalawa, ag lipunan na tumutukoy sa pagkakakilala sa sarili na maaaring makuha sa iba. Halimbawa kung ang tao ay nagpapakita ng ibang parte ng kanyang ugali sa lipunan kumpara sa ugali niya sa loob ng bahay. Panghuli, ang kahalagahan sa sarili at material na bagay, ito ang nagpapakita ng ng pagbibigay importansiya sa kanyang sarili, ari-arian at mahal sa buhay kung saan mailalarawan ang pagkatao.

Konseptong Balangkas

Larawan 1

Ginawa ng mga mananaliksik ang konseptong balangkas upang higit na maintindihan ang ginagawang pag-aaral at mabigyan ng malinaw na larawan ang katangian ng mga Tarlakenyo. Pinapakita sa tsar tang daloy ng pag-aaral kung paano nakakaapekto ang bawat isa sa iba. Nagmumula sa kaliwa ang pagkakakilanlan ng mga kalahok ayon sa edad, kasarian, etnikong kinabibilangan, antas ng edukasyon at buwanang kita. Maaaring makaapekto ang antas ng edukasyon at kasarian ng mga kalahok sa kanilang pagtugon sa mga sitwasyon na nararanasan ng mga kalahok sa pila dahil sa may iba’t ibang pag-uugali ang bawat isa at pinapakita sa pag-aaral na ito ang pagsasalarawan ng kanilang pagtugon sa isip, damdamin at gawa sa mga pangyayari sa pila. Kaalinsunod na ipinapakita sa pag-aaral ay ang epekto ng kanilang pagtugon sa mga sitwasyon na kanilang nararanasan. Pinapakita din sa tsart na ito ang pagsasalarawan ng mga kalahok sa dahilan ng kanilang pagpila, sistema ng pagpila, tagal ng pila at tagal ng pila na s’yang nakakaapekto sa kanilang pagtugon. Sa kanang bahagi ng tsat makikita ang mga katangian ng mga Tarlakenyo na nasasalamin mula sa pag-aaral.

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Sitwasyon

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Pagsasalarawan ng Pila

Pagsasalarawan sa Pagtugon

Pagtugon sa Epekto

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