...can be used to determine effective leadership. The interactional framework for analyzing leadership depicts leadership as a function of three elements (level of analysis): the leader, the followers, and the situation. It can be used to analyze leadership scenarios from each level of analysis separately, which can be useful. However, using the framework as an analysis tool for leadership situations is more effective when analyzing the interactions between the different levels of analysis. For instance, it may be useful to examine a leadership scenario by analyzing the situation and determining the level of stress, the environment, or the task at hand but more information can be gathered by analyzing the interaction between the leader and the situation. If the leader can perform actions to modify the situation, to lessen the stress of the situation for example, there may be a resulting positive effect on the followers. This example highlights one of the unique and useful aspects of the interactional framework for analyzing leadership: the importance placed on the interactions between the leader, the followers, and the situation. The interactional framework for analyzing leadership scenarios is best represented by a Venn diagram, as drawn below, where each level of analysis (leader, followers, and situation) are drawn as open circles that overlap, with all three circles overlapping in the middle. The areas where the circles overlap represent the relationships between the three levels...
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...Introduction There are many people believe leader just is a people who set goals and achieve the goals with their follower. In fact, it is because they have leadership. Whether he or she is a leader or employee has leadership who can be a leader. Since leadership is a process and it include influence (Northouse 2012). Different approaches define different style of leadership. There is no any perfect leader in the world. The so-called gains will lose, every approach of leadership have their pro and con. Actually, every approach of leadership may have some same point in it. Observation carefully, you will know each leadership has their special thing and it influence themselves and their follower directly or indirectly. Definition of three theories Trait approach In the leadership research history, trait approach is the oldest approach and is a first leadership approach attempts to study. Until 1940, people believe leader’s ability is born, so they can be a leader, instead of train by acquired. Therefore, many researches focus on internal. Stogdill (1974) list 10 traits that leader should have. For the reason that you want to find a leader, it just to find the people whose trait can fit your job require. However, it hard to define trait and there must have more than 10 traits can act in concert with leader. In addition, it is hard to train or develop a people who do not have those trait that they to be a people who having those trait. Different people hold...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Leadership is a process and not a position that involves interactions between leaders and followers at different situations. To understand leadership, this paper will review some of the leadership theories which may be applicable on a leader. The paper will talk about a senior supervisor, Mr.X from ABC Company, a well-known financial institute. ABC Company is Canada’s fifth largest bank and one of the Big Five banks. The introduction of the paper will give a brief background on the leader and the company. Followed by that it will outline some of the leadership theories that best apply to the leader. The report will discuss leader-member exchange theory, situational leadership model, path-goal theory and the action-observation-reflection model. To understand the principles better, relevant examples will be provided. The paper will also mention a situation where the author of this report may have acted differently than the leader. The report will conclude with appropriate recommendations for overall improvement in the leadership process. In this paper, the names of the organisation and the leader have been changed to ABC Company and Mr.X to maintain confidentiality. INTRODUCTION ABC Company claims that its senior executives set the strategic direction for the company and provide leadership to more than 44,000 employees as they help our 11 million clients (ABC Company 2015). In this huge company, Mr.X has been a senior supervisor in...
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...Leaders and Followers Leadership has been defined as the process of influencing others in a manner that enhances their contribution to the realization of group goals (Haslam, 2004). Studies conducted on leadership styles and theories led to an abundance of information. The study of leadership has identified different styles exhibited by leaders. Leaders predominantly use a single style or may demonstrate the use of different styles depending on the situation. Scholars today have discussed the nature of leadership in terms of interaction among the people involved. The leader is not the work of a single person; but rather a "collaborative endeavor" among group members (Rost, 2008). With such a wide definition it can be assumed that effective leadership may depend on the combination of the leader, the follower, the situation, or any mixture of these aspects. This paper will discuss contingency, transformational, and transactional theories and the relationship between leaders and followers. The implications that these theoretical perspectives have on organizations as well as the organizational psychology development (OPD) professional concern with developing and implementing a talent management and development strategy through an organization's leaders. How these theories play out in my organization will also be discussed. Contingency, Transformational, and Transactional Theories During the 1960's and 1970's leadership theories were developed under the 'contingency' perspective...
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...management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations. Organizations are individually different, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing. Contingency Approaches to leadership Effectiveness: Researchers using the trait and behavioral approaches showed that effective leadership depended on many variables, such as organizational culture and the nature of tasks. No one trait was common to all effective leaders. No one style was effective in all situations. Researchers therefore began trying to identify those factors in each situation that influenced the effectiveness of a particular leadership style. Taken together, the theories resulting from this research constitute the contingency approach to leadership. These theories focus on the following factors: 1. Task requirements 2. Peers’ expectations and behavior 3. Employees’ characteristics expectations and behavior 4. Organizational culture and policies In contingency theory of leadership, the success of the leader is a function of various contingencies in the form of subordinate, task, and/or group variables. The effectiveness of a given pattern of leader behavior is contingent upon the demands imposed by the situation. These theories stress using different styles of leadership appropriate to the needs created by different organizational situations. No single...
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... and control successful leadership. A leadership model is a sample for copying or used in a given position. All the contingency leadership theories having the leadership models. The leadership theory is the lengthy document that clarify the variables and leadership styles to be used in a given contingency situation. The leadership model is the small arbitrary of the theory to be used when choosing the proper leadership style for a given situation. 2. What contingency leadership variables are common to all of the theories? Answer: The contingency leadership variables used to describe the relevant leadership style are the leader, followers (employees), and situation. The leader element is positioned on personality traits, nature, and experience. The follower’s factor is pointed on effectiveness and motivation. The conditional factor is based on task, structure, and environment. A leader to be powerful, there must be a relevant fit between the leader’s nature and style and the followers and the situation. This leadership theory bid to explain the applicable leadership style positioned on the leader, followers (employees), and situation. 3. How does the global economy relate to contingency leadership? Answer: Most of the companies are looking for the good graduates with an international acceptance and extensibility of the global economy. William established that Japanese were very hard and led differently...
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...they all can be very effective under the right situation and administered by the right person. At the same time each style may show similarities to one another, they are also three very different types of leadership. The first is based on transforming the followers and creating a more independent environment, the second is a lead by example style where the leader motivates the followers by being one of with the followers, and the charismatic leader focuses on inspiring the followers to be more than they are. As you read through this paper you will see how I show each style as a proven method of leading, while staying objective to show how not one is actually the "Perfect" method, because every situation requires a leader to adjust their leadership style, and what works for one person or situation necessarily won't work for another . Also, you will see that each of these methods rely on a lot of the same core values and morals within the leader themselves. Also you will be presented with thought provoking information that shows in some instances these methods are actually ineffective and could cause a situation to actually get worse, because there are certain situations that don't call for a leader to motivate and create a culture, but instead a leader that is more assertive and demands compliance rather than earning it. Because when a situation is of urgency or emergency there is little time for including and taking the followers concerns and inputs into consideration. ...
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...effectiveness. Discuss with example to indentify how I understand about these approaches by using real organization and how they work and help the organizations more efficiency. II. Three Leadership Approaches 1. The Trait Approach As one of the earliest theories of leadership, Trait approach suggests that certain individuals have special inborn characteristics or qualities which support people to be leaders, and that it is these qualities that differentiate them from non-leaders. (Northouse P.G 2013) Personal attributes or characteristics of leaders, such as physical and personality trait, competencies and values are the key ideas of trait approach. (Gardner. J.W 1989) Self-confidence, intelligence, ambition, perseverance, assertiveness, emotional stability, creativity, and motivation such a list of characteristics is the main factors to be successful leader. The lists are not exhaustive and typically omitted some important leadership traits. * Strengths of The Trait Approach The first strength is that the trait approach is intuitively appealing. It clears to seeking that leader who are out front and leading the way in our society. The trait approach is consistent those with gifts who can do...
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...of authority. Management says what need to get done and supplies the material to get it done. Management tends to be the more educated than the experienced. Managers can be trained to hold a position. Management is a position of leadership. Can leadership and management be the same? Leadership and management are not the same. Anyone can be a manager and not have any followers. Being able to manage is knowing the aspects of a mission. A leader knows the aspects, has the knowledge and the skills to accomplish the mission. But leadership and management work hand in hand with each other. The management sets the stage and the leadership makes it happen. Leadership is a human relationship process. No scientific method can be used for testing leadership. Leadership is based on human factors and no two humans are the same. Managers are not only interested in status quo, but also production, expansion and growth. Management was a system to control machines. Leadership can never be controlled. Where one sits in life determines what you see. To be a good manager one must look at views from different perspectives. As situations change, leadership relations change. Leadership cannot be transactional. It can only work if both parties keep their agreements. A class survey was held to...
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...topic. The oldest and perhaps most widely studied viewpoint on leadership is from a leader-centric model, that is, leadership is a function only of the leader, his traits, personality, and competencies. With nearly a century of research to support this leader-centered view of leadership, it is foundational to the understanding of leadership. More recent studies of leadership however, have expanded our understanding to include leadership as a dynamic, fluid process involving leaders, followers, relationships, and situational contexts. Jon L. Pierce and John W. Newstrom suggest that underlying the various perspectives on leadership exists a commonly agreed upon idea: “[leadership] is a sociological phenomenon involving the intentional exercise of influence by one person over one or more other individuals, in an effort to guide activities toward the attainment of some mutual goal, a goal that requires interdependent action among members of the group” (Pierce & Newstrom, 2008). The mission of the typical organization is to achieve it’s goals and objectives through it’s leadership of people, processes and systems. How then, does the leadership of an organization effect it’s overall success? Through my research, it can be demonstrated that an organization whose leadership is based on trust, honesty, integrity, relationships, and respect of persons will be a successful organization. Great leaders start with great characteristics. The article, Leadership: Do Traits Matter?, by S...
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...the achievement of a goal or goals. Three important parts of this definition are the terms interpersonal, influence, and goal. · Interpersonal means between persons. Thus, a leader has more than one person (group) to lead. · Influence is the power to affect others. · Goal is the end one strives to attain. Basically, this traditional definition of leadership says that a leader influences more than one person toward a goal. The definition of leadership used in this course follows. LEADERSHIP is a dynamic relationship based on mutual influence and common purpose between leaders and collaborators in which both are moved to higher levels of motivation and moral development as they affect real, intended change. (Kevin Freiberg and Jackie Freiberg, NUTS! Southwest Airlines' Crazy Recipe for Business and Personal Success, Bard Press, 1996, p. 298) Three important parts of this definition are the terms relationship, mutual, and collaborators. Relationship is the connection between people. Mutual means shared in common. Collaborators cooperate or work together. This definition of leadership says that the leader is influenced by the collaborators while they work together to achieve an important goal. Leadership versus Management A leader can be a manager, but a manager is not necessarily a leader. The leader of the work group may emerge informally as the choice of the group. If a manager is able to influence people to achieve the goals of the organization, without using his or her...
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...Leader interview The person I interviewed is a leader who has rich work experience over 25 years. I will called him Mike in this paper. Before I interviewed him, I searched a lot of information about the history of his company’s development. Even the questions I prepared before are common and general, however, some of his unique answers demonstrate that he is a good leader who performs well during his workplace. In his view, of course, a leader is the person who not only sets goals for the company, but also makes decisions to lead the company into the right directions. Despite these things which seem as common sense in our’s mind, he has special definitions of “leadership”. Firstly, a good leader is a pioneer. You may have many solving plans when facing with a problem. When most of your co-workers or followers prone to prefer one of these plans, you have to figure out what are the strengths, weaknesses and chances of success of other plans by yourself. Keeping openness sometimes makes him feel lonely during the decision making process since what he does is beyond example. Another definition is that leadership is not only leading followers, but also empowering talented followers. It depends on to what extend you trust your followers. Trust plays an important role in a good leadership. When question comes to the characters a best leader possesses, he lists some traits which are modestly related to leadership success, such as intelligence, responsibility, dominance...
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...activities of an individual or a group in efforts towards goal achievement in a given situation”. Meaning of Leadership can be categorized into two categories: i. leadership as process: As a process, leadership uses its influence of position to direct, motivate and coordinate the group activities to achieve the organizational goals. ii. Leadership as a property: The property concept of leadership believes that leaders possess basic characteristics or traits. Leaders to influence the group activities successfully, use these characteristics. This view considers leadership as a part of one’s personality. Importance of leadership: The importance of leadership can be: 1.Goal Determination: leadership provides vision, mission and direction. It is concerned with establishing goals for the organization. It integrates goals of the individual and the organization 2.Environmental adaptation: leadership is innovative and change oriented. It adapts the organization to the dynamic changes in the environment. 3.Task focus: leadership gives close attention to planning and organizing of task. Work related goals and activities are specified for groups and individuals. 4.People Focus: A leader without follower is unthinkable. Leaders are friends, philosophers and guides for followers. They facilitate interactions. They maintain people focus through coordination, communication and motivation. 5.Representation: Leaders represents the organization to the outside world. Agreements are...
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...aspiring to become scholars, practitioners and leaders in a particular field of study. These theories were selected to provide information and to offer a review of the characteristics and main points of significance of each theory. The following models will be examined: Transformational leadership, Transactional leadership, Situational leadership and Charismatic leadership. It is important to look at each model separately to understand and define the uniqueness of each of the theories. In addition, to providing definitions for each model, a brief summary will state general similarities. The summation will also indicate that each of the leadership theories is unique with a particular purpose and outcome. Leadership Models Essay Many leadership models have accumulated for as long as there have been leaders. To determine the characteristic associated with leadership styles and the relationship to the zeitgeist some theorists have defined leadership into attribute approaches and periods. “The scientific study of leadership can be roughly divided into three periods: the trait period from around 1910 to World War II, the behavior period, from the onset of World War II to the late 1960s, and the contingency period, from the late 1960s to the present” (Chemers, 1995, p. 83). Scholars still observe leaders worldwide to determine how to define the essence of leaders that can motivate followers during situations and under circumstances that in many cases...
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...Title: Who is the more effective leader? Executive Summary “Leadership is a complex phenomenon involving the leader, the followers and the situation” (Hughes, Ginnett and Curphy, 2012, p3). This paper will look at two leaders, one from the corporate sector and the other from the not-for-profit sector, Gail Kelly and Ian Cox. Both have developed styles of leadership to ensure they interact with their followers within particular environments and situation. Interactional framework needs to be taking into account, rather than looking at leaders, followers or situation in isolation, as this provides a complete view of the leadership process. The interactive nature of leader-followers-situation helps understand the changing nature of the leader-follower relationship and the increasingly greater complexity of situations leaders and followers face. An analysis of Gail Kelly’s and Ian Cox’s leadership styles exposes some similarities, within vastly different situations and followers. Daniel Goleman (2000) identified six different leadership styles, authoritative, affiliative, pace-setting, democratic, coaching and coercive. Both Kelly and Cox employ different styles in their attempt to gear the followers towards attainment of a goal, objectives and the fulfillment of a vision. The organisations that Ms Kelly and Mr Cox are employed have defined their leadership. Kelly heads and organisation who main goal is to make profits for its shareholders, whereas Cox’ role is...
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