...circuit, with the Telco performing circuit switching to switch the analog circuit through the Telco. 2. Which of the following are services that Telco’s have offered as WAN services over the years? (Choose two answers.) Answer: A, Switched analog circuits. B, Dedicated Digital circuits 3. This chapter claims that IP routers work well as devices that connect to many different types of interfaces, including LANs and WANs. Which of the following answers list the reasons why routers do well in this role? (Choose two answers.) Answer B. Router vendors sell many different types of physical interface cards, so the routers have the right physical connectors to connect to different types of networks. D. Routers discard old data-link headers and insert new data-link headers as part of their logic, which treats each interface’s lower-layer details as independent from each other. 4. An enterprise network has many routers that connect to both a LAN as well as the WAN. Which one of the following statements best describes how routers typically use and think about their WAN connections? Answer: B. The question specifically asks for the one best answer and for the routers’ perspective. In this case, the answer about routers ignoring Layers 1 and 2 is simply incorrect; routers must know about these layers to receive and send data. Routers can send IP packets to user host destinations on the WAN itself, but because most user devices sit on a LAN of some kind, the most typical case for routers...
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...Protocol Paper NTC/362 Fundamentals of Networking Protocol Paper Introduction Switching, whether it is packet or circuit, is an essential portion of any network. By not using the right equipment, or using it properly, you can cause massive lag time or jitter within your own system. This will result in packet collision, loss of data, and could result in loss of business. Open Systems Interconnection Protocol Model In order for two computers to be able to interchange data and information, they first must establish communicate with each other. Protocols allow for this communication to take place (Goleniewski). The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model gives a logical design that is used for communication between systems. The OSI Model is layered with seven subcomponents: Application (7), Presentation (6), Session (5), Transport (4), Network (3), Data Link (2) and Physical (1). Each one of these layers presents a collection of services. These services are provided to the layers that are above and below that specific layer. In addition to these, the OSI Model also details the transfer of computer packets using layer protocols (Goleniewski). The Application layer has the role of maintaining the exchange of information between a computer’s programs and services on the network. The Presentation layer makes it possible for software applications to read information by formatting it. Support for connections between sessions is handled through the Session layer. It...
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...multiplexing. By combining the flexibility of X.25 packet protocol with the performance of private lines, Frame Relay Service can move data much more efficiently than the packet protocol. In fact, Frame Relay Service streamlines the processing steps associated with X.25 error detection/correction and routing procedures. Frame Relay technology takes advantage of highly accurate digital networks with their reduced line errors and intelligent network end point devices with their end-to-end error checking protocols. The reduced per packet processing time allows you to process more user data. Also, the upgrade to Frame Relay Service is simple and cost effective because Frame Relay Service is based on the HDLC protocol, which is popular among LAN bridges, routers and other communications devices. The following are also the comparisons between Frame Relay and X.2 1. Call Control...
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...IT 320 WAN Homework Unit 1 Vocabulary Exercise: Matching (Pg 3) Matching a) When referring to clocking, the CSU/DSU is this piece of equipment Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DTE) b) The software used by a router Cisco IOS c) Dialup and ISDN are examples of these types of networks Circuit Switching d) Describes the timing between the router and the CSU/DSU Synchronous e) Lost when a device is powered down or rebooted Contents of RAM f) Wires or other media through which data is transmitted from one place to another Serial Link g) Connects LANs to WANs Interface h) The physical connection point on networking devices where signals enter and exit Router i) A smaller, more compact physical connection physical interface specification Smart serial interface j) A WAN link contracted for use by the customer Leased Line k) Frame relay and ATM are examples of these types of networks Packet Switching l) When referring to clocking the customer’s router , this piece of equipment is used Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) m) A communications link that is outside the normal IP network, like a console cable or a phone call between two modems and the aux port. Out of Band Management n) A network that spans a large geographic region WAN o) A telecommunications path that sends 1 bit at a time Serial Interface p) The router port that connects a WAN link Bus ...
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...Wireless security policy for a medium-sized banking organization using the following structure: Wireless Security Policy - A wireless policy for a medium-sized banking organization will needed to deploy a wireless LAN to the network and there will not need an onsite IT. The remote can be manage by a standalone intelligent access point which will integrated the wireless LAN by streamline the configuration and management the system. The Network infrastructure wills us a Cisco system for Layer 2 and 3 switching, routing platforms, and voice over IP (VoIP) along with a security management. The Cisco Integrated Services Router will give all data a robust excellence quality for service, VPN, firewall, network security, and encryption for all medium sized origination with an intrusion detection that will address the business needed. To extend the value of the wireless LAN you can use a Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Module for the environments of a medium size origination. The mobility services that are enables by the robust which will include a guest network voice by the WLAN and location tracking. The Cisco 2800 or 3800 Series Integrated Services Router will give the medium size business faster upgrades with a streamline management and a greater reliability. It’s also have a backbone for infrastructure and deploy is cost effectively along with a secure WLANs management. This will give the medium size origination the greatest wireless system secure for the enterprise. Centralized...
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...13. B,C 14. C 15. B,C 16. B,D 17. C 18. D 19. C,D 20. B,C Key Terms: Switched circuit- A circuit created by the phone company in reaction to signaling (the user tapping telephone keys or a modem sending in the same digits), with the telco tearing down the circuit when the user is finished. Dedicated circuit- An electrical circuit created by a telco on behalf of a customer, with the circuit staying up all the time, dedicated for use by the one customer that ordered the circuit. Also known as a leased line, leased circuit, and point-to-point line Circuit switching- The overall process by which a series of telco devices called circuit switches connect a circuit from one customer device to the other, with the device’s logic taking incoming bits on one segment in the link and forwarding those bits out the matching outgoing segment, without storing the bits Packet switching- the process of forwarding customer data in a WAN by looking at the header of the messages sent into the WAN by the customer and making a per-message decision as to where to forward each message. Leased line- A physical link between two locations, provided by a telco, that allows two-way communication between sites. Because the customer does not own the physical line between sites, but rather pays a monthly fee for the service, it is called a leased service or leased line. Also known as a dedicated circuit, leased circuit, and point-to-point line Time-division Multiplexing- A type...
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...Roy A. Johnston February 18, 2014 NT1210 - Chapter 6 (Mind Map Assignment) Wireless LANs Main Topic 1: Defining Wireless LANs * Subtopic a) Comparing Wireless LANs to Wired LANs * Within Subtopic) Similarities with Wired & Wireless LANs * Within Subtopic) Distance from User Device to Switch or AP * Within Subtopic) Maximum Bit Rates (Speeds) * Within Subtopic) Bit Rate Variations Over Time * Within Subtopic) Shared Bandwidth Vs. Dedicated Bandwidth * Within Subtopic) Summary of Comparisons * Subtopic b) Wireless LAN Standards * Within Subtopic) IEEE WLAN Standards * Within Subtopic) The Wi-Fi Alliance * Within Subtopic) Cooperation & Inter-Operability * Subtopic c) WLAN Roles * Within Subtopic) WLAN-Only LAN Edge * Within Subtopic) Small Office/Home Office WLANs * Within Subtopic) Single-Site Networks @ Public WLAN Hotspots Main Topic 2: Exploring WLAN Physical Layer Features * Subtopic a) WLAN Topologies * Within Subtopic) Independent Basic Services Set (Ad Hoc) * Within Subtopic) Basic Service Set * Within Subtopic) Extended Service Set * Subtopic b) Coverage Areas & Speed * Within Subtopic) Coverage & Speed with an Omni-Directional Antenna * Within Subtopic) Antenna Gain (Power) and Direction * Subtopic c) Wireless LAN Radio Frequencies * Within Subtopic) Electromagnetic Spectrum * Within Subtopic) Frequency Bands & Government Regulation * Within...
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...Part-1 1. What are common carriers, local exchange carriers, and interexchange carriers? A common carrier is a private company that sells or leases communication services and facilities to the public. Common carriers are profit-oriented, and their primary products are services for voice and data transmissions, both over traditional wired circuits as well as cellular services. Common carriers often supply a broad range of computer-based services, such as the manufacturing and marketing of specialized communication hardware and software. A common carrier that provides local telephone services (e.g., BellSouth) is commonly called a local exchange carrier (LEC), while one that provides long distance services (e.g., MCI) is commonly called an interexchange carrier (IXC). As the LECs move into the long distance market and IXCs move into the local telephone market, this distinction may disappear. 3. Explain how cloud architecture works. Cloud architecture is represented as a cloud with connection points. Users of circuit switched services lease the connection points (e.g., telephone lines) into the common carrier’s network, which is called the cloud. This architecture is very flexible and hides its internal details. Circuits can be established as needed between any computers attached to the cloud at any point. However, data can only be transmitted while a circuit is established, and only to the one location it connects to. These designs are simpler for...
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...VOICE, VIDEO, AND DATA NETWORK CONVERGENCE VOICE, VIDEO, AND DATA NETWORK CONVERGENCE ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN, FROM VOIP TO WIRELESS JUANITA ELLIS CHARLES PURSELL JOY RAHMAN Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Paris San Diego This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given. Academic Press An imprint of Elsevier Science 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR...
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...The four major protocols for circuit switching and packet switching are as follows: • X.25 • Frame Relay • ATM or Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol • TCP/IP X.25 is probably one of the very first of packet switching protocols. It performs really well, especially considering how long it has been around. X.25 uses a virtual circuit approach, mainly using POTS or plain old telephone service lines, which are different from lines such as ISDN. The POTS lines are analog copper lines, so they can experience a lot of errors. But, once the lines have been connected, X.25 connections are really reliable. It's quite an efficient way to send packets across various data networks, with the X.25 protocol redundant error checking at each of the nodes. Frame relay is different because it doesn't require the need for analog wires or overhead wires like X.25 does. But this means that Frame Relay doesn't have the added framing and processing that X.25 has that provide guaranteed data transfers. It also doesn't have link to link reliability. So if a frame is corrupted, it is discarded, which is different than TCP as it detects and recovers any and all discarded frames. Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol is used with either a coaxial cable, twisted pair, or fiber. ATM also takes advantage of a 53-btye cell, having 48 application bytes and 5 bytes are allocated for the ATM headers. ATM shows a lot more enhancements over Frame Relay...
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...contrast, packet switched services enable multiple connections to exist simultaneously between computers over the same physical circuit or even over different physical circuits. Also with packet switching different locations can have different connection speeds into the common carrier cloud. Circuit-switched services typically use a pay-per-use model, while dedicated circuits are billed at a flat fee per month, and the user has unlimited use of the circuit. All three services are leased from a provider and run through the service providers cloud. 19. How does a reliable packet service differ from an unreliable packet service? A reliable packet service, like X.25, guarantees error detection and delivery of the packets because control is done at each node in the network. An unreliable packet service, like ATM, does not perform control, which is left up to the software at the source and destination. 29. Describe five important factors in selecting WAN services. Important factors to consider when selecting WAN services are vendor capabilities, network capacity, cost, reliability and network integration. Reliability refers to the ability to predictably send messages as expected. Network integration refers to the ease with which the MAN/WAN service can be used to connect the existing LANs and backbones. Vendor capabilities refer to the ability of the vendor to provide the service. Network capacity refers to the vendor’s ability to provide efficient data transmission...
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...efficient, thanks to 802.1Q trunks E.A more efficient use of bandwidth can be achieved allowing many logical networks to use the same network infrastructure. F. Broadcast storms can be mitigated by increasing the number of broadcast domains, thus reducing their size. G.VLANs makes it easier for IT staff to configure new logical groups, because the VLANs all belong to the same broadcast domain. 2. What are some drawbacks of implementing VLANs within a network? •Usable bandwidth is shared among all the devices connected to the LAN •ALL devices connected within a LAN can hear ALL the packets irrespective of whether the packet is meant for that device or not. It is possible for some unscrupulous node listening to data packets not meant for that. •Suppose, your organization has different departments. Using a traditional LAN, when any changes take place within the organization, physical cables and devices need to be moved to reorganize the LAN infrastructure. •A LAN cannot extend beyond its physical boundary across a WAN as in VLANs. Management is complex Possible problems in interoperability A VLAN cannot forward traffic to another VLAN (need a router to communicate 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has a drawback of slow convergence. 3. What mode must VTP is set on a switch in order to extend a VLAN definition? The mode is VTP Transparent Mode. The VTP Transparent mode is something between a...
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...Abstract This paper will give an overview of a medium-sized business that will need to consider WAN technology using Frame relay technology within the company for the future expansion to other towns and cities. The Frame relay analysis will include the operation of frame relay, what equipment is needed, what switching technologies are employed by frame relay and how frame relay is actually brought into the business premises. Frame Relay in a WAN Frame Relay Frame Relay is one of the most common WAN protocols. This high performance protocol operates at the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI, performing any type of serial interface. This technology was developed at an attempt to resolve some of the communication problems that the other protocols would not. There was an increased need for higher speeds, an increased need for larger bandwidth efficiency, an increase in intelligent network devices that lower protocol processing, and the need to connect LANs and WANs. The Frame relay evolved passed the X.25 as a less careful, but less burdensome protocol designed to transmit packets across a network. (Horton, 2010) Frame relay is known all around the world in many different networks. There are many terms that describe and refer to Frame relay and Wide Area Networking in telecommunications. These terms are also noted when referring to Local Area Networking as well. The table below describes these terms. (Horton, 2010) Table 1 – Frame Relay Terms CIR Committed...
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...makes a telephone call to a friend’s home telephone in another part of town. Which of the following is likely to be true about this call? b. It uses a telco service called packet switching. 2. Which of the following are services that telcos have offered as WAN services over the years? (Choose two answers.) a. Switched analog circuits b. Dedicated digital circuits 3. This chapter claims that IP routers work well as devices that connect to many different types of interfaces, including LANs and WANs. Which of the following answers list the reasons why routers do well in this role? (Choose two answers.) b. Router vendors sell many different types of physical interface cards, so the routers have the right physical connectors to connect to different types of networks. d. Routers discard old data-link headers and insert new data-link headers as part of their logic, which treats each interface’s lower-layer details as independent from each other. 4. An enterprise network has many routers that connect to both a LAN as well as the WAN. Which one of the following statements best describes how routers typically use and think about their WAN connections? d. As an interesting and complex technology-filled network of its own, with such features as circuit switching, packet switching, SONET, ATM, and others 5. An enterprise builds a WAN design on paper. The main site, where all the servers sit, is shown in the center of a network diagram. The WAN has a leased line...
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...computing. In exploring the evidence from completed projects as well as the foci of new projects, the paper summarizes and critically assesses the key findings and suggests possible avenues for future research. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The fusion of computer and telecommunication technologies has heralded the age of information superhighway over wire-line and wireless networks. Mobile cellular communication systems and wireless networking technologies are growing at an ever-faster rate, and this is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. Wireless technology is presently being used to link portable computer equipment to corporate distributed computing and other sources of necessary information. Wide-area cellular systems and wireless LANs promise to make integrated networks a reality and provide fully distributed and ubiquitous mobile communications, thus bringing an end to the tyranny of geography. Higher reliability, better coverage and services, higher capacity, mobility management, power and complexity for channel acquisition, handover decisions, security management, and wireless multimedia are all parts of the potpourri. Further increases in network security are necessary before the promise of mobile telecommunication can be fulfilled. Safety and security management against fraud,...
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