...A lava lamp is a decorative novelty item that contains blobs of coloured wax inside a glass vessel filled with clear liquid; the wax rises and falls as its density changes due to heating from an incandescent light bulb underneath the vessel. The appearance of the wax is suggestive of pāhoehoe lava, hence the name. The lamps are available in a variety of styles and colours of wax and liquid. A classic lamp contains a standard incandescent bulb or halogen lamp which heats a tall (often tapered) glass bottle containing water and a transparent, translucent or opaque mix of mineral oil, paraffin wax and carbon tetrachloride.[1] The water and/or mineral oil can be coloured with dyes. The density of common wax is much lower than that of water and would float on top under any temperature. However, the carbon tetrachloride is heavier than water (also nonflammable and miscible with wax), and is added to the wax to make its density at room temperature slightly higher than that of the water. When heated, the wax mixture becomes less dense than the water because wax expands more than water when both are heated.[2] It also becomes fluid, and blobs of wax ascend to the top of the device where they cool (which increases their density relative to that of the water) and then descend.[3] A metallic wire coil in the base of the bottle acts as a surface tension breaker to recombine the cooled blobs of wax after they descend. Briton Edward Craven-Walker invented the lava lamp in 1963. His U...
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...1. What is a volcano? A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in the surface or crust of the Earth or a planetary mass object, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. 2. How is volcano formed? Volcanoes form when hot material from below rises and leaks into the crust. This hot material, called magma, comes either from a melt of subducted crustal material, and which is light and buoyant after melting, or it may come from deeper in the interior of a planet and is light and buoyant because it is very hot. 3. What are the kinds of volcano according to shapes and activity? A. Kinds of volcano according to shapes: a. Shield volcanoes - broad, shield-like profiles, are formed by the eruption of low-viscosity lava that can flow a great distance from a vent. They generally do not explode catastrophically. b. Lava domes - are built by slow eruptions of highly viscous lavas. c. Cryptodomes - are formed when viscous lava forces its way up and causes a bulge. d. Volcanic cones or cinder cones - result from eruptions of mostly small pieces of scoria and pyroclastics (both resemble cinders, hence the name of this volcano type) that build up around the vent. B. Kinds of volcano according to activity e. Active Volcanoes - volcanoes that in general have been active for a certain period of time. f. Dormant Volcanoes - dormant volcanoes are assumed to be inactive for...
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...the volcano centre and spill over with lava. Eruptions can cause blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls. How are volcanoes formed? Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and bigger. What are the different stages of volcanoes? Volcanoes are in three main categories: active, dormant, and extinct. An active volcano is one which has recently erupted and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon. A dormant volcano is one which has not erupted in a long time but there is a possibility it can erupt in the future. An extinct volcano is one which has erupted thousands of years ago and there’s no possibility of eruption. Why do volcanoes erupt? The Earth's crust is made up of huge slabs called plates, which fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. These plates sometimes move. The friction causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions near the edges of the plates. The theory that explains this process is called plate tectonics. What are the different types of volcanoes? There are four types of volcanoes: cinder cones, composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes and lava...
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...volcano A volcano is a place on the earths surface for any other planets or moons surface) where molten rock and gases erupt through the earths crust.Volcanoes vary quite a bit in their structure-some have rocks in the earths crust where lava erupts, and some are domes, shields, or mountain-like structures with a crater at the summit.Magma is molten rock within the earths crust.When magma erupts through the earths surface it is called lava. Lava can be thick and slow-moving or thin and fast-moving. Rock also comes from volcanoes in other forms, including ash (finely powdered rock that looks like dark smoke coming from the volcano) and cinders (bits of fragmented lava). Inside a volcano The magma chamber is a collection of magma inside the earth, below the volcano. The main vent is the main outlet for the magma to escape. secondary vents are smaller outlets through which magma escapes. The crater is created after an eruption blows the top off the volcano. An eruption occurs when pressure in the magma chamber forces magma up the main vent, towards the crater at the top of the volcano. some magma will also be forced out of the secondary vent at the side of the volcano. Different types of volcano Volcanoes can be described in terms of activity and can be: Still active and erupt frequently. Dormant (temporarily inactive but not fully extinct). Extinct (never likely to erupt again). Volcanoes can also be described by their shape or type. ...
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...level. Since 1832, Mauna Loa has erupted 39 times; its last eruption was in 1984. According to USGS estimates, the volcano has erupted an average of once every 6 years over the past 3000. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory celebrated the 30th anniversary of Mauna Loa's last eruption (in 1984) on March 25, 2014, underscoring that it has been a relatively quite 3 decades at the world's largest active volcano. Mauna Loa is one of Earth's most active volcanoes. Since 1843 it has erupted 33 times producing lavas that have covered over 800 km2 In late Aug 2015, HVO raised the tilt level at Mauna Loa because of long-term increased seismicity rates and inflation of the summit (as measured by cross-caldera difference). This doesn't mean an eruption is imminent, but signs are consistent with magma entering the shallow part of the magmatic system at the volcano. Mauna Loa is a "shield volcano", which means it is a gently sloping mountain produced from a large number of generally very fluid lava flows. The volcano has been erupting for at least 100,000 years prom a primary volcanic centre that is presently manifested by Moku'aweoweo crater at the mountain's summit. It has produced both a'a and pahoehoe flows, and lesser amounts of pyroclastic deposits. The volcano is constructed of a rock type known as tholeiitic basalt http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/volcanoes/changingEruptionStyles.html http://www.livescience.com/29824-why-eyjafjallajoekull-volcano-erupted.html Eyjafjallajökull last erupted...
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...nothing that can be done to prevent an eruption at Yellowstone National Park. Some scientists believe that any buildup before an eruption would occur and may be detectable for weeks, months, or even years prior. Scientists located at the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory are closely monitoring Yellowstone for any precursors that would lead to an eruption. If in the event that an eruption were to occur, Yellowstone park would communicate the information in a timely fashion to all visitors, employees, surrounding communities, news releases, and notifying the appropriate interagency, state and local government agencies. The safest place to be during an eruption at Yellowstone would essentially be anywhere except for within the vicinity of any lava flow. Although it may be highly unlikely, if a large catastrophic eruption were to occur, the safest place to be would be the furthest away from the eruption site. All in all, all appropriate measures would take place should an eruption occur for the safety of the parks visitors and surrounding areas. (Yellowstone Volcano: Frequently asked Questions- Yellowstone National Park(U.S. National Park...
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... everything around the volcano was dead. “...all of the surrounding areas were destroyed and almost every living creature was perished as a result of the eruption. But, due to the pyroclastic material, the animals and people are still in the position they were when they were buried.” (Aparna, Nick, and Graham. "Environmental and Human Effects." Mt. Vesuvius. Weebly, n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.) Another effect on the biosphere is, when volcanoes erupt, they release many things. Some of these are gases and raw materials. One of the most common gases is Carbon Dioxide. These gases and raw materials create coal and oil deposits. After a while, the plants and animals will start moving back into that area. This is a really good effect, considering lava and ash kills all of the plants it touches. The effect of Mt. Vesuvius’ eruption was deadly, but it had some good effects as...
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...It has nearly been 5000 years since the discovery of a volcano located under House Mountain State Park in Tennessee occurred. The volcanic ash covered the 500 acres of the state park, as well as some of the neighborhoods of Corryton and Mascot. The year is 7016, change has occurred throughout the American culture, such as major advances in technology and the way of life. Since the volcanic eruption in 2016, the remaining residents have found new homes and created new lives for further generations. The current generation has begun questioning about their ancestors’ lives before the eruption, with much research the company Amec Foster Wheeler was contacted for their Knoxville on-call Archaeologist Technician. In the role of an on-call Archaeologist Technician, the job is to conduct archaeological fieldwork to discover information about the past culture at the site. Although, there has not been any sort of excavation of this site, there are records from the local residents around the period before and after the eruptions. The records provide maps of the site, along with the use of Google Maps 16.21.0, the exact location becomes slightly easier to uncover. With the site abandonment, the next step will be to start surveying the landscape for artifacts, and determine where to begin to dig. (Price and Feinman 2010:8-15). Another resource to assist with the House Mountain site is similar occurrences, like the site of Pompeii. Almost 7000 years ago, Pompeii was finally transformed into...
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...Some hazards of an eruption of Mount Saint Helens are a pyroclastic flow which is a hazardness fast-moving current of hot gas and rock (collectively known as tephra). It can reach speeds moving away from a volcano of up to 450 mph and reach temperatures of about 1,830 °F. Volcanic ash is another hazard and is up made of tiny fragments of jagged rock, minerals, and volcanic glass. Volcanic ash is hard, abrasive, and does not dissolve in water. Generally, particles of volcanic ash are 2 millimeter across or smaller. If ingested can result in death. Volcanic Gasses can cause danger to people, animals, agriculture, and property. Sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride are the most dangerous. Sulfur dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution downwind from a volcano. Lahar also a volcanic Mudslide is a destructive mudflow on the slopes of a volcano. The VEI or Volcanic Explosivity Index is a rating of the relative scale that enables explosive volcanic eruptions to be compared with one another. The VEI number of this volcano is 4. This is because it will be larger than normal but within reason compared to others.Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington. St. Helens sits within the Casade Mountain range which was created by a subduction plate boundary. The last major eruption was on May 18, 1980, an earthquake struck below the north face of Mount St. Helens, triggering the largest landslide in recorded history and a major...
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...Mount Vesuvius, a sleeping giant and of the only active volcanoes located on the west coast of Italy, erupted on August 24th, 79AD covering the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum “to a depth of more than 14 to 17 feet of pumice, volcanic ash, and debris. Vesuvius is located above a subduction zone form where the African plate descends beneath Italy. Magma produced from the melting African plate creates the large violently explosive volcanoes of the Italian Peninsula.” (Ball) Due to the fact that seismic activity was so common in the area, people did not pay much attention when several quakes shook the earth beneath Herculaneum and Pompeii and were unprepared for the explosion that took place killing more than 16,000 people. I will be responsible for the atmospheric effects that resulted from the volcano’s eruption. At noon on August 24th, Vesuvius exploded, impelling a 10 mile mushroom cloud of ash and pumice into the stratosphere. For the next 12 hours, volcanic ash and a hail of pumice stones up to 3 inches in diameter showered Pompeii forcing people to flee the city. Approximately 2,000 people stayed in Pompeii, trying to wait out the eruption. The city of Herculaneum was initially protected from a westerly wind, however an enormous cloud of hot ash and gas submerged the west side of Vesuvius, engulfing the city. The pyroclastic eruption created a huge mushroom cloud consisting of three regions. The first region consisted of the gas thrust, the second consisted of the convective...
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...Name:___________________________ Date:___________________ Period:________ How Can Volcanic Landforms Form Far Away From Plate Boundaries? 1) What are the places where islands are formed far away from a plate boundary (ex: Hawaiian Islands)? A) offset B) hot spot C) volcanic island arc 2) When magma rises from inside the Earth through the lithosphere to the surface thanks to a hot spot, what will form when the lava would build up? A) volcanic island B) ocean floor C) undersea volcano 3) A volcanic island may eventually form when ___________. A) New oceanic lithosphere is placed over the hot spot as the oceanic plate moves. B) The amount of cooled lava on the ocean floor would build up over time and reach the surface. C) A strong convection current from the mantle pushes the magma from the hot stop rapidly towards the surface....
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...The Caldera Cont. [W-07.2] == Once back at the Caldera, open the SPECIAL CHEST that contains a GORGON EYE and use your Fire Blades to break the gears holding the archimedean screw together. You may now backtrack to that new type of door you saw earlier, and break it down. Inside grab the GREEN CHEST and a RED CHEST before continuing along the path. When you slide down the next ramp you'll land onto a platform where you have to face two Minotaurs and some firebirds. Grab the BLUE/GREEN CHEST and then pull the lever here. Jump onto the lava rock and you will float along the lava flow. You will fight a small wave of fire crab-spiders before eventually needing to jump onto a wall as the lava rock begins to burn away. At the top open the SPECIAL CHEST that contains a MINOTAUR HORN and be sure to save at the Save Point. Sidle your way across the ledge to your right then break the gears on another one of the archimedean screws. Climb up the ledge here and keep moving. At the end of the path open both the GREEN CHEST and BLUE CHEST before breaking down another fire door. Open the SPECIAL CHEST and sidle your way through the crevice here and around into the Volcano Core. _______________________________________________________________________________ | NOTE: If you find all the SPECIAL CHESTS some will only contain Orbs, but if| | you miss some, the others will compensate. | |_____________________________________________________________________________| Before you can get completely around...
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...molten rock material or magma rises into the crust or is poured out on its surface, there to solidify as a crystalline or semi-crystalline rock. In either case, this activity (vulcanicity) may have a profound effect on surface features. It may be pointed out that there are two forms of vulcanicity: intrusive and extrusive. A volcano, on the other hand, is the resultant effect of the process of vulcanicity. A. Holmes has defined a volcano as under: "A volcano is essentially a fissure or vent, communicating with the interior, from which flows of lava, fountains of incandescent (red-hot) spray, or explosive bursts of gases and volcanic ashes are erupted at the surface". In other words, any opening in the crust of the earth that allows molten rock-forming materials to reach the surface is properly called a volcano. The deposits of Lava surrounding the vent area also considered to be part of the volcano. It may be noted that lavas are poured onto the surface along both the divergent and convergent plate...
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...Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock, which is found in the continental layer of the earth’s crust. Granite is formed underground by the cooling of magma. Deep inside the earth, past the mantle layer, there is a deep layer of molten rock. The molten rock is formed when naturally occurring radioactive elements inside the ground break down and decay. The reaction of the decaying material frees large amounts of heat, melting the rocks around it. As geological events happen, like the moving of plates or the build-up of pressure from heat, the molten rocks get pushed toward the surface. As the rock gets closer to the surface, it also cools, creating internal igneous rocks. One of these rocks is granite. Granite is mainly composed of quartz and feldspar with small amounts of mica, amphiboles, and some other minerals. This mineral composition mostly gives granite a red, pink, grey, or white colour with darker mineral grains that can be seen through the rock. Granite will mostly have a coarse or rough texture because the magma cools slowly underground, letting larger crystals grow. At the surface, granite is uncovered in the cores of many mountain ranges in huge areas which are known as batholiths, and in the core areas of continents which are known as shields. Granite is mostly found at the convergent plate boundaries where a part of the ocean lithosphere submerges underneath the continental plate boundary. Granite quarries become visible after land has...
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...Vic Camp Natural Disasters Study Guide — Extinctions, Impacts, and Volcano science What are tektites? * Natural glass rocks formed by impact of small meteorites on Earth’s surfaceWhat is Iridium? * Rare element in Earth’s crust, but high concentrations of some meteoritesWhat is shocked quartz? * Could only be produced with a strong impact on Earth; found commonly in relation to known meteorite impact sitesIn what way are tektites, Iridium, and shocked quartz related to the K/T extinction event? * In what way are the Deccan and Siberian flood basalt provinces related to mass extinction events? * Which of these is related to the Permian extinction (the greatest mass extinction event of all time)? * Siberian Flood basalt: Permian extinction (95% died). . . which is related to the K/T extinction? * Deccan Flood basalt: K.T. extinction (70% died)What is the anti-podal hypothesis? * The idea that pairs of opposite hot spots may result from the impact of a large meteorWhat geologic time unit (Eon, Era, Period, Epoch) represents the greatest expanse of geologic time? * Eon (An indefinitely long period of time)What is the Era of Ancient Life called? * Paleozoic Era (Age of invertebrates) - 543 m.y.a. . . . the Era of Middle Life? * Mesozoic Era (Age of dinosaurs) - 251 m.y.a.. . . the Era of Recent Life? * Cenozoic Era (Age of mammals) - 65 m.y.a.. . . the age of the Dinosaurs? * Era of Middle Life. . . the age of Mammals? * Era of Recent LifeKnow...
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