“MOLLUSCICIDAL EFFECT OF PURSLANE (PORTULACA OLERACEA) AND CHILI (CAPSICUM ANNUM) ON GOLDEN APPLE SNAILS (POMACEA CANALICULATA)”

I.INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Problems cannot be avoided. It is present in every individual. However, every problem has its own solution. Nowadays our government suffers so many problems both local and national. The level of economy goes down every year which affects each and every citizen. Foreign debts have gone high beyond the capacity of the government to pay. This is the reason why the government must take initiative to implement plan of action that solve some of its problem and to have some contribution that can help the people in the society. Farmers are considered as our government’s helping hand in the production and sustenance of food in the country, but they face so many problems every year. Usually this problems result to low production and low output. One of the problems that hinder high quality of rice production is the large infestation of Golden Apple Snails (POMACEA CANALICULATA) in the farm lands through the Philippines. Golden Apple Snail (POMACEA CANALICULATA) infestation, posses several problems in the rice farming system. This damage young rice seedlings causes poor crop stand, yield loses, additional expenses and lethal effects of systemic commercial molluscicides including the unaccounted environmental costs where bodies of water are the main recipients. Nowadays Filipino farmers become aware of Golden Apple Snails (POMACEA CANALICULATA) as a rice pest. Golden Apple Snail (POMACEA CANALICULATA) infestation in the country bought about an increase of usage of molluscicides, therefore, an increase of importation. People especially farmers wanted to drive away Golden Apple Snails (POMACEA CANALICULATA) in their farm lands in order that no more rice plants will be damage. Artificial fertilizers and especially pesticides contain high toxicity level and sources of pollutants. There are many ways to have a natural way of having fertilizers and pesticides to have a pollution free environment that can preserve wildlife and “Mother Earth”. The Philippines is located in the Southeast Asia. It has a pleasant climate suited for agriculture, many agricultural plants grow in one country which helps the growth of our country since many kinds of plants are planted in our soil, and nutrients needed by these plants for their growth gradually lessen as time passes by. One of these plants is the Alusiman (English: Purslane; Portulaca oleracea.) Portulaca, common name for a family of plants in the pink order, comprising a small, widespread group of more or less succulent herbs and sub shrubs, with concentrations of species along the Pacific Coast of North America and in Southern Africa, and for its representative genus. This is very common weed found throughout the Philippines in settled areas. The Portulaca contains nicotinic acid or niacin that can cause flushing. Niacin is toxic to the liver at doses exceeding 3 grams per day for adults. Another of this is the Chili Pepper (Capsicum Annum) the fruit is many-seeded berry. Chili Peppers contain a substance called Capsaicin, which gives peppers their characteristic pungence, producing mild to intense spice when eaten. Capsaicin is a potent inhibitor of substance P, a neuropeptide associated with inflammatory processes. The hotter the chilli pepper, the more capsaicin it contains. This observations and information gathered motivated the researchers to pursue and conduct this investigation. B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study was conducted to determine the molluscicidal effect of Purslane and Chili in Golden Apple Snails. It seeks to answer the following questions: a) Does Purslane and Chili has significant effect on the Golden Apple Snails? b) Is there a significant difference in the use of Purslane and Chili in the Golden Apple Snails?
C. Hypothesis
In this study, the following null hypothesis is formulated to serve as a guide for the experimentations of data. 1. Purslane and Chili has no significant effect in the Golden Apple Snails. 2. There is no significant difference in the use of Purslane and Chili as molluscicides.
D. Significance of the Study
The Study will be significant to many people, particularly the farmers. Most farmers can’t afford commercial pesticides now that our peso has a little value compared to dollars. Natural pesticides are less expensive, can help farmers save money and most of all, they are environment friendly and at the same time, they are much safer. They can utilize Purslane plant and Chili pepper to wipe away the harmful golden snails. To the community- Rice production will be improved by utilizing Purslane plant and Chili pepper, which are just abundant in the locality.

E. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This study primarily aimed to determine the efficacy of the Purslane plant and Chili pepper extract as an alternative molluscicide for Golden Apple Snails. This study is limited only to the Purslane and Chili extract in order to exterminate. The Golden Kuhol. Period and place of the study was from ______________ to ______________ at the __________________. General experiments were conducted in order to prove that Purslane and Chili were effective molluscicide for Golden Kuhol.
F. DEFINITION OF TERMS * Molluscicides- also known as snail baits and snail pellets, are pesticides against molluscs. * Purslane- is an annual succulentin of the family Potulacaceae, which can reach 40 cm in height. * Chili- a spicy stew. * Golden Apple Snail- a large freshwater snail native to tropical and subtropical South America. This snail is a serious rice pest in Southeast and East Asia because it damages young rice seedlings. * Mortality rate- the measure of the number of deaths(in general, or due to a specific cause) in a population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit time. * Toxicity- the degree to which a substance can damage a living or non-living organisms.
Chapter II
G. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Golden Kuhol (Pomacea Canaliculata) a) The Golden Kuhol belongs to the snail family under the phylum Mollusca and lives only in or close to fresh water. The Golden Kuhol is not closely related to the native Kuhol or suso. The biological control agents of native snails have yet been able to transfer unto to Golden Kuhol. The Golden Kuhol is not gold colour muddy brown, lighter than the darker, usually smaller native snails Golden was the commercial given by the distributors. The Kuhol is certainly not gold for rice. Farmers’ crop must waste money, time and energy managing this serious pest. b) Life Cycle
B.1 Egg
Twenty five to five hundred (25-500) eggs, depending on breeder size, are laid in clusters, which are usually oval shaped. Eggs are laid early in morning and evening on standing crops along dikes and on any object sticks up about the water surface. Newly feed eggs are bright strawberry pink and turn light pink when they are about to hatch. The eggs start hatching 7-14 days after egg lying for a period of 5 days. The newly hatched Kuhol are soft-shelled and dropped from the empty eggshell cluster to the water easily or cling to nearby surfaces like pond walls, plants on larger snails. Shells harden after 2 days.

B.2 Hatchlings
The hatchlings crawl when they reach 2 to 5 millimetres in size. The young Kuhol eat Algae, succulent plants and other soft leaves that can be found nearby. Their voracious appetite to very fast growth in sexual maturity in a short time. Golden Kuhol can breathe either underwater like fish or in open air. They live mostly underwater so they won’t dry out in hot weather. When the water in rice fields drains away, they bury themselves in moist mud, digging deeper as the dry season goes on. They can leave sleeping for over 6 months hidden in dry spoil, then wake up over night when the soil is flooded again. This is why so many Kuhol appear suddenly in rice fields when land preparation begins. Kuhol completes their life cycle in 60 days.

Alusiman (Portulaca orlearcea L.) Occasional to common in many crops, and in open , disturbed places, particularly in dry, sunny areas near the coast, and is often naturalized in native coast habitat "beacuse of their fast growth it have been said that purulence contains some properties of fertilizers (Whistler, 1983). "It thrives in cultivated fields and gardens barren driveways, waste places, and eroded slopes and bluffs up to 2,700 m. elevation. The plant prefers open habitat and although it thrives in a rich moist soil, it does not grow well, on many soil types. It does not emerge until the soil is very warm. Alusiman (Portulaca orlearacea L.) is annual, prospate or spreading, succulenty, branched, smooth, often purpish herb. It has the stems 10-50 cm long. The leaves are fleshy, flat, oblong-obovate, 2.5 cm long with obtuse apex ang wedge shaped base. The flowers have 5 merous, comprise yellow, stalkless, and auxiliary and has terminal few flowered heads. The Alusiman (Portulaca orlearacea L.) contains Anti- Hemorrhagic, diuretic and vulnerary, anti-asconic, refrigerant, tonic febrifuge and antihelmintic. It is very common weed found throughout the Philippines is settled areas. It is used for diarrhea, poisonous bites, ezema, acute gastroenteritis, pulmonary tuberculosis and furucle infections. Chili Pepper (Capsicum annum) Chili Peppers and their various cultivars grow locally in the Philippines, but were now grown around the world because they were widely used as species of vegetables in cuisine and as medicine. The term chilli in most part of the world referred exclusively to the smaller, hot types of Capsicum, while the larger types were called bell pepper. The substances that give chili pepper a hot intensity when ingested or applied topically were Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6nomenanide) and several related chemicals, collectively called Capsaicinoids; Capsaicin is the primary ingredient in pepper spray. When consumed, Capsaicinoids, bounds with pain receptors in the mouth and throat that were normally responsible for sensing heat. Once activated by Capsaiciniods, these receptors sent a message to the brain that the person has eaten something hot. The brain responded to the burning sensation by raising the heart rate increasing perspiration and releasing the body’s natural pain killing chemical called EudorphinInsects or other animals that might not be able to resist the burning pain could become weak and eventually die especially if the material was combined with other insecticidal organic or plant based material.
CHAPTER III
Research Methodology and Sources of Data This chapter presents the materials, tools and procedures used by researchers in conducting this study. This study will be conducted at school’s science laboratory.
Materials and Tools 500 ml. Sure Kill 500 grams Purslane 500 grams Chili pepper 32 golden apple snails Weighing scale Mortar and pestle Beaker Knives and chopping board 4 containers Thin clothes Surgical gloves Vials
Experimental Variable
Sure Kill
Dependent Variables
Acidity
Capsaicin
Niacin
Independent Variables
500 grams Purslane
500 grams Chili pepper

Procedure: 1) Purslane and Chili Pepper were gathered and weighed at an ideal 500 grams. 24 Golden Apple snails with the same size were also gathered. 500 ml Sure Kill molluscicide was also bought. 2) The Purslane and Chili Pepper was sliced, pounded and squeezed to get the extract. It must also be measured after setting it aside. 3) 8 Golden Apple Snails were put in each container. Container A will be applied 125 grams Purslane, 375 grams Chili; Container B has 375 grams Purslane, 125 grams Chili Pepper; Container C containing 25 grams Purslane and 250 grams Chili; Container D will be filled up of 500 millilitres of Sure Kill molluscicide. 4) Observe for 1 hour in every 10 minutes. Then period when the snails died must be recorded, including the mortality rate.

Chapter IV
This chapter presents the results of the Purslane and Chili extract as a molluscicide. Data are presented for classification and interpretation of data.
Data 1
Molluscicidal effect of Purslane and Chili extract under various concentrations (Data gathering every ten minutes)
A (75 % purslane 25 % chili) (8 snails) Time of Data gathered | 2:30 | 2:40 | 2:50 | 3:00 | 3:10 | 3:20 | 3:30 | Mortality Rate | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Total: 8
B (25 % purslane 75 % chili) (8 snails) Time of Data gathered | 2:30 | 2:40 | 2:50 | 3:00 | 3:10 | 3:20 | 3:30 | Mortality Rate | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | Total: 8

C (50 % purslane 50 % chili)(8 snails) Time of Data gathered | 2:30 | 2:40 | 2:50 | 3:00 | 3:10 | 3:20 | 3:30 | Mortality Rate | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | Total: 8

Data 2
(Data gathering every ten minutes)
A (Purslane and Chili extract) Time of Data gathered | 2:30 | 2:40 | 2:50 | 3:00 | 3:10 | 3:20 | 3:30 | Mortality Rate | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | B (Experimental Variable- 500 ml. Sure Kill molluscicide) Time of Data gathered | 2:30 | 2:40 | 2:50 | 3:00 | 3:10 | 3:20 | 3:30 | Mortality Rate | 1 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | CHAPTER V SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary This research was conducted to determine the effect of Purslane and Chili extract in killing mollusc. This was conducted in the month of ________________________. This study use 500 grams of Chili and 500 grams of Purslane. Purslane, Chili and Golden Apple Snails are provided by the researchers. Treatments were as follow: a) Purslane b) Chili

Findings Based on the results of the experiments, Purslane and Chili extract were proven to be the agent for killing the snails in a shortest possible time. The results showed that the lower is the concentration of the extract; the longer it is for the snails to die. Recommendations: Therefore, the researchers highly recommend the following: * It is more useful to use Purslane and Chili extract as molluscicides than buying the expensive molluscicides. Findings: 1) 500 grams Purslane and 500 grams Chili turned to an extract can kill 8 snails within 50 minutes. 2) The mortality rate of snails is affected by the concentrations of Purslane and Chili extracts used. Recommendations: Therefore, the researchers highly recommend the following: 1) Encourage the cultivation of Purslane and Chili species. 2) Conduct other experiments utilizing the Purslane and Chili. 3) Conduct the same experiments using the other economically important species.

The Jain Symbol is a congregation of various symbols, each having a deeper meaning. This symbol was adopted by all sects of Jainism while commemorating the 2500th anniversary of the nirvana of Lord Mahavira.
The outline of the symbol is defined as the universe (Lok). The lower part of the symbol represents the seven hells (Naraki). The middle part of the universe contains the Earth and the planets (Manushyalok). The upper part contains the heavenly abodes (Devlok) of all the celestial beings and abode of the Siddhas (Siddhashila). Jains believe that this universe was neither created by anyone, nor can it be destroyed by anyone. It may change its form, but otherwise, it has always been and will always be here.
The raised hand means stop. The word in the center of the wheel is "Ahimsa". Ahimsa means non-violence. Between these two, they remind us to stop for a minute and think twice before doing anything. This gives us a chance to scrutinize our activities to be sure that they will not hurt anyone by our words, thoughts, or actions. We are also not supposed to ask or encourage others to take part in any harmful activity. The wheel in the hand shows that if we are not careful and ignore these warnings and carry on violent activities, then just as the wheel goes round and round, we will go round and round through the cycles of birth and death.
The four arms of the swastika remind us that during the cycles of birth and death we may be born into any one of the four destinies: heavenly beings, human beings, animal beings, (including birds, bugs, and plants) and hellish beings. Our aim should be the liberation and not the rebirth. To show how we can do this, the swastika reminds us that we should become the pillars of the four fold Jain Sangh, then only can we achieve liberation. The four pillars of the Jain Sangh are sädhus, sädhvis, shrävaks, and shrävikäs. This means that first, we should strive to be a true shrävaks or shrävikäs, and when we can overcome our social attachments, we should renounce the worldly life and follow the path of a sädhu or sädhvi to be liberated.
The three dots above the swastika represent the three jewels of Jainism: Samyak Darshan (Right Faith), Samyak Jnan (Right Knowledge), and Samyak Charitra (Right Conduct). We should have all three: right knowledge, right faith, and right conduct together, then only can we achieve the liberation. The right knowledge means having the knowledge that soul and body are separate and that the soul, not the body attains the salvation. The right faith means one must have faith in what is told by Jinas, who were omniscient. The right conduct means that our actions should be void of attachment and hatred.
At the very top part of the Jain Universe symbol is a small curved arc. This arc represents the abode of the Siddhas. It is known as the Siddhashila. It is the final resting place of the liberated souls. The dot represents a siddha. In order to achieve this stage, a soul must destroy all attached karmas. Every living being should strive for this state of the Salvation or Liberation.