...Task 1 In ancient civilizations it was believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe (Geocentric model). This was the accepted belief at the time. Many philosophers and scientists wrote works based on the Geocentric model. The understanding that the Earth being the center of the universe began to change as scientists (Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler) researched, used mathematics and physics. The findings of there work led to the belief that the Sun was the center of the Universe (Heliocentric model). Copernicus used mathematics (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) to form the Heliocentric model of the universe. Galileo used physics (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems) to support Copernicus’ Heliocentric theory. Kepler mathematics (laws of planetary motion) and his expertise in optics (inventing an improved version of the refracting telescope (Keplerian Telescope) and gave credit to Galileo for his telescopic discoveries) to support the Heliocentric model. The Heliocentric model was accepted as the structure of the Solar System because of the work of these ancient scientists and the work of those that came after them. In the mid-to-late 20th century supremacy in space exploration between the Soviet Union and United States began. This is now known as the “Space Race”. During this tense time known as the “Cold War” both the Soviet Union and the United States felt that being first in space exploration was necessary for national security and...
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...Astronomy: Then and Now Have you ever heard the saying you can’t teach an ole dog new tricks? What about the one where three old dogs teach new tricks? I’m sure you have heard that one, anyone who knows about our solar system can thank the three old dogs. Well, they’re not dogs at all, and at their time they weren’t old but in our time their long gone. Of course, I am speaking about Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Kepler. Funny thing is each one of them challenged and changed their predecessor's work, for the better of course, but we will get to that later. We have these three men to thank for a whole lot of new tricks. To name a few would be, our solar system, the way we form our maps, and we can’t forget the numerous mathematical formulas used to make ideas come to life. In this research paper, we will touch base on the lives of three great astronomers and the tricks they have taught us. We will also see how astronomers of today contribute to our everyday lives. Some say that our first astronomer was a great astronomer. Other say, “Ptolemy was the only great astronomer of Roman Alexandria.” (Brown, 2016) It’s all a matter of opinion, but what we cannot deny was Ptolemy was a great astronomer of his time and today. We do not know much about Ptolemy’s personal life. What we do know about him came from his work. He was born around 85ce in Egypt to a Greek family even though he bore a roman name. To say Ptolemy was diverse is an understatement. He was also diverse in his studies...
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...The Kepler Spacecraft The never-ending pursuit of knowledge about our universe has allowed us to attempt to explore the configuration and variety of different planetary systems. This pursuit of knowledge has lead NASA to launch the Kepler Mission. This mission was specifically aimed to yield information on a certain portion of our galaxy (The Milky Way), which would allowed us to discover numerous Earth-like planets the possibly could be habitable. The Kepler spacecraft provides us with crucial information based on what is called the “Transit Method of Detecting Extrasolar Planets” (http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/). This method along with the main instrument on Kepler, which is a photometer, provides us with a means of detecting Earth-like planets in far away areas of our galaxy. The Kepler Spacecraft utilizes the unique approach of the “Transit Method of Detecting Extrasolar Planets”. This method is actually quite an interesting idea and utilizes some interesting concepts. Firstly, the Kepler Spacecraft was designed with the purpose of detecting planets, however, it does this when the planets themselves pass in front of their stars and this event is called a “transit”. This passing over or covering causes a dip in the concentration of the stars’ light intensity; this is what the Kepler Spacecraft detects. Also, all of the “transits” that occur by the same planet must provide a highly repeatable signal, meaning this “transit” must be recurring to allow for the Kepler Spacecraft...
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...Observation, experiment and invention existed as early as middle ages but in the mid-15th century the belief about the physical universe was questioned. Curiosity among talented people around the world intensified. This ultimately led to development of science. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres. His model of the Universe was alternative to Claudius Ptolemy’s geocentric system which was widely accepted since ancient times. It is believed that Copernicus’s theory of Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres lit the torch in scientific revolution. In 1576, Tycho Brahe set up Uranilborgh observatory. It was a huge step in astronomy. The mystery of the physical universe had begun to reveal. Soon after, Johannes Kepler in 1609 followed up with the Astronomia Nova which included his decade long research of the motion of mars. Galileo Galilei published Starry Messenger in 1610 which was a method of observing our galaxy with a telescope. In 1610, Francis Bacon published introduced the new instruments of science. Finally, Sir Isaac Newton, a...
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...The mission is worth all the money we have Luckily I am in favor of spending money in order to explore space. Exploring space and trying to find new planets that could even possibly have other life forms. This could answer so many questions that humans have always had about space and what every human speculates through life. With all the money we blow on nonsense things or the money we blow that actually destroys our planet this would be a much better cause to spend money on. Spending money on new telescopes like the Kepler telescope, it can go into space and take pictures a lot closer. The only way we can find out if there are new planets like ours, we have to have equipment like the Kepler telescope this telescope can see things that others can’t. Just like in our power point we can’t see other planets that might already be here or are forming due to how bright the stars are that are near it with the distance. We have to wait for the planet to orbit that star and create a black shadow in order to see it. We wouldn’t know things like this unless we have the funds for it. There are so many reasons to spend money on space exploration. We get to see how a human body can with stand the space environment like the astronauts that are in space now. We also get to investigate other planets and this could lead to so much more discoveries. We could find out about new materials, maybe even new medicine, and even new ways to improve our own environment like having cleaner water...
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...Context Johannes Kepler was born in the midst of an exciting and confusing time for Europe. The continent was entering the Renaissance, a reawakening of thought across the continent. By the time of Kepler's birth, the Renaissance had reinvigorated European culture, politics, philosophy, religion, literature, and science. The authority of the Catholic Church was challenged for the first time in centuries by the reformer Martin Luther, who pointed out the wrongs that he felt the Church had committed. Luther's rebellion spurred the Protestant Reformation, in which Luther and his followers freed themselves from the authority of the Church, creating a new sect of Christianity. Kepler, a Protestant, often found himself caught in the midst of the resulting tension between Catholicism and Protestantism. Catholics frequently persecuted him. A similar challenge of scientific authority was also in progress, a radical shift in thought that later became known as the Scientific Revolution. Scientists in all fields were beginning to question the wisdom of the ancient philosophers who had molded their disciplines. They gradually began rely on objective facts and observation and to turn away from the mysticism, religion, and unfounded theorizing that had previously dominated the field. This drastic change in scientific practices and beliefs was most apparent in the field of astronomy. Physics and astronomy had been dominated by the work of Aristotle, a philosopher from the time of ancient...
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...13.5. The Scientific Revolution Until the mid-1500s,Europeans' view of the universe was shaped by the theories of the ancient writers Ptolemy and Aristotle. In1543, Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernics published the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. In it, he proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe. In the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus's theory. After Brahe's death, his assistant, the brilliant German astronmer and mathematician Johannes Kepler, used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the Sun. Scientests from many different lands built on the foudations laid by Copernicus and Kepler. In Italy, Galileo Galilei assembled an astronomical telescope. Galileo's discoveries caused an uproar. Despite the opposition of the Church, by the early 1600s a new approach to science had emerged, based upon observation and experimentation. Two gaints of this revolution were the Englishman Francis Bacon and the Frenchman Rene Descartes Bacon and Descartes differed in their methods, however. Over time, a step-by-step process of discovery evolved that became known as the scientific method.to explain the data, scientists used reasoning to propose a logical hypothesis, or possible explanation. The 1500s and 1600s saw drmatic changes in many branches of science, especially medicine and chemistry. Medieval physicians relied on the works of the ancient physician...
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...The Age of Enlightenment Directions Please save this document before you begin working on the assignment. Type your answers directly in the document. _________________________________________________________________________ Part 1 Write your answers to the following questions in two or three sentences. (Each question is worth three points) 1. Why did religious and political authorities find the idea of a heliocentric model of the universe to be so objectionable? Type your response here: 2. Which thinker does not belong in the following list, and why not? Galileo, Aristotle, Kepler, Copernicus Type your response here: 3. What are the five steps in the scientific method? Type your response here: 4. Why did most Medieval philosophers and scientists feel that experimentation was unnecessary? Type your response here: 5. Why did the Enlightenment writer Voltaire get into so much trouble in France and elsewhere? Type your response here: Part 2 Write a well-developed essay of two to three paragraphs on one of the topics below. Make sure you use specific information from this lesson and, if need be, from previous lessons. Proofread your essay to eliminate errors in grammar and spelling. (Each question is worth 15 points) 1. Choice #1: Compare and contrast the careers of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. What discoveries did each make? How were their methods similar or different? How...
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...The Age of Enlightenment Directions Please save this document before you begin working on the assignment. Type your answers directly in the document. _________________________________________________________________________ Part 1 Write your answers to the following questions in two or three sentences. (Each question is worth three points) 1. Why did religious and political authorities find the idea of a heliocentric model of the universe to be so objectionable? Type your response here: 2. Which thinker does not belong in the following list, and why not? Galileo, Aristotle, Kepler, Copernicus Type your response here: 3. What are the five steps in the scientific method? Type your response here: 4. Why did most Medieval philosophers and scientists feel that experimentation was unnecessary? Type your response here: 5. Why did the Enlightenment writer Voltaire get into so much trouble in France and elsewhere? Type your response here: Part 2 Write a well-developed essay of two to three paragraphs on one of the topics below. Make sure you use specific information from this lesson and, if need be, from previous lessons. Proofread your essay to eliminate errors in grammar and spelling. (Each question is worth 15 points) 1. Choice #1: Compare and contrast the careers of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. What discoveries did each make? How were their methods similar or different? How...
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...Johannes Kepler was many things. A couple of things you will learn about is his early life, His academic record, his career in astronomy and mathematics, and one thing he’s is famous for. Johannes kepler was born on December of 1571, in Germany now a days. He was a sickly child from poor parents. When Joannes was a wee little his father died fighting as a mercenary in Holland. His mother ran an inn with her dad. Kepler was originally schooled in Latin because that was the language of academics. After that, he went to the Protestant Seminary of Maulbronn because he wanted to become a minister. After he finished that he went to the University of Tubingen to study Greek, Hebrew, theology, and philosophy. But of all of those, he really stood...
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...Reflection by Thitichaya Rattanasrithong ID: 1356704 Studying abroad must be difficult, but at the same time, it is a great opportunity for a girl like me who has never experienced any sorts of this challenging journey at home before. An opportunity to get to know more about people, an opportunity to speak out loud in other languages, an opportunity to learn and understand how people from other countries think of and lastly, a gigantic opportunity to be adaptable in a whole new world. I was personally born in Thailand and had never ever left my country this far away. Literally, I was asked many times why I decided to come to Austria and study at Johannes Kepler University Linz(JKU). At that time, I honestly didnʼt know WHY. It was 50:50 percent chances mixed of coincident and intention. But now, it has been 1 month passed by, I have got an answer for them. Coming this far away is one of the best thing in my life. My heart was beating fast and my hand was shaking. That was the first feeling I could remember after entering the room full of crowd. That was the first day of the training session, I remembered that I was so nervous, because I was all by myself. The other 2 Thai friends of mine decided not to participate, that was one of the reasons why I was more frustrated. But, that was going to be fine, I was thinking inside my head. I could not believe that there were so many people coming from around 30-40 different countries, which was incredible. Maybe, it was even more than that...
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...Who are those scientists? Write briefly on their achievements in sciences. * Aristotle (384-322 BC) Aristotle was born in North Greece to a physician of Royal family of Macedonia; He studied philosophy in in Plato’s Academy in Athens. After leaving Athens, Aristotle travelled and had some study on biology. As he returned to his home town he opened a school there name Lyceum. During the Athens dominance on Macedonia, he left his land to save his life and soon after his departure from Macedonia he died. There are 150 philosophical materials written by Aristotle. His writings includes lectures also on philosophy, biology, physics and politics. He had contribution in Zoology as well, his observations about sea organisms like Octopus, cuttlefish were accurate and fact on those early times. Arsitotle first segregated the genera of living organisms, categorized the animals into two categories. He also had contribution in Metrology. * Aristarchus (310-230 BC) He was one of the great astronomer and mathematician of the Greece history. He was the first one to give the concept of sun as center of the universe. He claimed that sun is the main source of flame. He contributed towards calculating the distance between sun and moon. He was strong in geometry in give resources and knowledge of that time, but his research and work on astronomy made the base for today’s advancements in this field. * Nicolas Copernicus (1473 – 1543) Nicola Copernicus was also one of the leading...
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...Society. Galileo supported Copernicus and developed the science of motion. In the twentieth century, Alexandre Koyré introduced the term scientific revolution, centering his study on Galileo, and the term became widely popular in his Origins of Modern Science by Butterfield. The Scientific Revolution was known all over Europe as an international phenomenon; scholars from all over took part in it. The most-important leading figures were Nicolaus Copernicus (Father of Modern Astronomy), Tycho Braye, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton. Some of the important discoveries of this time period and their effects were; Copernicus discovered that earth and all the planets revolve around the sun. Before Copernicus discovery astronomers believed, the earth was the center of the universe, and the sun and planets revolved around it. Tycho Braye discovered new stars that are known as supernovae in 1573. He was well-known throughout his life as an alchemist and astronomer. Kepler contributed the three laws of planetary motion, which helped Isaac Newton later on. These...
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...Santa María de Montesclaros Adriana Marisol Ligorría Duque Física Fundamental Mariela Juárez Los planetas y las leyes de Kepler LOS PLANETAS DEL SISTEMA SOLAR Planeta | Masa (kg) | Diámetro (km) | Gravedad (m/s) | Mercurio | 3.3x10 23| 4870| 3.72 | Venus | 4.87x1024 | 12100 | 8.82 | Tierra | 5.98x1024 | 12756 | 9.8 | Marte | 6.4x1023 | 6670 | 3.72 | Júpiter | 1.9x1027 | 143760| 23.13 | Saturno | 5.68x1026 | 120420| 9.01 | Urano | 8.7x1025 | 51300 | 8.72 | Neptuno| 1x1022 | 40500 | 10.97 | LAS LEYES DE KEPLER Las leyes de Kepler fueron enunciadas por Johannes Kepler para describir matemáticamente el movimiento de los planetas en sus órbitas alrededor del Sol. Aunque él no las describió así, en la actualidad se enuncian como sigue: Primera ley (1609): Todos los planetas se desplazan alrededor del Sol describiendo órbitas elípticas. El Sol se encuentra en uno de los focos de la elipse. Segunda ley (1609): el radio vector que une un planeta y el Sol barre áreas iguales en tiempos iguales. La ley de las áreas es equivalente a la constancia del momento angular, es decir, cuando el planeta está más alejado del Sol (afelio) su velocidad es menor que cuando está más cercano al Sol (perihelio). En el afelio y en el perihelio, el momento angular es el producto de la masa del planeta, su velocidad y su distancia al centro del Sol. Tercera ley (1618): para cualquier planeta, el cuadrado de su período orbital es directamente proporcional al cubo de...
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