...In the 18Century British Caribbean the sugar cane plant was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the British Colonies along with other colonies owned by other European Powers. Almost every island was covered with sugar plantations and mills for refining the cane for its sweet properties. The main source of labor until the abolition of slavery was African slaves. These plantations produced eighty to ninety percent of the sugar consumed in Western Europe. Due to the Fact that so many percentage of the main source of sweetener came from the Caribbean during the 18 century it meant that British Plantations in the region was very highly complex to ensure the maintenance of productivity for profit making. It also meant that the plantations were highly secured to ensure that profit was made in every capacity and that the enslave would continued to put out maximum work effort. West Indian sugar estates varied in size from a few hundred to several thousand acres, according to soil, climatic and physical geographical conditions. An average estate measured about five hundred acres and was laid out according to an almost regular pattern. THE estate land consisted of a number of clearly defined parts. In the hey-day of plantation agriculture, the greater part of the estate was devoted to sugar-cane cultivation. This portion was usually the best land since the planter's aim was maximum profit which could into sections or fields in order to facilitate land use, that...
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...On a typical 18th century sugar plantation was divided into several sections each for their own different purpose. A portion was used for the cane fields, pastures, woodlands, provision grounds, work yards and living quarters for managers and labour. According to Claypole and Robottom, most plantations had from three to live cane fields each surrounded by a closely trimmed hedge or stone wall to keep out cattle. Each year one was generally left fallow another grows a second crop of rations and the others were planted with new canes. Each field was divided by narrow roads into smaller square plots of 6-9 hectares. This made it easier for the overseer to control the rate of the slave gangs’ work and to organize the movement of cut cane to the wok yard. [Caribbean Story Book 1 3rd Editionp.96]. “The sugar work yard consisted of the mill, boiling house, curing house, distillery, trash house and workshops for skilled craftsmen like black smith and carpenters”[A Study and Revision Guide for CXC Caribbean History p.35], stood in the middle of the cane fields. The factory buildings were closely positioned to prevent having to travel far distance from one place to another. Woodland was a very essential source on the plantation site. It hold many uses. According to Hamilton-Willie, The woodland provided lumber for building purposes, as well as fuel for the boilers, and for cooking. . [A study and Revision Guide for CXC Caribbean History p. 35]. Provision grounds...
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...Introduction This School Based Assessment is based on what happened on the 18th century sugar plantation in the British it was structured for jobs. It will also provide information on the roles that the slaves played. Sugar cane was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the Caribbean. Generally speaking, the different types of persons living on the plantation were Negroes and Whites. It is land economy that influenced the social and political values of the plantation. THEME: Caribbean Economy and Slavery. Research Topic: How did land economy help in the 18th century British plantation? How to describe the social and political effects of the sugar plantation? What factors caused a disruption of the process of producing sugar? RESEARCH QUESTION: ‘The layout of a typical 18th century British Caribbean sugar plantation ensured self-sufficiency and maximized efficiency.’ Does the evidence support this statement? RATIONALE: On a typical eighteenth century plantation self- sufficiency was promoted by workers, fuel, water source, sugar works yard and sugar being the main crop, along with the practice of subsistence farming all being on the plantation. Generally speaking, the categories of a persons living on the plantation were Negroes and whites. The research will create a balanced perspective with regards to the self-sufficiency and maximized...
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...Economy and Slavery “The layout of a typical 18th century British Caribbean sugar plantation ensured self- sufficiency and maximized efficiency.” Does the evidence support this statement? Rationale On a typical eighteenth century plantation self- sufficiency was promoted by workers, fuel, water source, sugar works yard and sugar being the main crop, along with the practice of subsistence farming all being on the plantation. Generally speaking, the categories of a persons living on the plantation were Negroes and whites. The research will create a balanced perspective with regards to the self-sufficiency and maximized efficiency Introduction Generally speaking, the categories of persons living on the plantation were Negroes and Whites. The Negroes houses were set apart from the estate buildings of the plantation in close proximity to the fields to enable easier access to work. "As you enter the gates, there is a long range of negro houses, like thatched cottages and a row of coconut trees and clumps of cotton trees." [Lady Nugent p. 28]. Their houses were made of wattle, mud or timber. The planter or his attorney in his absence would occupy the Great House. The other whites', overseers, bookkeepers etc. houses were located in close proximity to the Great House, which better enable them to supervise the slaves. The sugar works yard was located at the center of the plantation, a considerable walking distance away from the Great house. "The sugar works yard consisted of...
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...RATIONALE MY reason for doing this topic is to find out about the sugar plantation and how it started, and how it got known around the world and understands how a sugar plantation works, and how sugarcane was converted to MASCAVODO SUGAR. INTRODUCTION THIS S.B.A is based on activities that took place on an 18th century sugar-cane plantation in the West Indies it was structured the jobs. THE various jobs during in-crop and out-crop seasons, it will also provide information on the roles that the slaves played and sugar –cane was converted to MUSCOVADO sugar. THE sugar - cane plant was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the Caribbean through the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, as almost every island was covered with sugar plantations and mills for refining the cane for its sweet properties. Layout of the 18th century plantation West Indian sugar estates varied in size from a few hundred to several thousand acres, according to soil, climatic and physical geographical conditions. An average estate measured about five hundred acres and was laid out according to an almost regular pattern. THE estate land consisted of a number of clearly defined parts. In the hey-day of plantation agriculture, the greater part of the estate was devoted to sugar-cane cultivation. This portion was usually the best land since the...
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...During the 1700 _ 1750 Sugar Cane was the main cultivated crop in Jamaica which was the number one leading cultivator, this is due to the well fertile soil and tropical climate. In the 17th century the typical layout of a Jamaican sugar estate was set with the mills in the centre of the estate for easy access for slaves to transport the reaped crop to convert the cane to sugar after they were harvested before fermentation process would occur. So on the plantation the mills was the first stop for the cut cane in specific lengths know as fraggots, here it was crushed between heavy iron rollers to extract the juices. “On the estate there were three types of mills the Water mill, Wind mill and Animal mill where the estate could benefit from the swift flowing rivers which water wheels were built to drive the mills”. ( Beckles and Shepherd 128 liberties lost) . Due to the mills planters profits increased substantially because more sugar was produced in a shorter time because slaves wouldn’t have to manufacture the sugar totally by hand which took a longer time and produced smaller quantities. In the division of the labour force on the estate it was divided into two main groups for production the White employees which occupied the managerial and supervisory positions on the estate whose duty was to ensure that all the material, equipment and the other necessities for the production process is right on the plantation. The slaves who had various task...
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...Typical Sugar Plantation LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL 18YH CENTURY PLANTATION According to Claypole plantation lands were divided into several sections: cane fields, pastures lands, woodlands, provision grounds, work yards and living quarters for managers and labourers. Most plantations had from three to five cane fields, each surrounded by closely trimmed trees and walls made of lumber or stone wall to protect the crop from cattle. Each field was divided by narrow roads into smaller square plots of 6-9 hectares. This made it easier to manage the gangs that were cutting the cane and the movement to the work yard. According to Hamilton Wille the pastures lands were areas that was reserved for animals, mainly cattle, horses and mules ,and were extremely important. They provided manure for the cane fields and vegetable plots, and some could be even slaughtered to provide meat for supplement the diet of the estate population. The woodland provided lumber for the estate. Lumber was used for a various purposes such as the construction of buildings as well as fuel for the boilers and for cooking. Provisions grounds were unused lands and were generally cultivated on marginal lands, and were extremely important to both the planters and to the slaves. Caribbean history for cxc, Provisions grounds were poor lands on the plantation given to the slaves so that they may grow their own food, working the ground in whatever free time they were given and on Sundays. This was...
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...Lucas Pinckney: Was in Charge of 3 South Carolina plantations by the age of 16. Imported indigo to her plantation, which became a very important cash crop. John Smith: Leader of Jamestown Colony in Virginia. First explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay part of the first settlement to the New World. Helped save colony from devastation. Anne Hutchinson: Was a Puritan spiritual adviser and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her supporters. John Rolfe: Was married to Pocahontas and moved to England with her. Most notably established the tobacco industry in the colonies and was killed by Indians upon re-arrival in the new world. Pocahontas: Was a Virginia Indian notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Daughter of Powhatan and married to John Rolfe. John Calvin: Influential Frenchman who helped develop Calvinism, which contained the idea of pre-destination. He Fled to America for religious freedom. Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese explorer selected by King Charles of Spain who organized the Spanish expedition to the East Indies, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the earth. He commanded ships. Part II – Identification: Plantation: Usually located in the south....
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...Imperialism and the Commodification of Hawaii During the age of imperialism, the United States began to emerge as a rising imperial power in the nineteenth century. As a rising power, the United States was interested in expanding their territorial claims. The islands of Hawaii became appealing as a potential expansion target when business relations were established and the sugarcane plantations were created. As business relations with the sugarcane industry became successful, the United States wanted more control over the Hawaiian Kingdom. Inevitably, the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy led to annexation of Hawaii as an official territory of the United States. The motives for territory expansion of the United States were driven by imperialism, which retained the similar motives of early industrialization. The economic success of early industrialization is the foundation that reflects the desire of the United States to annex Hawaii in order to protect their financial investments. As industrialization was taking place, the foundation of the modern corporation demonstrates the economic ambitions for establishing control over a rising industrial society. The United States began industrialization in the 1820s when a cotton textile industry was created. As the cotton textile industries became successful, it led to an increase in diverse and mass production of other items such as uniforms, shoes, clocks, etc. (Bentley, Ziegler & Streets-Salter, 2010). As factories were undergoing...
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...----------------------------------------AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION ------------------------------------------ PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA REGULATION OF PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER : 111 of 2007 CONCERNING AMENDMENT TO REGULATION OF PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER: 77 of 2007 CONCERNING THE LIST OF BUSINESSES CLOSED AND LIST OF BUSINESSES OPENED WITH RESERVATION IN THE INVESTMENT SECTOR WITH THE MERCY OF THE GOD ALMIGHTY THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA, Considering: a. That, with the issuance of the Presidential Regulation Number 77 of 2007 concerning the List of Businesses closed and the List of Businesses opened to Investment, constituting the implementation of paragraph (4) of Article 12 and paragraph (1) of Article 13 of the Law Number: 25 of 2007 concerning business Investment, sectors the arrangement opened of closed and with reservation in such Presidential Regulation shall be made clearer in order to prevent -1- any possible misinterpretation from happening; b. that, with respect to point a above, in is necessary Regulation to stipulate an a Presidential to of the 2007 concerning amendment Number 77 Presidential Regulation concerning the List of Businesses Closed and the List of Businesses Opened to Investment; In view of: 1. Paragraph (1) of Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia of 1945; 2. The Law Number: 25 of 1992 concerning Cooperatives...
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...The Colonial Brazil is called historical period ranging from the arrival of the first Europeans in 1500, until independence in 1822. In this period, Brazil was under the political domination of Portugal. The Portuguese colonization of America began motivated by economic and strategic reasons. On the one hand because of the economic decline of profits in the trade with the East and the commercial possibilities Brazil tree, the bark of which produced a red dye used for dyeing textiles. And among the strategic reasons, the main one was fighting Spanish or French ambitions in this area. Eventually, France and Holland won some strategic regions such as the island of Sao Luis, the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Recife, and part of the states of Pernambuco , Paraíba and Alagoas. In 1530, the Portuguese crown expelled the French who surrounded the coast of Brazil , as were lands belonging to Portugal since 1500. In 1533, King of Portugal, Joao III divided the territory of Brazil in 13 stripes or captaincies , 150 miles wide each, what influenced the privacy of Portuguese colonization . These captaincies were distributed or granted to Portuguese nobles hereditary for life... The nobles who received them committed to evangelize the natives, settlers recruit and develop economically the captaincy. The territory to be established in Brazil was deeply marked by slavery in the era of European colonization. The boundaries between Spain and Portugal were established in 1492 shortly after Spain...
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...ORIGINAL POST 1 – Conditions Faced by Slaves I believe one of the strongest aspects of the film lay in its depiction and explanation of the conditions faced by slaves on the transatlantic ships of the 18th century. The former victim of the slave trade, Olaudah Equiano, gave a horrifying account of the four by four feet compartments in which the salves were forced to stay for weeks. The mention of the blood, feces, and vomit were enough to acquaint us with the realities of the slave trade. This makes the film valuable to the study of history, because it allows us to understand why abolitionism received such popular support in 1787-1788 (Drescher, 43). It brings the “distaste and revulsion that the overseas slave system evoked” (Drescher, 43) right in front of our eyes As well, the brutality and morality of the slave ships was a popular subject for propaganda (Drescher, 49), which the film also portrays effectively. In the scene where Wilberforce commands a crowd of wealthy, affluent people to experience the stench of a slave ship, and continually urges them to “remember”, we can see how the inhumanity against the slaves can be used as a propaganda tool. Also, the scene in which Clarkson brings a set of chains to Wilberforce’s house shows how abolitionists could use this subject matter as an effective argument (52), not entirely outside the realm of propaganda. The film presented a visual reconstruction of the past, in terms of the tactics abolitionists used, and allowed us to...
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...DETAILED PROJECT REPORT OF 2500 TCD SUGAR WITH 14 MW COGENERATION PLANT For OM SUGARS PVT LTD., BC – 132 LODGE ROAD, BOGARVES CAMP, BELGAUM By Ugar Consultancy Ltd., Ugar Khurd, Tq Athani Dist Belgaum MAY 2011 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROJECT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. INTRODUCTION NEED FOR THE PROJECT SUGAR CANE AVAILABILITY PRODUCT SALE POLICY TECHNO COMMERCIAL ASPECTS LOCATION AND SITE ASSOCIATED DETAILS TECHNICAL FEATURES (SPECIFICATIONS) OF MAJOR EQUIPMENTS 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR PROCESS RISK ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT PROJECT COST ESTIMATION PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE MANPOWER REQUIREMENT LIST OF ANNEXURES 13. ANNEXURE – I KERC / KPTCL POLICY LIST OF APPENDICES 14. 15. APPENDIX – I BAGASSE ANALYSIS APPENDIX – II CANE TRASH ANALYSIS 124 125 118 – 123 85 – 97 98 – 104 105 – 109 110 – 114 115 – 117 1–8 9 – 11 12 – 16 17 – 19 20 – 36 37 – 39 40 – 47 48 – 59 60 – 84 16. 17. APPENDIX – III RICE HUSK ANALYSIS APPENDIX – IV COAL ANALYSIS LIST OF DRAWINGS 126 127 18. DRAWING – I BAGASSE BALANCE – SEASON OPERATION 128 19. 20. 21. DRAWING – II STEAM BALANCE – SEASON OPERATION DRAWING – III POWER BALANCE – SEASON OPERATION DRAWING – IV STEAM BALANCE – NON CRUSHING OPERATION 129 130 131 22. DRAWING – V POWER BALANCE – NON CRUSHING OPERATION 132 23. DRAWING – VI HEAT & MASS BALANCE - SEASON OPERATION 133 24. DRAWING – VII HEAT & MASS BALANCE – NON CRUSHING SEASON 134 25. 26. 27...
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...PARLIAMENT OF ZIMBABWE FIRST SESSION - SIXTH PARLIAMENT FOURTH REPORT OF THE PORTFOLIO COMMITTEE ON LANDS, LAND REFORM, AGRICULTURE, RESETTLEMENT AND WATER DEVELOPMENT ON THE VIABILITY OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY Presented to Parliament on 6 June 2006 [S.C 15, 2006] ORDERED IN TERMS OF STANDING ORDER No. 151: 1) At the commencement of every session, there shall be as many select committees to be designated according to government portfolios to examine expenditure, administration and policy of government departments and other matters falling under their jurisdictions as the House may by resolution determine and whose members shall be nominated by the Standing Rules and Orders Committee. Such nominations shall take into account the expressed interests, experience or expertise of the members and the political and gender composition of the House. TERMS OF REFERENCE OF PORTFOLIO COMMITTEES S.O 152 Subject to these Standing Orders a Portfolio Committee shall: a) Consider and deal with all Bills and Statutory Instruments which are referred to it by or under resolution of me House or by the Speaker, consider or deal with an appropriation or money bill referred to it by these Standing Orders or by or under resolution of this House; and b) Monitor, investigate, enquire into and make recommendations relating to any aspect of the legislative programme, budget, rationalization, policy formulation or any other matter it...
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