...Speech And Language Disorders Psychology Essay Young children can have unclear speech and mispronounce words, but as the children get older they learn how to use their tongue, lips and brain to work in harmony to say difficult and unfamiliar words. For most children speech difficulties pass with time but for some they find it hard so they repeat or pro-long sounds. This can be very hard for children so they can struggle to find ways to avoid using these sounds or words. A phonological disorder is when a child has a problem with producing sound that is needed for the child to speak. Children with phonological disorder can have problems controlling their rate of speech and can fall behind when learning certain sounds. 2 to 3 year old children often mispronounce words and can confuse the sounds that they hear, but if these problems continue as the child gets older, the child may need speech therapy. Research shows that phonological disorders affects "10% of pre-school children, but by the ages of 6 or 7 years only 2% or £% meet the criteria for phonological disorder" (APA, 2000, Tallal & Benasich, 2002.) According to the Irish Association of Speech and Language there are three forms of language difficulty in a child with SSLI. This is a where a child would have problems with both understanding and producing language. A child having problems with understanding but producing language more difficult and lastly a child would have particular difficulty with parts of language forms or...
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...------------------------------------------------- Midterm Review PT-16 Studyguide 1. ABC approach: A= antecedent, B=behavior, C=consequence * Preventative approaches * Attempts to alter antecedents * Seeks to understand the purpose of function of the behavior * Behavior is presumed to have some reinforcing function 2. Acquired disorders: due to an injury. 3. Akathesia: A syndrome characterized by an inability to remain seated, with motor restlessness and a feeling of muscular quivering; may appear as a side effect of antipsychotic and neuroleptic medication. 4. Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR): A primitive reflex, also called fencer’s response, found in infants, usually is no longer evident by 3 months of age. When neck is turned in one direction, the arm shoots out on the same side and flexes on the opposite side; similar changes occur in the legs. 5. Athetoid diplegia: A form of cerebral palsy primarily seen where there is no muscle control in which the legs are more affected than the arms. 6. Athetoid hemiplegia: A form of cerebral palsy which is a form of dyskinetic cerebral palsy associated with athetosis (constant random, writhing involuntary movements of the limbs. One side of the body is more affected than the other; usually, the arm is more affected than the leg. Because the motor neurons that control one side of the body are located in the opposite cerebral cortex, a right-side hemiplegia implies damage to or dysfunction of...
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...Speech and language problems are the most common disability of children yet they are the least well detected, particularly in primary care settings. The goal of this notebook is to describe the disability, and also give characteristics. However the notebook will have different sections in which I will give information about organizations, services, evidence based teaching practices, assistive technology, which is technology that can or is been used to assist kids with disabilities. I will also talk about web resources that teachers, parents and students can use. Speech-language deficits are the most common of childhood disabilities and affect about 1 in 12 children or 5% to 8% of preschool children. The consequences of untreated speech-language problems are significant and lead to behavioral challenges, mental health problems, reading difficulties, and academic failure including in-grade retention and high school dropout. Yet, such problems are ones that are least well detected in primary care, even though intervention is available and plentiful. Speech-language impairments embrace a wide range of conditions that have, at their core, challenges in effective communication. As the term implies, they include speech disorders which refer to impairment in the articulation of speech sounds, fluency, and voice as well as language disorders which refer to impairments in the use of the spoken (or signed or written) system and may involve the form of language (grammar and phonology)...
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...How Language Abilities and Deficiencies Impact Language Development 1 Claytonia L. Butler Grand Canyon University ECH- 515 October 9, 2013 How Language Abilities and Deficiencies Impact Language Development 2 While searching for information on the topic, I found that language abilities and deficiencies does have a major impact in literacy development. Especially in children from birth to third grade when their language skills are developing. Language abilities and deficiencies should be observed when a child is between Birth to 3rd Grade. Children with poor listening and speaking skills are referred to as having language impairment. Children with language impairment that have reading disorders, are usually defined as having poor reading achievement. The two main components of language development that will be discussed in this essay are: Language Deficiencies and Language Abilities. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the word deficiency means: to have a lack of something needed: the state of not having enough of something necessary. In children who exhibit complications involving phonetic understanding and reading deficiencies will most likely have literacy delay and progress in their overall learning. A deficiency in English language skills can cause problems with teachers and other people whom children encounter as they progress through school...
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...cultural context. What a person does in one country may be completely abnormal in another country. Society may have its own version of the standards of normal but the mental health professional has to determine and define abnormal behavior and determine if the abnormal behavior will constitute as a mental disorder. The study of psychopathology is, “the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders” Hockenbury & Hockenbury, (2001). Psychological or mental disorders are defined as, “a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of life or both” Hockenbury & Hockenbury, (2001). The determination of behaviors or a pattern of symptoms that constitutes a psychological disorder can be diagnosed with a disorder only if the patient has specific criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV, which was published by the American Psychiatric Association (1994). The mental health professionals have a “common language for labeling mental disorders and comprehensive guidelines for diagnosing mental disorders.” Hockenbury & Hockenbury, (2001). According to Hockenbury & Hockenbury, (2001), the indicators of abnormality are 1. Distress: The individual will show prolonged or unusual levels of anxiety or unease. 2. Maladaptiveness: The person will act in ways that will make others people fearful...
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...Case Study Paper Albert Einstein once said of himself, “Words or Language, as they are written or spoken, do not seem to play any role in my mechanism of thought.” (as cited in Chapman, Meyer & Weaver, 2009, p. 263). Albert Einstein was born in Ulm Germany on March the 19th 1879 (Chapman, Meyer & Weaver, 2009). When Einstein was 16 years old he sent a draft essay to his uncle on the subject of luminiferous aether. This began his scientific journey that would culminate in the quantification of the relationship between energy and matter: E=mc2. Nevertheless, before Einstein was made famous by his astrophysical postulations he navigated the not-so-easy waters of Germany primary and secondary school. He showed a slight delay in speech initially and was ranked poorly by many of his primary school teachers (Chapman, Meyer & Weaver, 2009). Einstein was not diagnosed with a learning disorder (LD) during his lifetime, so any such conjectures would constitute a purely retrospective diagnosis. To that end, it is imperative to examine the biological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral components of developmental learning disorders (DLD) in order to determine the validity of a retrospective diagnosis of DLD in the case of Albert Einstein. Biological Component DLD affects about 3% of children in the United States and entails a delay in language acquisition and assimilation below what is normal for a specific age (Clegg et. al., 2005). One biological explanation of DLD is that...
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...though many people would love to imagine the world we live in as a disease and disorder free world, they cannot, for our world contains deadly diseases and disabling syndromes that bind the victims to a contract of a much harder life than the healthy and thriving people around them. Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS) is one of the many genetic disorders that has been interfering with the lives of humans for years. Although many people are unaware of this syndrome, there are others who trudge through life, watching their loved ones suffer from the disorder or suffering it for themselves, and the cruelty behind their struggles deserves to be known by all of the fortunate citizens who do not have to suffer from this disorder. WHS is a genetic...
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...methods and ensure communication is possible. Hearing Impairment * One physiological barrier to communication is a hearing impairment. Hearing disorders can result from hereditary or genetic issues, developmental abnormalities, medical conditions such as infections, or other environmental or traumatic factors. While hearing loss typically will not cause a mental developmental problem, other areas such as speech and language, social development and educational achievement are affected by the condition. All of these areas rely heavily on a person's ability to communicate with others. Auditory impairments not only delay an individual's communication skills, but also decreases the amount of effective communication possible with other people. Speech Disorders * Speech disorders are a common physiological barrier to communication. This includes different types of disorders such as stuttering, apraxia and dysarthria. Stuttering hinders the fluency of communication with prolonged speech sounds and repetitions of parts of words or entire words. Apraxia of speech is a condition which occurs due to damage to the speaking part of the brain. This condition results in a person losing the ability to form syllables and words with sounds. The severity of the condition depends on the severity of the brain damage. Another motor speech disorder is dysarthria, a condition in which the muscles of the face, mouth and respiratory system are weak and not able to work at full capacity. This condition...
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...to lead public health efforts to advance behavioral health of the nation, and to make substance use and mental disorder information, services, and research more accessible. The mission of the SAMHSA is to reduce the impact of substance abuse and mental illnesses on America's communities. Important parts of providing the community with health services is prevention, treatment, recovery support services for behavioral health; this is to improve our health and reduce costs to individuals, families, businesses, and governments. This goal of these important aspects is to prevent costly behavioral health problems, provides treatment and services for people with mental and substance use disorders, and build strong and supportive communities. The basic purpose of the SAMHSA is to provide better health for all Americans, in different ways than other organizations. The leadership SAMHSA provides, along with various resources, is to help the U.S. Act on the knowledge of four main facts: behavioral health is essential for overall well being, prevention works, treatment is effective, and people recover from mental and substance use disorders. SAMHSA provides leadership and devotes its resources, including programs, policies, information and data, contracts and grants, to help the U.S. Act on the knowledge that: The SAMHSA is also committed to writing new documents in language that is understandable by all Americans, by using federal guidelines on plain...
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...to Daniel Wienberger, schizophrenia is the “cancer” of mental illness. It seems to be the most serve of all disorders and the most mysterious. The term schizophrenia latterly means “split mind,” which contributed to the popular myth that symptoms come from a split personality. Bleuler, the psychologist that gave us the name recognized, the difficulties of individuals with schizophrenia arise from disturbances in attention, thinking, language, emotion and relationships with others. Schizophrenia has a typical onset of the mid-twenties for men and late twenties for woman, but it can also strike after age 45.It included different symptoms like delusions which re strongly held fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality, hallucinations...
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...constitutes over half of the special education services. The cause of learning disabilities deals with the dysfunction of the brain and how it processes information it may be related to medical or genetic. Having problems receiving and sending messages deals with communication disorder. Students with high achievement, intellectually has the capacity to retain, learn, and use an extreme amount of information is called gifted .In this paper I will discuss the characteristics, causes and definition of learning disabilities, communication disorders, and giftedness. Learning Disability 3 Learning Disability Learning disabilities or learning disorder affect how a person receives information, how they process it, and how they communicate. People with learning disabilities have problems processing sensory information. The art of learning is affected because a student cannot learn as quickly as his/her counterparts. Due to low achievement some student are misdiagnosed with having a learning disability. Students with learning disability show characteristics of deficits in written language, underachievement in math, poor social skills, attention deficits and hyperactivity, behavior problems, and low self-esteem. (Heward, 2009) The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, defines a specific...
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...Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Paper David Brown, Charles Hodge PSY/300: General Psychology Susan Bonnell June 2, 2015 University of Phoenix Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Paper Abnormal psychology is the study of unusual behavior, thoughts, and emotion by members of a society (American Psychological Association, 2015). To meet the definition of abnormal, the behavior, actions, or thoughts must be atypical of the culture (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Herein is where the challenge lies, due to the fact that our world encompasses many cultures and definitions of normal are significantly different from one region to the next. The paper will provide examples of abnormal psychology in the form of mental disorders and illnesses. Additionally, treatments for these disorders and illnesses will be discussed. Normal and Abnormal Psychology Normal and abnormal psychology can differ by culture. One’s normal behavior is that which allows for a society to maintain a productive and relationship driven life that does not differ drastically from the normalcy of said society (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). When an individual’s behavior is maladaptive to the culture he or she belongs, others will then classify said behavior as abnormal, and then will attempt to change that behavior. Wen-Sing Tseng, M.D. (2013), described a Latino man who hit his body and yelled very loudly, alone while in public, upon hearing of his wife’s death. The treating doctor was unsure if the man’s behavior was normal...
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...#: 58419268 Cognitive Disorders Assignment 03- 719207 Critically discuss the various factors that need to be considered when diagnosing a patient with Neurocognitive Disorder. Your discussion should include but not be limited to the two most prominent Neurocognitive Disorders namely Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer’s Dementia, the various domains that can be affected as well as the cross- cultural factors to take into consideration 1 2 Contents Introduction: Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD)/ Dementia 4-5 Mild and Major NCD criteria 5-6 Diagnosing a patient with Vascular Dementia 7-8 Diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s Dementia 8-9 Delirium (acute confusional state/ acute brain syndrome) Cross- cultural and contextual perspectives of health 9-11 11-14 - India - Egypt - Islam References 15-16 3 Introduction: Neurocognitive Disorders/ Dementia Neurocognitive disorders (NCD) are a group of disorders in the DSM-5 classification system. These disorders involve the impairment of an individual’s cognitive abilities that involve tasks such as, memory, judgement, problem solving and perception (Burke. A, 2014). Only disorders that show evidence of cognitive deficiencies are classified as NCDs. To name a few, these cognitive deficiencies can be a result of; Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), HIV/AIDS or substance abuse (Burke. A, 2014). The DSM-5 classifies Neurocognitive disorders into three categories, namely...
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...What is Selective Mutism or SM? Have you ever heard of Selective Mutism? SM is a child hood anxiety disorder in which a child fails to speak in situations where speech is expected but speaks normally in situations where the child is comfortable. SM was first made aware of by a German physician named Adolph Kussmaul in 1877 he originally named the disorder aphasia voluntaria. When first named by Dr Kussmaul he thought these children were choosing not to speak but as more research has been done the name was changed from aphasia voluntaria, to elective mutism in 1980, and then to selective mustism in 1990. It was also re classified as an anxiety disorder at that time A child with SM comes from an abusive home; previously SM was supposed because...
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...Disorders Autism Autism it is a serious disorder that begins in infancy and is characterized by abnormal social development, impaired language and communication, and repetitive behavior. The diagnosis of autism is based on “observed behavior and educational and psychological testing (Autism Speaks).” When trying to determine whether a child is autistic or not there are a number of signs that parents and observers can watch for. Children that have poor eye contact, little interest in other people, and do not respond to their name are considered to be autistic. Other signs involve the child having trouble with their speech. This could mean no babbling or no speech at all by 16 months. If a child does not gesture or point at things as in showing you something their interested in or possibly want by a certain age then they may also be considered autistic. Autism begins in early brain development and obvious sign may occur between 2 and 3 years of age. Genetics seems to be the most responsible for autism. “Many genes on several chromosomes have been implicated; in some cases genes related to neural communication appear to have been copied to many times or left out during meiosis (Carol K. Singleman, Elizabeth A. Rider).” Meiosis is the process of a reproductive cell in the mother’s ovaries or in the father’s testes that contains 46 chromosomes splitting into two 46 chromosome cells. Once this division process is complete then those two chromosomes split again to form a total...
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