...TERM PAPER LASER, ACTION, EINSTEIN THEORY OF LASER, TYPES, APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY & MEDICAL FIELD SUBJECT: CURRENT, ELECTRICITY & MODERN PHYSICS SUBJECT CODE: PHY-113 SUBMITTED TO: Dr. AMRITA SAXENA SUBMITTED BY: JAGDEEP SINGH SECTION: C7802 ROLL No.:RC7802A21 REG. No.: 10804440 CONTENTS • • • • • Acknowledgement Introduction Laser action Einstein theory of laser Types of lasers 1. Based on energy level 2. Based on the material used • • • • Applications Recent discoveries Recent applications References ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For the completion of this term paper I would like to acknowledge my respected teacher Dr .AMRITA SAXENA who was always worthily helpful to help me in my queries in different aspects. I would also like acknowledge my friends who helped me a lot in the completion f this and were always there at one call. JAGDEEP SINGH INTRODUCTION The name LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Light is really an electromagnetic wave. Each wave has brightness and color, and vibrates at a certain angle, so-called polarization. This is also true for laser light but it is more parallel than any other light source. Every part of the beam has (almost) the exact same direction and the beam will therefore diverge very little. With a good laser an object at a distance of 1 km (0.6 mile) can be illuminated with a dot about 60 mm (2.3 inches) in radius. As it is so parallel it can also be focused to very small...
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...Information Search: LASER (Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation) In 1917 a process called Stimulated Emission, this is what makes lasers possible and was thought of by Albert Einstein. Although this was thought of so early, it took another 30 years before other physicists made practical usage of this principle. Once completed, scientists were amazed at the breakthrough, however it didn’t, at the time, have any real use. Lasers is a source of light used in our everyday lives. They are very focused and accurate sources of light, thus we find them almost anywhere and help us in many different ways. They are incredibly useful in the Medical Field. They are often used in Laser Eye Surgery and Laser Ulcer Removal. They do so, because the laser beam is so intense, it burns through a tiny amount of tissue within the eye. The laser can also be used as a scalpel, which can make a small incision to reach the stomach ulcer. Lasers are also used in Compact Disk Players, CDs/DVDs/Blu Ray, Super Market Scanners, Laser Shows, Fiber Optic Cables, Cutting, Measuring Distance and much more. Clearly lasers have a major impact in our lives as advancing human beings. Atoms can get “excited” when they take in light, heat and/or electricity. Usually though atoms will remain in a “ground state” which is more stable, and will return to this state within nanoseconds. However to return to this state, the atoms must relieve themselves of the current...
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...TERM PAPER LASER, ACTION, EINSTEIN THEORY OF LASER, TYPES, APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY & MEDICAL FIELD SUBJECT: CURRENT, ELECTRICITY & MODERN PHYSICS SUBJECT CODE: PHY-113 SUBMITTED TO: Dr. AMRITA SAXENA SUBMITTED BY: JAGDEEP SINGH SECTION: C7802 ROLL No.:RC7802A21 REG. No.: 10804440 CONTENTS • Acknowledgement • Introduction • Laser action • Einstein theory of laser • Types of lasers 1. Based on energy level 2. Based on the material used • Applications • Recent discoveries • Recent applications • References ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For the completion of this term paper I would like to acknowledge my respected teacher Dr .AMRITA SAXENA who was always worthily helpful to help me in my queries in different aspects. I would also like acknowledge my friends who helped me a lot in the completion f this and were always there at one call. JAGDEEP SINGH INTRODUCTION The name LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Light is really an electromagnetic wave. Each wave has brightness and color, and vibrates at a certain angle, so-called polarization. This is also true for laser light but it is more parallel than any other light source. Every part of the beam has (almost) the exact same direction and the beam will therefore diverge very little. With a good laser an object at a distance of 1 km (0.6 mile) can be illuminated with a dot about 60 mm (2.3 inches) in...
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...Lasers in Dentistry Table Clinic Abstract Advances in technology have resulted in the introduction of a range of new methods for use in surgical periodontal therapy, including lasers. Over the years, dental lasers have become increasingly popular in the field of dentistry. They have increased in a variety of dental procedures, especially in surgeries of soft tissues. This research aims to highlight concepts related to lasers in the oral cavity, which have been learned over the past few years. This paper will evaluate the lasers effectiveness in the removal of hyperpigmentation, oral and maxillofacial surgery, treatment of periodontal disease, and the removal of oral lesions. Outline 1. Lasers used in dental procedures • Background • Effects of laser on tissue • Disadvantages • Indications • Contraindications • Complication prevention • Patient education • Benefits A. Removing lesions • Benign lesions • Premalignant lesions • Selected malignant lesions B. Oral and maxillofacial surgery • Diode laser for soft tissue surgery C. Depigmentation • The scalpel technique • Rotary abrasive technique • Diode laser surgery D. Treatment of periodontal disease Bibliography Murthy, M., Kaur, J., & Das, R. (2012). Treatment of gingival hyperpigmentation with rotary abrasive, scalpel, and laser techniques: A case series. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 16(4), doi: PMCID: PMC3590738 Pandurić, D. G., Bago, I...
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................................................................................. 3 Results and discussion ........................................................................................................................ 4 Effect of changing the number of pulse and how these results change with laser fluence, F ....... 4 Change of etch rate with increasing fluence .................................................................................. 4 Threshold fluence, FT and absorption coefficient, α ....................................................................... 5 System B.................................................................................................................................................. 6 Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Results and discussion ........................................................................................................................ 7 Effect of changing the speed on the laser cutting process ............................................................. 7 Effect of changing power on the laser cutting...
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...[pic] Criterios de Calidad en el Corte por Láser [pic] |:: Planchas y Tubos de: | |[pic] | |Acero en General: |SAE 1010, 1020, 1045; Diamantada, T1 360/500hB; BORA; Zinc/Alum, Galvanizado, Laina Acerada | | |(Fleje azul), Templado; Cromo Níquel; Acero Rápido; etc. | |Espesores: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 20mm. | |Tolerancias: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 6mm.: ±0,2mm.desde: 8mm Hasta: 10 mm.: ±0,3mm.desde: 12mm Hasta: 20 mm.: | | |±0,5mm. | |Acero Inoxidable: |AISI 302, 304, 310, 316, 420, 430, Diamantada, etc. | |Espesores: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 12mm. | |Tolerancias: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 6mm.: ±0,2mm.desde: 8mm Hasta:12mm.: ±0,5mm. | |Aluminio: |Temple H. | |Espesores: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 10mm. | |Tolerancias: |desde: 0,1mm Hasta: 5mm...
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...MAJOR PROJECT LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 ABOUT PROJECT LASER TORCH-BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER Using this circuit you can communicate with your neighbors wirelessly. Instead of RF signals, light from a laser torch is used as the carrier in the circuit. The laser torch can transmit light up to a distance of about 500 meters. The phototransistor of the receiver must be accurately oriented towards the laser beam from the torch. If there is any obstruction in the path of the laser beam, no sound will be heard from the receiver. The transmitter circuit comprises condenser microphone transistor amplifier BC548 (T1) followed by an opamp stage built around µA741 (IC1). The gain of the op-amp can be controlled with the help of 1-mega-ohm pot meter VR1. The AF output from IC1 is coupled to the base of transistor BD139 (T2), which, in turn, modulates the laser beam. The transmitter uses 9V power supply. However, the 3-volt laser torch (after removal of its battery) can be directly connected to the circuit—with the body of the torch connected to the emitter of BD139 and the spring-loaded lead protruding from inside the torch to circuit ground. The receiver circuit uses an npn phototransistor as the light sensor that is followed by a two-stage transistor preamplifier and LM386-based audio power amplifier. The receiver does not need any complicated alignment. Just keep the phototransistor oriented towards the remote transmitter’s...
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...Fibre Laser Cutting Introduction In the Fibre Laser Cutting experiment we were faced with a High Power Laser and required to design a series of experiments to determine how certain parameters affect laser cutting Aim To gain a basic understanding of the operation of High Power Class 4 Industrial Lasers in regards to the cutting of sheet metal, and how varying parameters affects the cuts finish. Objectives 1. Learn basic components of a high power (Class 4) laser system and the basic safety issues involved 2. Learn principles and characteristics of laser cutting 3. Design and perform an experiment to investigate how three process parameters; Laser power, Type of gas and gas flow rate affect cut quality by the analysis of samples 4. Learn basic procedure of sample preparation and analysis using an optical microscope and digital camera system for the examination of the samples 5. Reach evidence based conclusion as to how the three varied process parameters affect laser cut quality Background Information and Safety Procedures A Laser is a device the emits light through a process of optical amplification, this is generated by transitions between high and low energy states in atoms, ions and molecules (species) through various media in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A Laser works on the principle of light amplification where stimulated emission causes a photon to collide with another...
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...Overview of How Lasers Work There are many different types of lasers. The laser medium can be a solid, gas, liquid or semiconductor. Lasers are commonly designated by the type of lasing material employed: Solid-state lasers have lasing material distributed in a solid matrix (such as the ruby or neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers). The neodymium-YAG laser emits infrared light at 1,064 nanometers (nm). A nanometer is 1 x 10-9 meters. Gas lasers (helium and helium-neon, HeNe, are the most common gas lasers) have a primary output of visible red light. CO2 lasers emit energy in the far-infrared, and are used for cutting hard materials. Excimer lasers (the name is derived from the terms excited and dimers) use reactive gases such as chlorine and fluorine mixed with inert gases such as argon, krypton or xenon. When electrically stimulated, a pseudo molecule or dimer is produced and when lased, produces light in the ultraviolet range. Dye lasers use complex organic dyes like rhodamine 6G in liquid solution or suspension as lasing media. They are tunable over a broad range of wavelengths. Semiconductor lasers, sometimes called diode lasers, are not solid-state lasers. These electronic devices are generally very small and use low power. They may be built into larger arrays, such as the writing source in some laser printers or compact disc players. The first type of laser was called a ruby laser. A ruby laser is a solid-state laser and emits at a wavelength of 694 nm. Other...
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...For our shutter we used a spring back solenoid with an attached shutter to move in front of the laser beam when power was cut, e.g. from a kill switch being pressed or the laser door being opened. We put the solenoid shutter mechanism in a box with a hinged front face and two holes, one in either side so the laser beam can enter and leave the box, when the shutter is in the off position blocking the laser it will be blocking the exit hole this means that if the laser reflects for any reason it will be contained in the sealed box preventing it causing any damage to anyone. Also the hinged front face of the box means that if there is any maintenance to be carried out then the solenoid mechanism can be accessed easily. The casing is made to specifications so that it does not block any airways on the laser or to affect the accuracy of the laser beam. The hole at the back of the box, connecting the laser has a diameter 4mm larger than the front hole, which has the same diameter of the laser emitter; this is so that it can fit over the emitter easily. The hole at the front is made as small as needed so that the shutter can block out the whole hole easier. The box should be machined from a solid piece of aluminium, because it is light soothe bolts could hold it in place, and hollowed out from the front face. The front face should also be made out of aluminium sheet metal. Using a boring drill bit a 64 mm diameter hole should be drilled on the back face and then a 60mm hole should be...
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...LASER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Abstract: Laser communication is one of the key areas in wireless Communications. They work only under clear line-of-sight conditions between each unit, but they eliminate the need for securing right of ways, buried cable installations and no government licensing is necessary. Free space laser communications systems can be quickly deployed since they are small and do not need any radio interference calculations. Additionally, no spectrum fees have to be paid. This paper includes analysis, optimization, design and system level development of signal transformation between satellites or any two sources. Which work similarly to fibre optic links, except the beam is transmitted through free space. The carrier used for the transmission signal is typically generated by a laser diode. Two parallel beams are needed, one for transmission and one for reception. INTRUDUCTION: Laser Communication is one of the emerging areas of wireless communication system. Due to its low noise ratio makes its one of the well suited communication medium for exchange of information. Currently laser commutation is adopted in satellite communication for space research activities and due to its efficiency on low noise ratio, inexpensive, low power and its flexibility and its resistance to the radio interferences makes laser communication as one of research area in wireless communication. In this process, this paper comprises...
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...Laser application in obstetrics and gynecology Abstract : For thelast20years,laser technology has evolved as an important tool in surgical treatment and It is widely used in gynecologyandobstetrics.Especiallyinthetreatmentofvulvarandbenignandpremalignantcervicaldysplasiasitcan be consideredasthegoldstandard.Inprenatalmedicine,lasercoagulationofplacentavesselshasbeenshowntobe superiortoanyotherintrauterinetherapyoftwin-to-twintransfusionsyndromeinmonochorionictwinpregnancies. However, not all expectations in laser technology have been fulfilled. In laparoscopy, for instance, the use of the laser has been abandoned in favor of high-frequency electric surgery. This manuscript gives a short introduction to current therapeutic applications and limits of laser technology in gynecology and obstetrics.: Introduction While the history of laser began in1951,the first medical application in dermatology was reported by Goldmanin1962 . Since then, laser technology has evolved as an important tool in surgical treatment and it is widely used in gynecology and obstetrics. Especially in the treatment of benign and premalignant vulvar and cervical dysplasias the standard treatment involves the application of laser energy . In prenatal medicine, laser coagulation of placenta vessels has shown to be superior to any other intrauter in etherapy of twin- to-twin transfusion syndrome(TTTS) in monochorionic twin pregnancies . However ,not all expectations in laser technology have...
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...Lasers in Micro-manufacturing Laser processes have continued to be used for a considerably long time for specific micro-manufacturing processes. This is because there have been several decades of such applications in development through which conventional manufacturing approaches could not satisfy the major demands relating to accuracy and flexibility. On the other hand, the outstanding share of micro applications across the entire laser market has extensively been a minor segment through which laser cutting as well as welding have proven to be dominant within the laser application sector.1 As a result of the increasing trend towards miniaturization, as well as higher integration for diverse consumer products, laser processes are well becoming more important under which laser micro manufacturing continues to show a considerably high market increase.7 These developments are both fostered by the strong market pull and the availability of lasers that are very high quality. This consequently allows a specific deposition of energy across a micrometer scale which remains at high processing speeds. On the other hand, laser technology greatly lowers operational costs, enables easy installation as well as lowering maintenance costs which continue making lasers a more versatile tool for application within industrial micro manufacturing processes. Apart from the existing areas of application for laser micro processing across fine mechanics and defined electronics, there are current...
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...Laser Printing Process This post will be talking about the six steps in the laser printing process, this is good for technicians who fix or repair printers along with a good learning experience. With my limited knowledge of printers I used this process to at least help diagnose the problem. If you have no idea how a printer works, I would not try to fix it. People have become hurt with these machines leave it to the professionals. Step 1: Cleaning When an image has been deposited on the paper and the drum has separated from the paper, any remaining toner must be removed from the drum. A printer may have a blade that scrapes all excess toner from the drum. Some printers use an AC voltage on a wire that removes the charge from the drum surface and allows the excess toner to fall away from the drum. The excess toner is stored in a used toner container that may be emptied or discarded. Step 2: Conditioning This step involves removing the old latent image from the drum and conditioning the drum for a new latent image. Conditioning is done by placing a special wire, grid, or roller that receives a negative charge of about – 600 volts DC uniformly across the surface of the drum. The charged wire or grid is called the primary corona. The roller is called a conditioning roller. Step 3: Writing The writing process involves scanning the photosensitive drum with the laser beam. Every part of the drum that is exposed to the light has the surface charge reduced to about – 100 volts...
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...Summary: Half Duplex Data Communication between Two computers using LASER is a senior project design for EE 411 course. After going through a hard time I represent this project which involves C/C++ programming in addition with two electronic circuits to send data between two computers using the parallel port. At the beginning of this report, I will present background about the project in chapter one. Then, in chapter two I will give brief information about each component that I used. Moreover, in Chapter three will be about the circuit Construction. After that, I will present information about C programming and the Codes that I used in chapter four. The next chapter will be about implementation and testing the circuit to show the results. The last chapter is conclusion. Acknowledgments: First of all, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Mohammad Ousman for his guidance in the project and helping me to understand the importance procedure of the project. He was great working with me on the project to get useful information as possible. His suggestions and ideas were very helpful to me to complete my project. Furthermore, I would to thank the lab engineer Mr. Azeddine Hamroouni for his support and guidance in this project. Finally, I would like to thank the University of Hail especially electrical engineering department. The electrical department is helped me in my life and build a good knowledge for me. . ...
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