...dissolved oxygen in a body of water is necessary to determine whether or not it has enough oxygen content in order to be habitable to various aerobic organisms and marine life. This measurement gives us the amount of oxygen content per unit of volume (usually mg/L), and from this, we are able to determine the type of organisms that can thrive there. This concentration is dependent upon the salinity and chlorinity of the water, as well as the temperature, atmospheric pressure, flow rate, and distance along the stream from the deoxygenated parts of the water. The purpose of this laboratory assignment is to collect data about the concentration of dissolved oxygen in a pre-built setup with control factors, and from this we will apply our knowledge to determine if the cleaned wastewater from a water treatment plant will have the desirable concentration of dissolved oxygen before being pumped into a local river. Experimental Procedures: Equipment: a) Supply of nitrogen-infused deoxygenated water flowing at a steady rate. b) Seven (7) sections of PVC half-pipes, each placed approximately 15-20.5cm lower than the previous (going downstream) for six (6) vertical drops. c) Four (4) small rocks placed in channel 7 approximately equidistant from each other. d) One (1) tape measure. e) One (1) oxygen level meter. f) One (1) bucket to collect the water after flowing through the system. g) One (1) graduated cylinder, used to measure the flow rate for the given amount...
Words: 1891 - Pages: 8
...Actively Controlled Curvature for an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle John Palmisano1, Jason Geder2, Ravi Ramamurti2, Kerr-Jia Liu3, Jonah Cohen1, Tewodros Mengesha3, Jawad Naciri1, William Sandberg2, and Banahalli Ratna1 Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 2 Laboratory for Computational Physics and Fluid Dynamics, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 1 Summary. This paper describes the design, construction, and testing of a biomimetic pectoral (side) fin with actively controlled curvature for UUV propulsion. It also describes the development of a test UUV and the design of a fin control system for vertical plane motion. A 3D unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been carried out to computationally optimize the fin design including a full study of the primary design parameters. The fin has been constructed and it can reproduce any specified deformation time-history. The full dynamics of the proposed vehicle have been modeled and the forces produced by the flapping fins computed. Finally, the stability of motion in the vertical plane has been analyzed and a control system has been designed. Key words. Biomimetic pectoral fin, UUV, unsteady CFD, PID control, adaptive curvature 1 Introduction Unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) have proven very useful in a wide range of applications including inspection...
Words: 3847 - Pages: 16
...problem can range from simple to difficult solutions to a problem. In order to solve a problem, you must first know what the problem is. To begin with we can determine what the problem is not, just based on facts known by yourself, coworkers, friends or family. By asking a question, eliminating evidence or significant reasons this can eliminate unnecessary research. We can then move forward to the observation and experiment when we adequate reasons to a problem. Step 2. Observation and Experiment Observation and Experiment can involve both natural and laboratory behaviors and environment. Testing a hypothesis (problem) in different variables and changes will show or measure negative or positive results. In this process we can determine what tools or environment are being used and if they are affecting the problem. The observation may take time by verifying data, repetitive manual manipulations and study. Step 3. Interpretation Interpretation is where you discuss the results and observations, explaining them. You can explore and observe, collect information and sample data. You can show the results from data you used. For example, you see a color change, you write possible reasons why in the interpretation section. Why did the color change? What possible reactions could have occurred? Step 4. Testing Testing the hypothesis must continue to be done, even after you have reached an interpretation and...
Words: 1026 - Pages: 5
...Porosity Porosity is defined as the percentage or fraction of void space to bulk volume of rock. If the sedimentary particles of a rock were of uniform size and packing, as shown inFigure 1 , Figure 1 Figure 2 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 , the calculation of porosity would be a simple exercise in solid geometry. Of course, actual reservoir rock is a much more complicated mixture of particles, and its porosity must be measured directly from core samples or estimated by well log analysis. Figure 3 The proportion and distribution of void space in a reservoir rock can be modified by the processes of cementation, solution, fracturing, and recrystallization. In reservoir engineering, primary porosity refers to the void spaces remaining after the sedimentation of particles into the rock matrix. Secondary porosity is caused by solution channels, fractures, and vugs in the bulk volume of the matrix, and is developed subsequent to the deposition of the rock. Where both types of porosity exist, the system is referred to as a dual porosity system. The production sequence of a dual porosity system may be very different from that of a primary porosity system.Table 1 (below) gives a general range of reservoir rock matrix porosities. Generally, reservoir rock martix porosities in the lower ranges are of commercial interest only when a secondary porosity system is present. Table 1--Rock matrix porosities (after Levorsen, 1967) : Negligible 0-5 Poor 5-10 ...
Words: 14010 - Pages: 57
...preparation. The Approved Professional should always refer to the ministries’ current written protocols, guidance, etc. to identify if there are any new or additional requirements. GENERAL TOPIC AUTHORS AND RELIANCE PROBLEM DEFINITION General Context Groundwater and Receptors Practice Guidelines2010-V1 Points of Review (Stage 2 PSI and DSI) 1. Does the investigator identify who the major participants are in the investigation and state his/her qualifications? 2. Does the report or cover letter provide reliance of the report to the Ministry and the Approved Professional? 3. Has the investigator: a. provided site information (e.g., civic address and legal description, etc.) as required in SoSC; b. listed, reviewed and summarized data from other previous environmental or geotechnical reports relevant to the site, including interpretations regarding groundwater flow directions and stratigraphy; and, c. provided a rationale for changes to APEC or PCOC indicated in the Stage 1 PSI? 4. Does the investigator describe the relationship of the current study, in particular: a. how the methods of investigation and findings of the previous stage(s) was/were used to design and carry out the current study; and b. the extent to which the previous investigations were or were not relied on? 5. Has the investigator: a. provided scaled plans showing site features and relevant land uses and receptors; and, b. provided a scaled site plan or plans showing existing...
Words: 2488 - Pages: 10
...Daphnia are small planktonic crustaceans that belong to the Phyllopoda (sometimes called Branchiopoda), which are characterized by flattened leaf-like legs used to produce a water current for the filtering apparatus. Within the branchiopods, Daphnia belong to the Cladocera, whose bodies are enclosed by an uncalcified shell known as the carapace. It has a double wall, between which hemolymph flows and which is part of the body cavity. The carapace is largely made of chitin, a polysaccharide. Cladocera have up to 10 pairs of appendages, which are (from front to back): antennules, antennae (the second antennae, used for swimming); maxillae; and mandibles; followed by 5 (as in Daphnia) or 6 limbs on the trunk. The limbs form an apparatus for...
Words: 2442 - Pages: 10
...in.2 1 in.2 1 ft3 1 ft3 1 in.3 1 in.3 1 in. 1 in.3 1 ft/min 1 ft/min 1 ft/min 1 ft/sec 1 ft/sec 1 in./min 1 in./sec 1 in./sec 3 0.3048 m 30.48 cm 304.8 mm 0.0254 m 2.54 cm 25.4 mm 929.03 10 4 m2 929.03 cm2 929.03 102 mm2 6.452 10 4 m2 6.452 cm2 645.16 mm2 28.317 10 3 m3 28.317 103 cm3 16.387 10 6 m3 16.387 cm3 0.16387 0.16387 10 mm 10 4 m3 5 3 Coefficient of consolidation: Force: 1 in.2/sec 1 in.2/sec 1 ft2/sec 1 lb 1 lb 1 lb 1 kip 1 U.S. ton 1 lb 1 lb/ft 1 lb/ft2 1 lb/ft2 1 U.S. ton/ft2 1 kip/ft2 1 lb/in.2 1 lb/ft3 1 lb/in.3 1 lb-ft 1 lb-in. 1 ft-lb 1 in.4 1 in.4 6.452 cm2/sec 20.346 103 m2/yr 929.03 cm2/sec 4.448 N 4.448 10 3 kN 0.4536 kgf 4.448 kN 8.896 kN 0.4536 10 3 metric ton 14.593 N/m 47.88 N/m2 0.04788 kN/m2 95.76 kN/m2 47.88 kN/m2 6.895 kN/m2 0.1572 kN/m3 271.43 kN/m3 1.3558 N · m 0.11298 N · m 1.3558 J 0.4162 0.4162 106 mm4 10 6 m4 Area: Stress: Volume: Unit weight: Moment: Energy: Moment of inertia: Section modulus: Hydraulic conductivity: 0.3048 m/min 30.48 cm/min 304.8 mm/min 0.3048 m/sec 304.8 mm/sec 0.0254 m/min 2.54 cm/sec 25.4 mm/sec CONVERSION FACTORS FROM SI TO ENGLISH UNITS Length: 1m 1 cm 1 mm 1m 1 cm 1 mm 1m 1 cm2 1 mm2 1 m2 1 cm2 1 mm2 1m 1 cm3 1 m3 1 cm3 1N 1 kN 1 kgf 1 kN 1 kN 1 metric ton 1 N/m 3 2 3.281 ft 3.281 10 3.281 10 39.37 in. 0.3937 in. 0.03937 in. 2 Stress: 2 3 ft ft 1 N/m2 1 kN/m2 1 kN/m2 1 kN/m2 1 kN/m2 1 kN/m3 1 kN/m3 1N·m 1N·m 1J 1 mm 1 m4 4 20.885 10 3 lb/ft2 20.885 lb/ft2 0.01044...
Words: 183832 - Pages: 736
...ME 410L – Pressurized Steam Generator (PSG) -‐ Instructor: Reza Baghaei Lakeh Thermal Science Laboratory ME410L Pressurized Steam Generator (PSG) Instructor: Reza Baghaei Lakeh Fall 2010 ME 410L – Pressurized Steam Generator (PSG) -‐ Instructor: Reza Baghaei Lakeh Experimental Apparatus The Armfield Saturation Pressure Apparatus has been designed to introduce students to how the temperature of water behaves at its boiling point with variation in the absolute pressure. Saturation curves can be obtained by the student and compared with published steam tables. The quality of steam exiting the apparatus can be determined using a throttling calorimeter connected at the point of discharge. A bench top unit comprising a boiler vessel and pipe loop with a pressure relief valve to limit the operating pressure to 8 bar gauge. A sight glass on the front of the boiler allows the boiling ...
Words: 1498 - Pages: 6
...Partnership for Development with AusAID and Quaker Service Australia Extract from Chapter 2: WATER INNOVATIONS WATER SUPPLY ANALYSIS COMMUNITY FEEDBACK ON WATER WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY REVIEW RECOMMENDATIONS FURTHER WORKS ADDITIONAL INNOVATIVE OPTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION WASTE WATER TREATMENT ANALYSIS EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS TECHNOLOGY REVIEW RECOMMENDATIONS All households in Devikulam use water from the village tank for drinking and cooking. Households in the village have their own taps linked to the village supply, however households in the colony are not directly linked to the village supply, they use a common tap to attain suitable drinking water. Access to the village tap for drinking water is only available for one hour in the morning and one hour in the evening, thus water is collected in large vessels for daily use. Households in the colony also have common taps, linked to the water tank in the colony, however due to the quality of this water it is not suitable for drinking and is used only for washing and cleaning. Water Supply Analysis The development of a safe and reliable water supply system has vast economic, social and environmental benefits to the Devikulum community. Currently, the community water is supplied from three different bores, one of which has been identified as ‘saline’ by those living in the colony. Water from this bore is not used for human consumption but for other purposes such as washing...
Words: 2064 - Pages: 9
...Notes What is the speed of light- 186000miles a second or 700 million miles an hours?How fast dose sound travel.-340mdHow fast dose sound travel in water -33502mph | Cabling Notes 6/20/12 Name three rules of Data cabling 1. Networks never get smaller or less complicated. 2. Don’t scrimp on installation cost. Quality components and cable must be installed, No poor workmanship allowed. 3. Plan for higher –speeds technologies than are commonly available today. Just because 1000Base-TEthernet seems unnecessary today doesn’t mean in five years you will need to use it. The cost of poor cabling – The cost that results from poorly planned and poorly implemented cabling systems can be staggering. Robert Metcalfe (Inventor of the Ethernet, founder of 3Com, columnist for InfoWorld, and industry pundit). Drop-rate magnification-The high degree of network problems caused by dropping a few packets. Note: a single dropped packet may cause an entire stream of packets to be retransmitted. ANSI-(American National Standards.) Application- a program on a computer. A system, the transmission method of which is supported by telecommunications cabling, such as 100Base-TX Ethernet, or digital voice. Digital- on the other hand is breaking the signal into a binary format where the audio or video data is represented by a series of "1"s and "0"s. Simple enough when it's the device—analog or digital phone, fax, modem, or likewise—that does all the converting for...
Words: 910 - Pages: 4
...ABTRACT This project paper studies the potential of hydroelectric energy as a way to effectively generate, use and store renewable energy through the clean gravitational potential energy of stored water. Nuclear and coal fired plants could do change power output to achieve demand but at extremely high maintenance cost. Nuclear plants also being a good source of continuous energy has a high chance of posing hazard to the environment. Coal and fossil fuel fired power plants on the other hand cannot be depended on because the source will diminish someday. Therefore, alternative methods have to be explored in order to find a renewable and sustainable energy for the future generations. This project paper will study the benefits of hydroelectric energy as a potential and important energy source for a sustainable future. INTRODUCTION 1.0 Hydropower Hydropower is a renewable energy source based on the natural water cycle. Hydropower is the most mature, reliable and cost-effective renewable power generation technology available. Hydropower schemes often have significant flexibility in their design and can be designed to meet base-load demands with relatively high capacity factors, or have higher installed capacities and a lower capacity factor, but meet a much larger share of peak demand. Hydropower is the largest renewable energy source, and it produces around 16 % of the world’s...
Words: 7562 - Pages: 31
...207 Surveying CE 231 Civil Engineering Materials Lab CE 235 Surveying Laboratory CE 233 Building Drawing and CAD lab. SA 201 NCC/NSS/NSO I Total Credits 4th Semester Course No. MA 2xx CE 202 CE 204 CE 206 CE 208 CE 232 CE 234 SA 202 5th Semester Course No. CE 301 CE 303 CE 305 CE 307 CE 309 CE 331 CE 333 L-T-P-C 3-0-0-6 3-1-0-8 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 0-0-3-3 0-0-3-3 1-0-2-4 0-0-2-0 16-1-8-42 Course Name Numerical Methods Structural Analysis I Environmental Engineering I Geotechnical Engineering I Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Environmental Engineering Lab Geotechnical Engineering I Laboratory NCC/NSS/NSO II Total Credits L-T-P-C 3-0-0-6 3-1-0-8 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 0-0-3-3 0-0-3-3 0-0-2-0 15-1-6-38 Course Name Structural Analysis II Environmental Engineering II Geotechnical Engineering II Fluid Mechanics Reinforced Concrete Design Geotechnical Engineering II Laboratory Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Total Credits L-T-P-C 3-1-0-8 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 0-0-3-3 0-0-3-3 15-1-6-38 Course Name HSS II Transportation Engineering I Construction Technology and Management Design of Steel Structures Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structures Transportation Engineering I Laboratory Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structures Lab Total Credits L-T-P-C 2-0-0-4 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-1-0-8 3-0-0-6 0-0-3-3 0-0-3-3 15-1-6-36 6th Semester Course No. HS XXX CE 302 CE 304 CE 306 ...
Words: 4974 - Pages: 20
...this method the venturi meter was develop by a scientist known as Clemens Herschel. [pic] Venturi meters can pass 25 – 50% more flow than an orifice meter. In a Venturi meter setup, a short, smaller diameter pipe is substituted into an existing flow line. In the Venturi Tube the fluid flow-rate is measured by reducing the cross sectional flow area in the flow path, generating a pressure difference. After the constricted area, the fluid is passes through a pressure recovery exit section, where up to 80% of the differential pressure generated at the constricted area, is recovered. By Bernoulli’s principle the smaller cross-sectional area results in faster flow and therefore lower pressure. The Venturi meter measures the pressure drop between this constricted section of pipe and the non-constricted section. [pic] The discharge coefficient for the Venturi meter is generally higher than that used for the orifice, usually ranging from .94 to .99. Due to simplicity and dependability, the Venturi tube flow-meter is often used in applications where higher turndown ratios or lower pressure drops than orifice plates can provide are necessary. With proper instrumentation and flow calibrating the venturi meter flow-rate can be reduced to about 10% of its full scale range with proper accuracy. This provides a turndown ratio of around 10:1. Consider the flow of an incompressible fluid through the Venturi tube shown in the figure below. The cross-sectional area of...
Words: 1621 - Pages: 7
...THE MICROSCOPE Much of the laboratory work in General Botany I involves the study of minute structures which are invisible of poorly seen with the naked eye. This requires the use of the microscope, the primary purpose of which is to magnify or greatly enlarge the image of the objects or organisms so their detailed structures may be studied. For our purposes, the monocular compound microscope will be used. It is an optical instrument with two lens systems: the objectives and the eyepiece or ocular. It can magnify an image up to several hundred times the actual size of an object. For effective use and proper care of the microscope, one must become familiar with its construction, parts and uses. There are three sets of parts: namely, the mechanical, illuminating, and magnifying parts. A. Mechanical Parts 1. Base- the U-shaped structure on which the microscope firmly rests in the place. 2. Pillar- the post of vertical extension of the base and to which the arm is attached. 3. Arm- the curve structure that connects the base and the body tube which serves as the handle of the microscope and at the same time supports the optical instrument. 4. Inclination joint- a movable hinge that attaches the frame of the microscope to the base and is used for tilting the microscope whenever necessary. 5. Stage- the platform upon which the slide containing the specimen to be studied is placed and is provided with a central opening allowing light to pass from below...
Words: 2068 - Pages: 9
...PROJECT REPORT FOR BIS APRUVAL ISI MARKED PECKAGED WATER BASED ON R.O.MINARAL DRINKING WATER TRUNKEY PLANT PROJECTED BY A-ACCURATE ION EXCHANGE & CHEMICAL Vatva Ahmedabad A-ACCURATEION EXCHANGE &CHAMICAL 119, Rajdeep Indus. Estate/h Saurastra Narolak Paint, Vatva Tolnaka, Vatva cross Road Vatva, Ahmedabad-382440.Phone:64503834 M: +91 9537530913 E-mail:ronak@a-accuratewater.com Web:a-accuratewater.com Ai/ro/210/11 INTRODUCTION & ABOUT OF PROJECT HOLDER & MINERAL WATER PLANT Welcome to all living life of earth by A-ACCURATE ION EXCHAGE & CHEMICAL. Airs, Water & Food are most Precious gift to human living from nature. Human life circles are start from first to last with mother touch of air &water. Most of water is unusable or highly polluted, this is the reason to treat or filter & count every drop of water. From Human consumption to versatile industrial applications, there is no choice for pure & sure water & here we are step in A-ACCURATE Ion Exchange & Chemical, We are Designing, Manufacturing & Supplying Water Treatment system which adheres to world's most stringent norms, with our on knowledge & on work shop. About A-ACCURATE Ion Exchange & Chemical We are in design, development, & manufacturing since last 25 years. In this field we are working in turnkey project of Granule plant, water filtration system, pharmaindustri, chemical dies - intermediate &textile units. Our any suggestion , offer , or, solution are not as only types of sales agent or, traders, which...
Words: 5924 - Pages: 24
