...Language and Memory Psych. 560 June 22, 2013 Prof. Pitt Language and Memory Language is a very interesting topic of exploration. Humans are one of the only animals in the natural world that are capable of producing language. Although other animals are capable of communicating or even just producing vocalizations/sounds, they generally do not count as having language. Many scientists and psychologists have debated the reasons why language is unique to humans and have come up with very different interpretations. However, one major hypothesis relates to the relationship between semantic memory and language production. This paper explores the nature and function of semantic memory, the basic functions of language, and stages in its production. Ultimately, this paper connects the two, explaining how humans’ possession of semantic memory may be the reason humans can produce language Nature and Function of Semantic Memory Semantic memory itself has been discussed extensively in the psychological literature. Specifically, it refers to particular memories that focus on meanings, understandings, and concepts. Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory focuses on things that are not specific to particular experiences. In other words, semantic memory would not include remembering what a person ate the previous day or what clothes someone was wearing. Instead, semantic memory would include things like remembering that dogs are animals and that desks are inanimate objects...
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...it(___storage__). To most people, memory is __recall__, the ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness. To a psychologist, memory is any sign that something learned has been retained. So __recognizing__ or more quickly releasing information also indicates memory. A. Retrieval Cues The process of retrieving a memory follows a similar principle because memories are held in storage by a web of associations, each piece of information interconnected with others. When you encode information such as your surroundings, moods, and seating position, you can trigger your __retrieval cues__. B. Mnemonic Devices Mnemonic devices are a way to encode information into your memory. The association we have with these ways of remembrance help us create associations to to our goal. For example, ROY G.BIV, serves as a mnemonic for learning the light spectrum. C. Priming I. Philosopher-psychologist __William James__ referred to the process of the activation of unconsciously creating particular associations with events as __priming__. The priming effect occurs when people respond faster or more efficiently to an event if a similar event precedes it. II. The context of these memory encoding stimuli and processes can be seen as another type of memory retrieval:__deja vu__ , or being in a context similar to one we’ve been in before that may trigger our previous memories of the event. Memory and Memories: Associated...
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...Effective Teachers This week students have learned how theories, laws, principles governing competent teachers, and beliefs are related. Using information from our reading assignment this week and reflections on your own personal experiences: Describe two characteristics that competent (perhaps even outstanding) teachers possess and how they relate to student learning. The two characteristics that I chose are: Communication skills -The teacher uses knowledge of effective verbal, nonverbal, and media communication techniques to foster active inquiry, collaboration, and supportive interaction in the classroom (LeFrancois, 2011). I believe being able to communicate well is what is required to be a great teacher. To express the contents of your lessons so everyone understands can determine a good teacher from a not so good teacher. Planning skills -The teacher plans instruction based upon knowledge of subject matter, students, the community, and curriculum goals (LeFrancois, 2011). Prior planning prevents poor performance is one of my favorite mantras. Being prepared for each class everyday consistently makes for a good teacher. I would not want to face my students unprepared. That is like cheating them out of a day’s learning. Provide an example that illustrates how teacher beliefs impact student learning Some studies indicate that learners for whom teachers have high expectations are more likely to achieve at a high level (the so-called halo effect) than are...
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...Eric Davis Soc 120 Introduction to Ethics & Social Responsibility Joe Niehaus October 3, 2010 Environmental Ethical Issues History According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (2008) environmental ethics began to come to the surface in 1970s. The environmentalists started urging philosophers who were involved with environmental groups to do something about environmental ethics. Most academic activity in the 1970s was spent debating the Lynn White thesis and the tragedy of the commons. These debates were primarily historical, theological, and religious, not philosophical. Throughout most of the decade philosophers sat on the sidelines trying to determine what a field called environmental ethics might look like. The first philosophical conference was organized by William Blackstone at the University of Georgia in 1972. Environmental ethics is the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of the environment and its nonhuman contents. In the literature on environmental ethics the distinction between instrumental value and intrinsic value has been of considerable importance. When environmental ethics emerged as a new sub-discipline of philosophy in the early 1970s, it did so by posing a dispute to traditional anthropocentrism. It questioned the assumed moral superiority of human beings to members of other species on earth. In addition, it investigated the possibility of rational...
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...Integration of Working Memory Training Working memory has been a growing topic of interest in the field of Speech Language Pathology. It affects all aspects of children’s development, including speech, language, reading, and classroom success. Working memory deficits are prevalent in people with schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), traumatic brain injuries, learning disabilities, specific language impairment (SLI), and intellectual disabilities (Van der Molen, Van Luit, Van der Molen, Klugkist, & Jongmans, 2010). With the rising awareness of how working memory deficits can effect children’s development, the question of whether speech language pathologists should assess and treat these deficits has been asked more and more. Assessing and treating working memory deficits are key and can help many different populations improve in their speech and language development. Assessment for working memory deficits and working memory training should be standard and included into the normal regime. The following paper will touch on what working memory is. As well as how a deficit in working memory can effect children’s development, whether they are typically developing children, or children with other disorders. Some assessment options and then training techniques of working memory will be introduced as well. What is Working Memory? Working memory requires the ability to attend to new information, retain incoming information, and manipulate the...
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...INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING INTRODUCTION: SOFTWARE is defined as a program or set of instruction that tells the computer what to do. TWO CLASSES OF SOFTWARE: 1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE – these programs are used to manipulate the basic operations of a computer system. Examples of these basic operations are: ▪ System software tells the computer to accept the input from the keyboard and output the character to the monitor. ▪ System software locates free disk space in a hard disk when a file needs to be saved. ▪ System software sends the document to the printer when it needs to be printed. ▪ System software locates a program in the hard disk, loads it in the main memory, and executes it. SOME OF THE BENEFITS OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE ARE: ▪ They hide the “ugly” details of computer operations from the user. ▪ Computer programmer can write programs without knowing the details on how the computer hardware works. ▪ System software such as an operating system controls the execution of programs. System software supports all application programs. For example, a user using an application program such as Microsoft Word clicks on the save icon to tell Word to save a document. In this process, Word does not communicate with the printer, but rather request the operating system to print the document. A block diagram of this process is illustrated in the figure. ...
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...Programmer’s view ∗ Advantages of high-level languages ∗ Why program in assembly language? • Memory ∗ Basic memory operations ∗ Design issues • Architect’s view • Implementer’s view 2003 • • • • Input/Output Interconnection: The glue Historical Perspective Technological Advances Chapter 1: Page 2 © S. Dandamudi To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design,” Springer-Verlag, 2003. Introduction • Some basic terms ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ 2003 Computer architecture Computer organization Computer design Computer programming User’s view Programmer’s view Architect’s view Implementer’s view © S. Dandamudi Chapter 1: Page 3 • Various views of computer systems To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design,” Springer-Verlag, 2003. Introduction (cont’d) Term K (kilo) M (mega) G (giga) T (tera) P (peta) 2003 Decimal 103 106 109 1012 1015 © S. Dandamudi Binary 210 220 230 240 250 Chapter 1: Page 4 To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design,” Springer-Verlag, 2003. A User’s View of Computer Systems 2003 © S. Dandamudi Chapter 1: Page 5 To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design,” Springer-Verlag, 2003. A Programmer’s View • Depends on the type and level of language used • A hierarchy of languages ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Machine language Assembly language High-level language Application programs increasing level...
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...Introduction to C++ Programming I Ian Aitchison and Peter King August 1997 Contents 1 The Computer 1.1 Central Processing Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Main memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 External Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Input/Output Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 The system bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 More about memory and information representation . . . 1.5.1 Representation of information in external memory 1.6 The execution cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 Multiple Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Programming Languages 2.1 Assembly Language . . . 2.2 High level Languages . . . 2.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Multiple Choice Questions 11 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 23 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Operating Systems 25 3.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2 Multiple Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...electronics for most information transmission. Computing is normally thought of as being divided into generations. Each successive generation is marked by sharp changes in hardware and software technologies. With some exceptions, most of the advances introduced in one generation are carried through to later generations. We are currently in the fifth generation. Technology and Architecture Vacuum tubes and relay memories CPU driven by a program counter (PC) and accumulator Machines had only fixed-point arithmetic Software and Applications Machine and assembly language Single user at a time No subroutine linkage mechanisms Programmed I/O required continuous use of CPU Representative IAS, IBM 701 systems: ENIAC, Princeton Technology and Architecture Discrete transistors and core memories I/O processors, multiplexed memory access Floating-point arithmetic available Register Transfer Language (RTL) developed Software and Applications High-level languages...
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...books recognize this by their inclusion of one to twenty pages on this topic. This paper presents how using a simulated assembler (a tool for learning) with a simple assembly language can introduce the beginning student to the core concepts without having to be concerned with all the exceptions and rigor of a full assembler language. The Simulated Assembler with a full viewable Computer Machine (Glass Bottom Computer) and the easy procedures for using it in a first programming course are illustrated. Using the assembler tool described here should provide an increase in learning via a polytechnic (learn by doing) approach. A comparative analysis of using the assembler in an introduction to object programming course is provided. Keywords: assembler, simple machine, software tools, language, programming, object oriented, machine language 1. INTRODUCTION The growth in hardware technology has allowed the theories of modern programming languages to become a reality. In the beginning, developers of computer languages were hindered by the lack of processing speed and memory to implement their vision. Variable names and data were restricted in size and thus not very descriptive of their meaning. Most languages then followed a close representation of the function of the hardware in order to conserve on memory and...
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...Memory Paper Lorena Vega PSY/211 April 4, 2011 Betsabe Salcido Memory is acquired over the years and is vital for our learning skills. Language becomes very natural when we already know what, when and how to say something. We form sentences, phrases, paragraphs by knowing what we are going to say before we say it. Most people believe that when we speak, it is without thought and is done unconsciously, but before we speak we need to plan it. In this paper I will explain the relationship between memory, language skills, motivation and the way they come together to affect the production of your short and long-term memory. Why is memory so hard to understand? The answer, in part, is that the term labels a great variety of phenomena. I remember how to play chess and how to drive a car; I remember the date of Descartes' death; I remember playing in the snow as a child; I remember the taste and the pleasure of this morning's coffee; I remember to feed the cat every night. “Many very different things happen when we remember” (Wittgenstein 1974) Language is important to the way we communicate. There are four steps in the process of going through the language skills. You must first learn to listen, then to speak, then to read, and finally to write. These four steps are called “language skills.” Experience has shown that written and oral communication must be practiced extensively to be mastered. It is something that takes practice until you are comfortable enough to...
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...together with data, in the memory of the computer. Memory contains: (a) instructions, (b) data. Conceptually, programs and data seem very different. In fact the first computers, distinguished between them and stored them in different places. Another point of view: Treat programs as data. Intro to CS: stored program concept 2 Inside hardware The two hardware parts, that are ‘inside’ the computer: Processor or CPU (Central Processing Unit) Main memory (RAM: Random Access Memory) (Remember: the other part is input/ouput devices) Intro to CS: stored program concept 3 Components of CPU/memory arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): circuitry for arithmetic and logic operations (here the ‘real’ work is done) control unit (CU): responsible for running programs (here the ‘book-keeping’ job is done) • Fetch next instruction • Decode instruction • Execute instruction (activate relevant circuitry in ALU) registers (in ALU and CU): hold data for use by arithmetic and logical operations bus: wires connecting CPU and main memory Intro to CS: stored program concept 4 Review question What is the difference between a computer and a calculator? Intro to CS: stored program concept 5 Review question What is the difference between a computer and a calculator? Answer: The computer is programmable, and this is achieved through the control unit. The control unit is responsible for running programs from memory. Intro to CS: stored program concept 6 Machine language Most programmmers write their...
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...FROM ONE MEMORY LOCATION TO ANOTHER:- After applying the ALU to the data, the data will now be stored in the primary storage, before being processed. There are two main types of the Primary Storage:- 1-ROM (read only memory) permanent memory. 2-RAM (random access memory) temporary memory. 1- ROM:- Rom holds all the data and the instructions which are permanent or fixed at the time of production and that data cannot be changed by the operator of the computer nor even by the computer. It is the permanent memory which only allows to “see” or read the data and does not allow to change or write something else in that data. The software which is usually stored in ROM is firmware, as its name firm tells us that the...
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...The Effects of “Gay Lingo” on Memory Retrieval of Selected Adolescents Introduction: “Bekimon” is one of a manifestation of a culture, since “Bekimon” is a language used by locals. The younger generation adapts it thru their ate’s and kuya’s who speak “Bekimon” or say some “Bekimon” terms. The Gay Lingo is a language dedicated for the homosexual people to have their own language and to develop their culture to become one of the respected ones and it was not just made for fun. Gay Lingo is a spectrum of culture varying from different city, province, region or country thus, Gay Lingo made significant breakthrough to the LGBT community in the world, this is their form of conformity or acceptance to the society since not all who speak the “gay lingo” are part of the LGBT community. By studying the effects of using “Bekimon” we can see how it will affect the memory retrieval of the students. Some of the people misunderstood some words or even the people who uses the gay lingo, because some says it can ruin the culture and the main language of the Filipinos but actually it’s the other way around because some terms are now frequently used than before. The definition of “Bekimon” is: (Noun) (Expression) Defines gays or girly gays that speaks “Gay Lingo” or gay language in a different way or more enhanced way. (2014 Farlex, Inc.) Although most of the older people are not yet open to homosexuality, the younger generation are now much aware and much open to homosexuality making...
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...takes to solve a problem. A variable is a named memory location whose value can vary. An infinite loop is a flow of program logic that repeats and never ends. Software can be classified into two broad types System software and application software. Command line, a location on your computer screen at which you type text entries to communicate with the computer's operating system. The major difference between the two main programming styles in use today is programmer's focus during the earliest planning stages of a project. Graphical user interface(GUI) allows users to interact with a program in a graphical environment. The process of walking through a program's logic on paper before you actually write the program is called desk-checking. Processing data items may involve organizing or sorting them,checking them for accuracy, or performing calculations with them. Every programming language has rules governing its word usage and punctuation. Using Pseudocode involves writing down all the steps you will use in a program. Before a programmer plans the logic of the program, he or she must understand the problem. F Software can be classified into two broad types: application software and programming software. T Every programming language has rules governing its word usage and punctuation. T Besides the popular, comprehensive programming languages such as Java and C++, many programmers use scripting languages such as Python, Lua, Perl, and PHP. F ...
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