...Table of Contents Introduction to Copenhagen Conference and Kyoto Protocol 2 ASEAN and Copenhagen Conference 3 Climate Change as an Issue 4 Sustainable Development 5 Impact of Kyoto Protocol on ASEAN 7 Challenges faced by ASEAN under Kyoto Protocol 9 Conclusion 11 Referencing 12 Introduction to Copenhagen Conference and Kyoto Protocol In 1992, countries coupled together for an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. However, by 1995, countries realized that provisions of emission reductions in the Convention were insufficient. Due to this reason, they launched negotiations to reinforce the global response to climate change. These negotiations lead to the adoption of an agreement known as Kyoto Protocol (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2013). The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference held in Denmark raised climate change policy to the highest political level. 115 world leaders attended this high-level segment, building it one of the major gatherings of world leaders ever outside UN headquarters in New York. More than 40,000 people that represent governments, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, media, faith-based organizations UN agencies applied for accreditation (UNFCCC, 2013) The Copenhagen Accord enclosed numerous key elements on which there was strong union of the views of governments. This incorporated the long-term goal of limiting the maximum global average temperature...
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...interdependency in Kyoto One of the standing points of Kyoto business style is the uniqueness in relations among government, industries and educational institutions. This kind of partnership is well-used in Japan and it is called San-gaku-kan (産学官). San-gaku-kan defines a partnership among those three above-mentioned sectors. In each section of partnership, Kyoto’s San-gaku-kan is different from that of other cities in Japan. For example, academia part of San-gaku-kan is so strong, because there are good opportunities to study and execute a research in Kyoto. If you compare the number of colleges and universities in Kyoto as a percentage of population to the number of those in other parts of Japan, Kyoto will be at the top of the list. It boasts the largest concentration of higher education institutions in Japan. That shows how big Kyoto’s academia part of San-gaku-kan in terms of quantity. Moreover, in terms of quality, six of 12 Japan’s Nobel Prize laureates were from Kyoto University and this fact proves the originality of Kyoto. Another example for the uniqueness of Kyoto business practices in San-gaku-kan is the industry part of the partnership. An employee from Shimadzu Corporation, Koichi Takeda, won Nobel Prize in 2002, without being affiliated to any higher education or research center. This also shows the Kyoto business style is full of passionate people who pursuits whatever they do. One of the reasons for why San-gaku-kan relationship in Kyoto is developed...
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...Kyoto Treaty Paper #2 The Kyoto Protocol was agreed to in December 1997 and entered into force in February 2005. It established an international treaty intended to bring countries together to reduce global warming and to cope with effects of temperature increases. 186 of 192 industrialized and developing countries have ratified the agreement to collectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% compared to a 1990 baseline. The provision of the Kyoto Protocol is that is sets specific, binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and European Union, but excludes developing countries. The gases regulated include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons. These targets include six major greenhouse gases, often referred to as the “Kyoto Six”. “Internationally, these emissions reductions are accomplished through three flexible mechanisms: International emissions trading, Clean development mechanism, and Joint implementation. Nationally, to meet their targets or to generate credits that can be traded, most ratifying nations would have to combine several strategies, some which include, placing restrictions on their biggest emitters, manage transportation to slow or reduce emissions from automobiles, trucks, airplanes, and vessels, and lastly make better use of renewable energy sources (solar power, wind power, and biodiesel in place of fossil fuels)” (International context and Emerging Initiatives). ...
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...country is easy, because there is money to spend there. These countries are the richer more developed areas of the world who have the money to spend of such things. The developing countries are still spending their money to catch up, and trying to balance their population increase with their economic needs. Smaller developing countries do not have the money needed to combat climate change, so, they are reaching out to the developed countries for help. They will need support during the next few decades if they are expected to participate in the efforts to beat global warming. The costs to the developing countries is far more than the developed ones because they are still growing as a industrial nation. Benefits of the Kyoto Protocol The most obvious benefit of the Kyoto Protocol is the reduction of green house gases (GHG) worldwide. The idea of the protocol is to reduce or reverse the course of global warming. The idea behind this is to set a standard for the nations involved to reduce their carbon emissions by six, seven or eight percent depending on the counties needs. Another benefits is that it is one of the few things that globally all the countries can agree upon as a needed change. It gets everyone working together on the same page and unites our countries under one...
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...Introduction From man’s basic understanding of existence, he acknowledges that his presence is but a fraction in time in relation to the longevity of the Earth’s existence. This attests to the time period in which the Earth functions. Man’s calculations of year to year changes in the Earth’s atmosphere are meager at best in determining the cycle for such an entity. Man’s oldest data dating back from ice core samples from Antarctica can not trace back further than a minute percent of the history of the billions of years that the Earth has existed. (Relatively) recently, Earth has endured "naturally occurring" Ice Ages, meteorological disasters, and the evolution of man and his technology. So the question is raised, is mankind bold in thinking that anything it does collectively will scar the Earth beyond repair? Man might change the Earth’s surface, man might obliterate his own existence, but man will not change the propensity for nature to allow the continuation of life. Debate on Global Warming So, what is man doing for mankind? There is a general concensus that one of the greatest dangers man is imposing upon himself is that of a global change in the atmosphere, causing the average temperature on Earth to increase. Before any discussion can begin on how to go about fixing the problem of global warming, it is improtant to point out that the problem is more basic than otherwise understood. The problem is not global waring, it is how to deal with the possible existance...
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...After Kyoto What will happen after 2012? In 2012, the commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol will come to an end. The international climate community is currently working on finding its replacement, a new regime that will determine the future basis upon which global cooperation on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change impacts will take place. While formal negotiations are taking place under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol, numerous parallel initiatives lead by national governments and research institutes are shaping the nature of this discussion. Determining the future of the climate regime is a complex process—influenced by the need to: balance the diverse interests and national circumstances of developed and developing countries; enable continued economic development in all countries; and promote significant energy development in developing nations. Progress is critical, if the global community is to achieve the substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions needed to avoid significant, adverse climate change. It is time that we take meeting this challenge out of the hands of environment ministries and put it into the hands of those who truly make the critical development decisions, including finance ministries and central planners. IISD is providing assistance in informing and facilitating the emergence of a post-2012 climate regime and the integration of climate change...
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...Yalcin Mizrak HIST1050-07 Kyoto Protocol Research Kyoto Agreement Environmental Issues Burdens on the atmosphere and on Earth's natural environment in general have been increasing at a steady rate over the years. Since the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s, humans have been slowly but steadily polluting the environment through the means of emission of greenhouse gases. After realizing this issue at hand, the United Nations set out to find where the majority of these emissions came from and ways to limit the damage to the environment. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which sets international binding emission reduction targets. It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan (hence its name) on December 11, 1997 and began to be enforced on February 16, 2005. Some actions that are required by the binding of the Protocol are improving energy efficiency, reducing deforestation, and supporting renewable energy. It has been recognized that developed countries, such as the United States, and various European countries, are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions in the atmosphere. The Protocol places a heavier burden on these developed nations under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities". All of the United Nation members are parties to the Protocol except Andorra, Canada, South Sudan and the United States. The United States signed the Protocol...
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...Kyoto Protocol and Global Warming Evaluation xxxxxx ECO-370 April 21, 2014 Xiaobing Shuai Kyoto Protocol and Global Warming Evaluation Surface temperature of the earth has been an indicator of threatening critical concern. The principle of a greenhouse is that the enclosing glass or plastic allows the passage of incoming sunlight, but traps a portion of the reflected infrared radiation, which warms the interior of the greenhouse above the outside temperature (Field & Field, 2009, p. 430). This reaction encloses greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere that cause an increase in temperature in earth’s surface, in which is known as global warming. Based on this chemical reaction, it creates a global climate change on planet earth that changes meteorological patterns in each region. Costs and benefits from industrialized countries Due to a higher economic standing in industrialized countries, such as the United States and Europe we have larger amounts of pollution discharges that contribute to global climate change. Major issues related to costs with the intent to reduce global climate change include: what methods to adopt in various countries to meet the performance required by the agreements and how to share the overall costs among the participating countries (Field & Field, 2009, p. 456). These are cost-effective measures that countries can substantially decrease of the overall program. In accordance with Field & Field (2009), “The benefits accruing to any particular...
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...Pros and cons of the Kyoto Protocol. Why or why not it should be followed. Global warming, in line with other significant factors that influence the existence of human beings, has now became a major topic in modern press, politics, scientific researches and even simple chats of why the last summer was that hot. And this is not odd. The latest research on climate change has a shown a trend of incremental growth of Earth’s average surface temperature during last 100 years, with a particular increase since 1980. While the research considers several facts to cause a problem, the most obvious one is a concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere produced as a result of increased usage of natural resources. To stabilize the level of gases, in 1997 the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has issued a document known as Kyoto Protocol, aimed at fighting global warming by setting a certain emission limit per country and followed by an overall objective to reduce the number of greenhouse gases produced by them. By now, the document has gone through multiple stages of adoption and ratifications and is about to expire by the end of 2012. While the overall purpose of the protocol is clear and acceptable, the way it declares certain mechanisms and triggers polarized reactions across the world causes to analyze if it worth to be followed. First of all, the Protocol does not actually cover the key emitters of greenhouse gases, which are either not committed for reductions...
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...Kyoto Protocol and Global Warming Evaluation Jennifer Marshall ECO/370 September 2, 2013 Ronda Jantz The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty that was proposed to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions with legally binding signatures and expectation of ratification by industrialized countries especially. However, being an international treaty, compliance or ratification is not required but suggested in order to mitigate the global climate change that is occurring. Climate being the characteristic condition of the earth’s atmosphere over a specific area of the planet for a long period of time can be in fact altered by activities of man-kind that consist of burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Since the industrial revolution, fossil fuels and other greenhouse gas emissions such as methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone depleting substances have increased in the atmosphere to the point of altering the composition and increasing the global temperature by “about 1.1 degree F over just the last 30 years” (New England Aquarium, 2013). This is the concept of global climate change. The increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases need to be mitigated. “In 2007, the IPCC published a series of scenarios ranging from “business as usual/no actions taken” to “aggressive actions taken” to reduce climate change. Models based on these scenarios from the IPCC 2007 report predict that average global surface temperatures will likely...
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...KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE UNITED NATIONS 1998 KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE The Parties to this Protocol, Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”, In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2, Recalling the provisions of the Convention, Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention, Pursuant to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.1 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session, Have agreed as follows: Article 1 For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. In addition: 1. “Conference of the Parties” means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention. 2. “Convention” means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in New York on 9 May 1992. 3. “Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” means the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. 4. “Montreal Protocol” means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended. 5. vote. 6. “Parties present and voting” means Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative “Party” means, unless...
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...All forces of the whole planet meeting together to arrive at some common decision concerning the future of mankind is, no doubt, an epoch in the life of the society. Especially considering the fact that it is not about the industrial strategies or further space exploration but about safety and confidence in future of the human beings. Kyoto protocol, presenting definite steps in fighting the threat for the people, at the same time became an international phenomenon which showed how all spheres of human life are connected with each other in the era of global information. First of all, its main benefit justified itself in the next few days after its adoption. The authorities at last tackle the problems of globalization or at least admit the existence of such. This cooperation became of public awareness and it is quite vivid now to everyone that problems of global climate change are not someone's smart myth but a real fact that has drawn attention of the mighty of this world. Another advantage of the Kyoto protocol is that it really works. According to the official statistics nearly half of the countries that are fully or partially obligated to it have really reduced emissions of carbon dioxide by some percent. Cutting the amount of pollution in the atmosphere will certainly have a positive effect even if human activity has nothing to do with climate change. It will certainly reduce the number of diseases caught due to bad ecology. Alongside with definite advantages of the...
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...(GOLDEN PAVILION) 1 Kinkakujicho, Kita Ward, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture 603-8361, Japan Tel: +81 75-461-0013 Website: shokoku-ji.jp Operating Hours: Mon-Sun, 9AM-5PM Admission: ¥400 (roughly USD 4) Suggested Length of Visit: 2 hours HOW TO GET THERE: Kinkaku-ji can be accessed from Kyoto Station by direct Kyoto City Bus number 101 or 205 (40 minutes, ¥230). Alternatively, you can take the Karasuma Subway Line to Kitaoji Station (15 minutes, ¥260) and from there take a taxi (10 minutes, ¥1000-1200) or bus (10 minutes, ¥230, bus numbers 101, 102, 204 or 205) to Kinkaku-ji. CLICK HERE for more information. 2. FUSHIMI INARI SHRINE 68 Fukakusa Yabunouchicho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture 612-0882, Japan Tel: +81 75-641-7331 Fax: +81 75-642-2153 Website: inari.jp Operating Hours: Always open Admission: FREE Suggested Length of Visit: 1-4 hours (depends on how many toriis you want to walk through) HOW TO GET THERE: Fushimi Inari Shrine is located just outside JR Inari Station, the second station from Kyoto Station along the JR Nara Line. The shrine can also be reached via a short walk from Fushimi Inari Station along the Keihan Main Line. CLICK HERE for more information. 3. ARASHIYAMA BAMBOO GROVES Togetsukyo, Saga, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture 616-8383, Japan Operating Hours: Always open Admission: FREE Suggested Length of Visit: 30 mins – 1 hour HOW TO GET THERE: The fastest way to get to Arashiyama from Kyoto Station is by the JR Sagano Line (15 minutes...
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...Takae Iiyama Professor: Nitza Llaldo ESL53B-6700 November 13th, 2014 Amazing Days “Three Days to See” by Helen Keller is about what she would like to see if she were given her sight back for three days because she wishes to see as much she can. In her first day, she wants to see her companions whom have made her “life worth living”. Most people can recognize and distinguish their friends. She would see her friends’ face, her loyal dogs, and young child. Also, in the afternoon, she will stroll through the hidden paths of the forest and admire the color of the sunset. On the second and third days, she continues to narrate the events for her sightseeing. The second day, she will awake to be awake to be in the awe of the daybreak. If I were blind and had three days to see, I would visit important people, and spend in some countries. On the first day, I would visit every important people to me from early morning to evening. I would visit my family in the morning to afternoon. I’ll talk with them and I want to extend ‘Thank you for helping every times”. Also, I want to record on the tape by voice about their facial characteristics and communications in their house. Then, during the lunch, I want to take lots of pictures of us with smile to give these pictures to them because I want they will remember that I could see everything in three days whole my life. Also, I’ll give handwritten letters to them. In the afternoon, I would visit my dear friends in Japan. Frist of all, I’ll...
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...KYOTO Asians are always proud to have a long-standing culture and majestic natural scenery. Other than the light of Paris and Venice’s waterfront, Kyoto has its own way to become a romantic city with the wonder of nature and the beauty of indigenous people Kyoto was the capital of Japan for over a millennium, and carries a reputation as its most beautiful city. in 1868, Kyoto was known for a short time as Saikyō (西京, meaning "Western Capital"). Heiankyo (平安京, "tranquility and peace capital"), became the capital of Japan in 794. years later, the city was renamed Kyoto. Kyoto remained Japan's capital until the transfer of the imperial court to Tokyo in 1869(Some believe that it is still a legal capital) Kyoto Tower is an observation tower The steel tower is the tallest structure in Kyoto with its observation deck at 100 metres (328 ft) and its spire at 131 metres (430 ft) contains souvenir shops, restaurants and a hotel, as well as a public bath in the basement. Fushimi Inari Taisha The shrine sits at the base of a mountain also named Inari which is 233 metres above sea level, and includes trails up the mountain to many smaller shrines which span 4 kilometers and takes approximately 2 hours to walk up Since early Japan, Inari was seen as the patron of business, and merchants and manufacturers have traditionally worshipped Inari. Each of the torii at Fushimi Inari Taisha is donated by a Japanese business. First and foremost, though, Inari is the god of rice. The main...
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