...of containers used in lab to contain or deliver liquids: volumetric, ordinary, and disposable glassware. Volumetric glassware are containers that have been calibrated at a specific temperature to deliver or contain VERY PRECISE amounts of liquid. Examples of volumetric glassware that we will use include burets, pipets, and volumetric flasks. Ordinary glassware has less precise volume calibrations and are used whenever the volumes do not have to be measured as accurately. Examples include beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks, and graduated cylinders. Disposable glassware (or plastic ware) is used to transfer or hold liquids temporarily and may not contain any volume markings. Examples include medicine droppers and disposable pipets. In this experiment you will be exposed to a variety of important concepts related to quantitative experimentation, including the proper use of glassware, analytical balances, and statistics. You will calibrate a volumetric pipet or flask, that is, you will experimentally determine what volume a pipet or flask really delivers. You will also calibrate a beaker or Erlenmeyer flask and a 50 mL buret. You will use these calibrated values throughout the remainder of the quarter. Construct a table at the front of your laboratory notebook to record calibration values or tape in the calibration tables from Chapter 2 of Harris’ 7th edition. How to read the level of liquid in glassware: The “meniscus” of a liquid refers to the curvature of the liquid surface in a narrow...
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...810 Lab partner: Amanda K Experiment 11: Copper Cycle Lab Report Objective: To observe a sequence of reactions involving copper that form a cycle; to develop better laboratory techniques; to gain skills in observing and interpreting observations; and to practice quantitative laboratory techniques. Reactions: 1. Cu(s) + 4HNO3 (aq) ---------- Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(g) + 2NO2(l) 2. Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) --------- Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3 (aq) 3. Cu(OH)2 (s) + HEAT ------------ CuO(s) + H2O(l) 4.CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ---------- CuSO4 (aq)+ H2O(l) 5.Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq) ------------- ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Potential Hazards: Concentrated nitric acid causes severe burns and the vapor is a lung irritant. The hydrogen gas that is produced is flammable. Concentrated hydrochloric acid causes severe burns. Methanol is flammable. Keep away from all ignition sources. Acetone is flammable. Keep away from all ignition sources. Procedure: 1.Obtain about 0.5g copper. In the main fume hood, using a 250 mL beaker, prepare the Cu(NO3)2 by adding 4.0mL of concentrated nitric acid to the copper wire. ***Caution. 2.Add 30 mL of 3.0 M NaOH to precipitate Cu(OH)2. With stirring, heat just to boiling on a hot plate. This will change the insoluble Cu(OH)2 into insoluble, black CuO. 3.Let the CuO to settle, then decant the supernate liquid. Add about 200 mL of very hot distilled water, settle and decant a second time. Properly dispose of the supernate liquid. 4.Make...
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...Attendance, P4 Lab Schedule, P4 Lab Replacement, P5 Lab Regulation 6.1 General Rules, P5 6.2 Safety Rules, P6 Lab Rules & Regulations on Computer Usage 7.1 ICT Computer Lab, P7 7.2 ICT Internet Lab, P8 Appendix 1 (Lab Replacement Flow Chart), P10 Appendix 2 (Lab Session Replacement Form), P11 Policy for Laboratory Usage after Office Hours, 10.1 Operating Procedure, P12 10.2 Warnings on liability, P12 10.3 Rules and Regulations, P12 Use of Laboratory After Office Hours 11.1 Appendix 3 (Application Form), P14 11.2 Appendix 4 (Student’s Declaration Form), P15 Ambulance Services, P16 Lab Safety Handbook on Chemical Hazards, Physical Hazards and Biological hazards, P17-P64 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 2 Definitions • • • • • Lab Session: Time duration allocated for student to do lab experiment. Lab Sheet: A printed material usually contains a series of instructions and information given to the student on how to conduct lab experiment. Lab Report: A written report prepared by student based on individual observation and data analysis after the lab experiment. The format and requirements are usually stated in the lab sheet. Lab Coordinator: A person in charge of coordinating all the lab sessions of the semester and administrating lab matters. Lab Instructor: An academic staff (lecturer or tutor) in charge of the lab session. The lab instructor will give briefing and instructions to students during the lab session. 1. Introduction Practical lab is one...
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...AND THE NEAREST EXIT. NO UNAUTHORIZED EXPERIMENTS MAY BE PERFORMED. DO NOT USE BROKEN OR CRACKED GLASSWARE. Check glassware before using it. NEVER TASTE OR SMELL CHEMICALS. AVOID CONTACT OF CHEMICALS WITH SKIN. The use of rubber gloves is recommended. DISPOSE OF CHEMICAL WASTE AS DIRECTED BY INSTRUCTOR. CLEAN YOUR WORK AREA AND PUT AWAY ALL EQUIPMENT AND GLASSWARE BEFORE LEAVING. Make sure equipment is put away in the correct locker - your personal locker or the common locker. PUT PAPER TRASH AND BROKEN GLASS IN TRASH CONTAINERS. KEEP INSTRUMENT ROOM CLEAN AND FREE OF PAPER. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES IN THE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Any student working in an unsafe manner may be dismissed from the laboratory by an instructor. Attitudes and Preparation Come to laboratory periods on time and mentally prepared by studying the experiment and planning your activities. Be prepared physically; for example, don't try to do lab work on an empty stomach, or without sleep. Write everything you do and see in your notebook so that you can trace your actions and make corrections if necessary. Wear sensible clothing, including shoes that are comfortable and permit rapid movement in case of emergency, and hair or hat that does not obstruct your...
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...Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) Practical 4 Enzyme studies II Practical 5 Cell studies I - - Practical 10 Energetics II Lab manual version 6_201505 FHSB1214 Biology I & FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell...
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...Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) Practical 4 Enzyme studies II Practical 5 Cell studies I - - Practical 10 Energetics II Lab manual version 6_201505 FHSB1214 Biology I & FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell...
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...HISTORY OF BAKING On today’s market there is a never ending variety of the most delicious sweets and pastries to please both the palate and the eyes. We have become so used to this diverse range of bread, mouth watering pastries and cakes that seldom we ask just how they come into existence. I guess my initial interest in the origin of the baking industry was not aroused by accident; rather I suspect it was kindled by a chain of events occurring earlier in my life... My Grandfather owned a small hotel and bakery in Switzerland and when he retired my father who was an excellent pastry cook continued the business. As a small child I spent many hours watching my dad at work and later followed in his footsteps almost as a matter of course. Then again, I have a suspicion that it may have been “fate-by-design” that made me take up pastry-cooking. The question still remains, was my career pre-determined by the fact that my grandfather had thousands of letterheads printed for his bakery which included his name? The prospect of a hefty quantity discount would no doubt have made perfect sense to my frugal fore bearer; it must have been so much cheaper getting all this printing done in a big way. Grandfather should have realised (and I suspect that he might have) that there was not the slightest chance that any one generation could ever use up this huge mountain of stationery. Granddad’s first name “Fritz” was also my father’s first name and when I was born there was never any question...
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...Attend ALL lectures, tutorials and practicals on time without fail. • Be attentive in class and revise your notes after class while the topic is still fresh in your mind. Why waste time re-reading 2-3 months later? • Do your assignments faithfully as they carry marks for the finals. • Come prepared for lessons (i.e. read up beforehand). • Read up beforehand before attending lectures so that you won’t be lost and wasted hours of your life week after week. • Why stress yourself out if you can avoid it? Do NOT count on last minute revision for tests and examinations, as it will be too late to catch up and seek help in areas where you may find confusing or unclear of. • Why panic before exams because you can’t find this or that? Keep separate files for lecture, tutorial and practical. File up the respective notes systematically so that you do not lose them along the semester. • Do you expect the lecturer/ tutor to be available all the time to answer your questions? It is YOUR responsibility to take the initiative to clear your doubts or satisfy your curiosity to understand certain scientific phenomena by reading up on the relevant topics. A Based on a true story… A professor at the National University of Singapore recounts how on one occasion a student consulted him days before the exam. Student: Prof, could you explain this page to me please? Professor: What don’t you understand about this page? Student: EVERYTHING. Professor: But I already went...
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...Group Members: Ariana, Alyssa, Myrjun, Lindsay, Lara Displacement Reactions Lab Report Purpose: To observe and compare single and double displacement reactions. Hypothesis: If a metal element is mixed with an ionic compound, one metal will displace the other to create a new ionic compound. If 2 ionic compounds are mixed together, then the metals will displace each other, creating 2 new ionic compounds. Materials: Goggles, large well plate, steel wool, scoopula, 4 small beakers, dropper, 4 pieces of magnesium ribbon, 4 pieces of zinc metal, 4 pieces of copper wire, copper (II) sulfate solution, zinc nitrate solution, magnesium nitrate solution, sodium carbonate solution and hydrochloric acid. Procedure: Part A: Single Displacement Reactions 1. Clean 4 pieces of magnesium ribbon, zinc metal and copper wire with steel wool until they are shiny. 2. Half-fill one column (three wells) of the well plate with the copper (II) sulfate solution. 3. Half-fill a second column (three wells) with the zinc nitrate solution. 4. Half-fill a third column (three wells) with the hydrochloric acid. 5. In each column, place 1 piece of each metal in different wells (Magnesium in one well, zinc in another and copper in the last). Use a toothpick to keep the metals submerged in the solution. 6. Observe the different reactions in each well. Record your observations in a table. 7. Save the contents of the wells for Part B. Part B: Double Displacement Reactions 1....
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...Why do we keep a lab notebook? In the ‘real world’, you will be expected to record what you do and how you do it, with the data clearly identifiable. There are 2 reasons for this: • Any scientific experiment is only considered valid if it can be repeated by someone else using your notebook. • If you develop a new product or process, your notebook becomes a legal document that can be scrutinized in a court of law, especially in cases of patent infringement. In order to meet these requirements, certain conditions must be met: • Notebooks shall have bound pages, loose-leaf and spiral bound are not acceptable. • All pages must be numbered prior to use. This will show if any pages have been removed that contained data that might compromise interpretation of your conclusions. • All data shall be entered chronologically. Do not leave empty pages to insert information later. If you finish with a large expanse of blank page, put a line through it to show that it will not be used. • All notes are to be made in indelible pen – pencil will be penalized. If you make a mistake, just draw a single line through it, not a childish scribble to hide all traces! • All data will be recorded in your lab notebook at the moment it is generated. No notes shall be written on scraps of paper or memorized for later. Other notes about the lab notebook: All pre-lab and experimental work is hand-written in your lab notebook. ...
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...Environmental Science Table of Contents Lab 2 Water Quality and Contamination 21 Water Quality and Contamination Concepts to Explore • Usable water • Ground water contaminates • Ground water • Water treatment • Surface water • Drinking water quality Figure 1: At any given moment, 97% of the planet’s water is in the oceans. Only a small fraction of the remaining freshwater is usable by humans, underscoring the importance of treating our water supplies with care. Introduction It is no secret that water is one of the most valuable resources on planet Earth. Every plant and animal requires water to survive, not only for drinking, but also for food production, shelter creation and many other necessities. Water has also played a major role in transforming the earth’s surface into the varied topography we see today. While more than 70% of our planet is covered in water, only a small percent of this water is usable freshwater. The other 99% of the water is composed primarily of salt water, with a small percentage being composed of 23 Water Quality and Contamination glaciers. Due to the high costs involved in transforming salt water into freshwater, the Earth’s population survives off the less than 1% of freshwater available. Humans obtain freshwater from either surface water or groundwater. Surface water is the water that collects on the ground as a result of precipitation. The water that does not evaporate back...
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...MicroBiology- MLT1 LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. sales@labpaq.com / www.LabPaq.com / Toll Free 866.206.0773 A Laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments for the Independent Study of Microbiology 50-0222-MB-01 LabPaq® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on the intellectual properties associated with the LabPaq’s unique design, assembly, and learning experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole use by that LabPaq’s original purchaser and may not be reused without a LabPaq or by others without the specific written consent of HOL. No portion of any LabPaq manual’s materials may be reproduced, transmitted or distributed to others in any manner, nor may be downloaded to any public or privately shared systems or servers without the express written consent of HOL. No changes may be made in any LabPaq materials without the express written consent of HOL. HOL has invested years of research and development into these materials, reserves all rights related to them, and retains the right to impose substantial penalties for any misuse. Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. 3880 S. Windermere St. Englewood, CO 80110 Phone: Denver Area: 303-679-6252 Toll-free, Long-distance: 866-206-0773 www.LabPaq.com E-mail: info@LabPaq.com Printed...
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...ABSTRACT: This report, talks describes a lab that was focused on carrying out a method for the synthesis of secondary alcohols. It used nucleophilic Grignard reagent 1-methylbutylmagnesium Bromide, and the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde propanal to create 4-methyl-3-heptanol. Introduction/ Purpose In this lab we took it the addition of nucleophilic Grignard reagent 1-methylbutylmagnesium Bromide, to the electrophillic carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde propanal is described. 4-methyl-3-heptanol is produced, which was a 2 degree alcohol. Both primary alcohols and secondary alcohols can be obtained through this process in different ways. To produce a Primary alcohol the aldehyde that has to be used is formaldehyde. Secondary...
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...Name______________________________________________ IB Guide to Writing Lab Reports Standard and Higher Level Chemistry 2010-2011 Table of Contents page 1 Explanations, Clarifications, and Handy Hints page 2 - 13 IB Laboratory Evaluation Rubric page 14 - 15 Formal Lab Report Format page 16 Error Analysis Types of Experimental Errors page 17 Error Analysis: Some Key Ideas page 18 Precision and Accuracy in Measurements A Tale of Four Cylinders Assessment of Errors and Uncertainties in IB Lab Reports Explaining Terms and Concepts in Error Analysis page 19 - 20 page 21 Mathematics of Evaluating Accuracy and Precision page 26 - 27 Rejection of Data page 28 More Examples of Propagating Error page 29 - 31 page 22 - 25 Typical Instrumental Uncertainties page 32 Checklist for Writing IB Lab Reports page 33 - 34 Please read carefully and keep this handy reference for future use in writing exemplary lab reports. Page 1 IB Guide to Writing Laboratory Reports Explanations, Clarifications, and Handy Hints The nature of science is to investigate the world around you. An inquiring mind is essential to science. Experiments are designed by curious minds to gain insight into wonder-producing phenomena. Hopefully, this process of designing experiments, doing experiments, thinking about experimental results, and writing lab reports will tremendously benefit YOU! IB Chemistry is the challenge you have chosen...
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...sold in the U.S. since 2007 and now have millions of users worldwide and nearly $2 billion in annual sales. They contain less toxic substances than traditional cigarettes do, but little is known about their health effects. Whether they help or hurt anti-smoking efforts is hotly debated. Some say they encourage smoking by letting people maintain their habit in places where cigarettes are banned. Keep this question in mind. Is smokeless tobacco better? Are E-Cigarette (E-Cigarettes) a safe alternative to a traditional cigarette? The California Department of Public Health declared E-Cigarette a health threat that should be strictly regulated like tobacco products as “vaping” (Using the E-Cigarette) grows in popularity. They also noted that E-Cigarettes emit a cancer-causing toxin Formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is found in many everyday things, such as: certain building materials, disinfectants and embalming fluid. Lab tests have shown that using certain E-Cigarettes at high temperature could emit more Formaldehyde. On some E-Cigarettes, there is a dial to change the amount of heat and liquid and test have...
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