Latin America Midterm I. Brief Identifications: 1. Indio’s- the Pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America. Also known as Pueblos, they are Spanish speakers and usually indulge in hunting and gathering as their tradition. 2. Creoles- an American-born Spaniard in Spanish colonies, descended from the original French settlers of the southern United States, especially Louisiana. II. General Identifications: 1. Conquistadors- A conqueror, the 16-century Spanish soldiers who defeated Indian civilizations of Central America. 2. Sapa Inca- the Inca was the powerful emperor and leader of the Inca people, which basically means emperor. 3. Cannibal Law 1503- In 1503 Queen Isabella of Spain, created a law that prohibited the arrest or capture of her new children stating further that, no harm or evil was permitted against their person or possessions. 4. Royal Fifth- An old royal tax that reserves to monarch for metals acquired by subjects as treasure or extracted mining, instituted in Muslim states. III. Specific Identifications: 1. Hernan Cortes- Spanish conquistador, who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico, led an expedition and brought large portions of mainland Mexico. 2. Hernando De Soto- Spanish explorer and conquistador while leading the first European expedition into territory of the modern-day United State. 3. Montezuma II- Last Aztec emperor in Mexico and was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortés. 4. Francisco Pizarro- who conquered the Inca Empire or what is now called Peru or founded the city of Lima. 5. Ferdinand & Isabel- Known for funding conquistadors to expand their empire overseas or uniting disparate kingdoms into what eventually became modern Spain. They were a religious couple in a since it took them 10 years to conquered the last Muslim stronghold to convert their land under Christianity. IV. Short Answer Questions: 1. Using distinctive characteristics for each compare and contrast the Aztec, Inca and one other native culture (Mayan, Tupi, Tainos, and Carib). The Aztecs were the Native American people who dominated northern Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century. They had fearless warriors and great builders. Mayans had a complex math and astronomy. They were more into building and raising crops and multiple kingdoms. Inca structure; typically incestial marriages of rulers (marriage to eldest sister considered most legitimate). Curaca regional and local nobility. Inca by privilege noble allies to Inca, trusted ethnic groups used as leaders and to help govern. 2. Compare and contrast the general experiences and processes of conquest and settlement of the Spanish and Portuguese in early colonial Latin America. Iberians had long inhabited a frontier zone where differing cultures interacted. Muslims invaded and conquered in the eight century; later small Christian states formed and began a long period of Reconquista. V. Essay: 1. Using Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro’s expeditions, explain how these two conquistadors’ invasions and conquests over their specific regions of interests (and indigenous people) were quite similar; and how their conquests were exceedingly different from each other’s. Make sure you incorporate facts about the actual regions, conquests, indigenous peoples, and ultimate outcomes. Not only did they both captured empires in Mexico, but they also caused destruction of the Aztec and Inca empires. Cortes and the Aztecs were a total of eleven ships and five hundred men to Mexico. After two years of war and diseases, the Aztec empire was no longer in existence. Pizarro and the Incas was a smaller force than Cortes, he was only about 180 men and 30 horses. But it is said that he was the stronger of the two but he was able to survive a little longer than Cortes.