...1. Abstract This study looks at differences in male and female wages using data from Statistics Canada’s annual Survey of Consumer Finance (SCF) and Survey of Labour Income Dynamics (SLID). In addition to information on annual income, this study also looks at hourly wage data, which is a more precise measure as the earnings data series takes into account the price of labour as well as quantity (i.e. individuals’ work/leisure preferences). This study looks at the variables of race, highest achieved level of education as well as age to examine the existence of a wage gap. Like other studies, we have found that males have a higher wage in each of these areas, with females earning an average of 80 – 87% of the males’ average. Furthermore, we have examined the existence and size of a wage gap in three industries; law, nursing and the education industry. Finally, we looked at the Canadian gender-based wage gap statistics compared to International gender-based wage gap statistics. We deduced that there is, indeed, a wage gap in each of the mentioned industries, and can be partially attributed to human capital theory and occupational segmentation theory, however, a substantial portion of the gap remains unexplained. 2. General Existence of Gender-Based Wage Differentials in Canada The existence of gender based wage differentials in North America have been well documented for decades. Although female-male wage ratios have closed significantly since the mid 1980s, progress in wage...
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...Introduction to Business Guided Learning Hours: 100 Level: Level 4 Number of Credits: 12 Learning Outcome 1 The learner will: Understand the objectives of a business, what resources they need and to whom they are accountable. Assessment Criteria The learner can: 1.1 Define and show an understanding of the important business terms related to corporate objectives. Indicative Content 1.1.1 Define and show an understanding of the terms ‘corporate aims’, ‘corporate objectives’ and ‘corporate strategy’. 1.1.2 Explain how objectives and aims might change through the life of a business: survival, break-even, growth, profit maximisation, market share, diversification. 1.2 Describe the human and other resources required by a business, and relate the resources to corporate objectives. 1.2.1 Describe the inputs required by a business: labour, suppliers, finance, land, management skills. 1.2.2 Explain the relationship between organisational objectives and human resources. 1.3 Identify the needs and accountabilities of different stakeholders in a business and how their behaviour might affect the business. 1.3.1 Identify the needs of different stakeholders in a business: owners/shareholders, customers, employees, management, suppliers, creditors and government. 1.3.2 Explain the accountability and responsibility of different groups: owners/shareholders and other stakeholders. 1.3.3 Describe and assess the different objectives of the various stakeholders, including government...
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...Introduction to Business Guided Learning Hours: 100 Level: Level 4 Number of Credits: 12 Learning Outcome 1 The learner will: Understand the objectives of a business, what resources they need and to whom they are accountable. Assessment Criteria The learner can: 1.1 Define and show an understanding of the important business terms related to corporate objectives. Indicative Content 1.1.1 Define and show an understanding of the terms ‘corporate aims’, ‘corporate objectives’ and ‘corporate strategy’. 1.1.2 Explain how objectives and aims might change through the life of a business: survival, break-even, growth, profit maximisation, market share, diversification. 1.2 Describe the human and other resources required by a business, and relate the resources to corporate objectives. 1.2.1 Describe the inputs required by a business: labour, suppliers, finance, land, management skills. 1.2.2 Explain the relationship between organisational objectives and human resources. 1.3 Identify the needs and accountabilities of different stakeholders in a business and how their behaviour might affect the business. 1.3.1 Identify the needs of different stakeholders in a business: owners/shareholders, customers, employees, management, suppliers, creditors and government. 1.3.2 Explain the accountability and responsibility of different groups: owners/shareholders and other stakeholders. 1.3.3 Describe and assess the different objectives of the various stakeholders, including government...
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...Work-Life Balance Work-life balance is a term which includes the proper prioritizing between the working life such as career and ambition, and lifestyle such as family, leisure, health and spiritual development. It is also very important to employee job satisfaction as most companies today are having difficulties to attract and retain their workers especially in the Millennial and Y generations. It is largely due to the dissatisfaction towards the lack of work-life balance as they prefers flexibility in where, when and how they work, even to the stage where they are willing to have a pay cut or forgo a promotion in order to manage their work-life demands better (Schulte, 2015). Therefore, it is necessary for the organizations to provide support to their employees such as flexible working arrangements, dependent care and personal or family leave in order to retain and attract their workers. Besides that, lack of work-life balance provided by the organization will also affect the company itself as employees who are constantly attached to their jobs would deal with the symptoms of burnout and stress and more likely to suffer health problems which then appears to take sick leaves more often, and less efficient, less sociable and overall harder to work with. Therefore, it is best for the both employer and employee to avoid such factors through smart human resource management, as with most things in life, moderation is key to success (Boundless, 2015). There are several...
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...marketing? a. Endurance b. Sales Promotion c. Diversification d. All of the above 3. The Polycentric orientation is the opposite of ethnocentrism. (T/F) 4. NAFTA stands for____________ 5. ______________refers to the ability of the product and the company from that of the competitors a. Positioning b. Differentiation c. Customer value d. None 6. CAT stands for _______________ 7. Cave dwellers are______________ 8. LIFO stands for life in fire option.(T/F) 9. Starbursts are _______________ 10. _____________is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value Part Two: 1. What are the implications of tariffs in the Global Marketing? 2. Write a short note on “Diffusion Theory”. IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper of International Business Management 3. Discuss the concept of competitive marketing strategies. 4. Discuss the importance of marketing mix. END OF SECTION A Section B: Caselets (40 marks) This section consists of Caselets. Answer all the questions. Each caselet carries 20 marks. Detailed information should form the part of your answer (Word limit 200 to 250 words). Caselet 1 The competitive advantage of nations and the competitiveness of locations have become important topics in economic policy. Competitiveness is...
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...of this syllabus is to enable Centres to develop Business Studies courses that are suitable for Advanced Level candidates. The syllabus contains largely the same body of curriculum content as the Management of Business Advanced Level syllabus (9368) and AICE Business Studies syllabus (0128) which previously were examined by UCLES. Although no previous study of the subject is assumed by the syllabus, it would be recommended that students should have done 'O' Level Business Studies 1.2 1.3 2 SYLLABUS AIMS The syllabus is intended to lead to courses that will encourage students to: 2.1 2.2 Understand and appreciate the nature and scope of business and its role in society; Develop critical understanding of organisations, the markets they serve and the process of adding value. This should involve consideration of the internal workings and management of organisations and, in particular, the process of decision making in a dynamic environment; Be aware of the economic, environmental, ethical, governmental, legal, social, technological etc issues associated with business activity; Develop skills in: decision making and problem solving in the light of evaluation, the quantification and management of information, where appropriate, effective communication, entrepreneurship. The emphasis should be on the application of concepts and issues to the local context where appropriate. 2.3 2.4 2 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES Candidates are expected to demonstrate the following skills:...
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...international trade is the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage. The theory’s distinctive contribution lies in its main tenet that even if one country is more efficient in absolute terms in producing goods than another, short run gains from trade can be obtained if it specializes in the production and export of the goods which it produces relatively efficiently, i.e. in which it holds a comparative advantage. The Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) theorem posits that a country’s endowments of factors of production (labour, capital and land/natural resources), rather than relative efficiencies of production, determine its comparative advantage. Thus, countries such as Tanzania, which have a large supply of labour and land as well as plentiful natural resources of wildlife, mountains and beaches, would appear to have a comparative advantage in tourism. The HO theorem has been applied to the agricultural and manufacturing sectors and attention has generally focused on the endowments of labour and capital. Ricardian theory is useful in indicating the gains which countries can make from international tourism if they are relatively efficient in tourism production and, hence, points to the importance of increasing production efficiency. The HO theorem’s emphasis on the role of countries’ different resource endowments also helps to explain international trade and tourism. 2 International tourism and imperfect markets On the supply side, tourism markets are characterized by a multiplicity...
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...2006 Business Studies HSC Question 26 Mario has operated a chocolate-making business in Australia for the past 25 years. Recently there have been increases in the cost of labour in Australia. Current industry trends indicate that a new organisational structure based on behavioural theory would be more beneficial than the existing hierarchical structure. There has been an increasing demand for Mario’s chocolates from overseas buyers. Mario is now assessing the future direction of his business by considering international expansion. Mario has a good reputation in managing his local workforce. He would like to achieve the same reputation with his potential overseas workforce. Mario wishes to investigate the following: • alternative organisational structures for his Australian business; • employment relations with reference to staffing systems; • managing labour-related issues in international markets. You have been employed as a consultant to prepare a report for Mario. In your report, describe an alternative organisational structure for Mario’s Australian business. Recommend ONE staffing system for Mario’s proposed overseas business. Evaluate TWO employment relations strategies which could be used to manage change if international expansion occurs. 1. Executive summary Due to the constantly changing external business environment, it is inevitable that Mario will have to alter his...
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...Group Case Study – “Marketing the Eco-Shack” Prepared for: Lecturer – Puan Haslinda Mohd Yunus Tutorial – Ms. Racheal Louis Vincent Prepared by: Heru Onggodinata (4101285) Kevin Andrian (4101928) Date Submission: 17 May 2013 Tutorial group: T6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With the issue of climate change at the moment, there should be consideration with environmental friendly products and one of them is Eco-Shack, eco-friendly portable house. The purpose of this essay is to show how the owner of Eco-Shack can persuade more people to use their products. The owner of Eco-Shack has to do market research to enables them to do market segmentation of their products for consumer segment and as well business segment. The aim of market segmentation is to enable them do be focus on certain segment, target the customers, be efficient, effective and generate more sales. The customer segment in New Zealand that might be interested in Urban Eco-Shack is demographic and psychographic segment. Using demographic segment, Eco-Shack can focus on the young age 20 to 30 also family size and income level, and then psychographic the New Zealand people that like to move houses every few years, so Eco-Shack can promote their products on this customer segment. Eco-Shack can target business segment for its Standard Eco-Shack, according to their business size, small business might be interested in buying it because it is easy to be move, medium size business might also interested in Eco-Shack...
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...MKW 3444 Assignment 1: Foreign Market Analysis WORD COUNT = 2,001 Prepared by; TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Page 2 Executive Summary Page 3 1 Introduction Page 4 2 Economic Environment Page 5 3 Cultural Environment Page 7 4 Political Environment Page 9 5 Conclusion Page 11 6 References Page 12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The following essay interrogates Nike, Inc., in the Indian market. The context of the paper lies within the framework of an environmental analysis for the groundwork of a future marketing plan. The central argument is that; (A) the economic environment offers an overall attractive outlook, (B) the cultural environment requires Nike, Inc., to change their core product portfolio while continuously learning to customize and localise to the needs of the Indian consumer, (C) The political environment does not have a substantial risk impact in both its historical and current outlook, and the government is heavily involved in reforms that promote foreign direct investment. The extent of the analysis highlights relevant international marketing issues that Nike, Inc., faces in India in the context of country attractiveness, market segmentation, market positioning, and the marketing strategy in the context of the four P’s. 1 INTRODUCTION The aim of this essay is to select a consumer product and country market and undertake an in-depth and extensive environmental analysis as groundwork for a marketing plan...
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...SECTION - I 1 INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING PART I Unit Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meaning & Definitions of marketing 1.3 Importance of marketing 1.4 Scope of marketing 1.5 Concepts of marketing 1.6 Role of marketing manager in changing environment 1.7 Summary 1.8 Exercise 1.0 OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter students will be able to: Understand the meaning and definition of marketing. Explain the nature of marketing Discuss the importance of marketing Know the scope of marketing Explain the concepts of marketing 1.1 INTRODUCTION The emergence of ‗marketing‘ as a business discipline is of relatively recent origin. Though it has been practiced from the time of barter through money economy to today‘s modern complex marketing system, exchanges have been taking place. The ideas associated with marketing have undergone a great deal of change over centuries. Even after marketing became a full–fledged business discipline. Marketing, more than any other business function, deals with customer. It revolves around the customer. Building relationship based on customer value and satisfaction is at the very heart of modern marketing. The pricing strategies adopted the promotional tools selected; the design, shape and size of the product and the place of sales etc. are all decided after finding out the lifestyle, culture, buying habits and media consumption habits etc of all customers Marketing links producers and consumers together for mutual...
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...I found myself thinking sociologically when I realized that equality in Canada is less practiced as what the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 claims. In this constitution, it is stated that every individual should be treated equally regardless of their race, ethnicity, colour, religion, sex, age, and any disability; however, in reality, individuals experience inequality in the form of racism throughout the Canadian society. For instance, a few months ago, a black male was asked to leave the St. Laurent shopping centre by the mall securities as the position of his pants were viewed as not family-friendly but this type of fashion is normal for teenagers who are influenced by the hip-hop culture. As the man did not want to cause any trouble, he obeyed the securities but as he was escorted, the securities used unnecessary forces which caused scars and bruises to the individual. Furthermore, the black male was arrested and detained for 3 hours, then fined $65 by the Ottawa Police, and banned from the mall for 5 years. One witness stated that this was a case of racial profiling as she saw that the mall securities had no reason to assault the individual. Although many deny the existence of racism in the Canadian society, this type of inequality still largely exists. To further analyze this topic, articles written by various scholars on racial profiling in the criminal justice system and racism in the workplace in Canada will be compared and contrasted. Moreover, various sociological...
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...6-3 Consumer Behaviour * relationship between stimulus and response 6-4 * cultural factors (6-5) * combination of values, beliefs, behavior * acquired through socialization processes * why are values and beliefs important to marketers? * Forms their needs, shapes their wants * Tells us about their preferences * Subcultures * Determined based on: * Nationalities * Religions * Racial groups * Geographic regions * French Canadians (subculture) – 22% of population * Immigrants * Aboriginals * Asian Canadians * Chinese Canadians * Have different consumption patterns * Social Classes (6-7) * Based not only on income but also occupation * Different media for different income groups * Upper income groups watch news or talk shows * Lower income watch sports related programs or drama shows * Viewing pattern and consumption pattern varies depending on their social class * Social Factors * Reference groups * People that consumers are influenced by * Primary and secondary ref groups: pressure to conform * People you spend time with put pressure on you to conform to their lifestyle * Aspirational groups * People whom you don’t belong to but want to...
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...often offer incentives to firms in the form of grants, subsidies and tax breaks to attract investment into their countries. This foreign direct investment (FDI) will have advantages and disadvantages for the host country. There are some advantages while facing the multinational corporation. One of the primary advantages that multinational companies enjoy over companies that limit their operations to smaller geographical regions is that they have a larger pool of potential customers. According to the U.S. Small Business Administration, about 96 per cent of consumers and two-thirds of the world's purchasing power reside outside the U.S. Sources of revenue from other countries help businesses survive periods of low domestic sales. Access to labour is another advantage that multinational companies enjoy over other companies. A firm that has operations in many countries can set up its production operations in China or...
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...Operational Level Paper E1 ENTERPRISE OPERATIONS (REVISION SUMMARIES) Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Topic Organisations Corporate Responsibility and Ethics The International Economy Information Systems Managing Information Systems Operations Management Quality Management Marketing Buyer Behaviour Human Resource Management Management Theory and Motivation The Legal Environment Page Number 3 13 17 27 35 45 55 61 73 79 93 101 E1 revision summaries 1 E1 revision summaries 2 Chapter 1 Organisations E1 revision summaries 3 Key summary of chapter Private sector organisations Sub-sectors of the economy not directly controlled by the government or state private business and households. Examples • • • • Private businesses e.g. self employed sole traders or partnerships. Companies (corporations) e.g. separate legal identity with limited liability for shareholders (owners). Private banks and building societies. Non-governmental organisations e.g. trade unions, charities, clubs etc. e.g. Public organisations Sub-sectors of an economy, or organisations, owned and directly controlled by the state or government. Examples • • • Local authorities. State owned industries e.g. the UK post office. Public corporations e.g. the British Broadcasting Company (BBC). Characteristics of public organisations • • • • Ultimately accountable to government. Goals and guidelines determined by government. Not-for-profit motive (NPO). Funded by the general public...
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