...Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 6 (5): 532-536, 2010 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2010 Phytochemical Studies and in vitro Cytotoxicity Screening of Piper betle Leaf (PBL) Extract 1 Sundeep Chaurasia, 2G.T. Kulkarni and 1L.N. Shetty 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58 Bypass Road, Baghpat Crossing, MEERUT 250 005 UP, India 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, KATHOG 177 101 The. Dehra, Dist. Kangra, HP, India Abstract: Piper betle leaves (Family: Piperaceae) have been used in Chinese and Indian folk medicine for centuries and recently been proposed to be used as a chemopreventive agent because of its anti-oxidant activity. In the present paper, Piper betle leaves were standardized for stomatal index, vein islet and vein termination numbers, palisade ratio, UV fluorescence and different ash values. The Piper betle leaves are earlier reported to possess anticancer potential. Hence, the aqueous extract of the leaves was subjected to cytotoxicity studies on Hep-2 cell line using MTT and SRB assays. The mean CTC50 was found to be 96.25 µg/mL, which proved the potent cytotoxicity and hence, the probable anticancer property of the selected extract. Key words: Betel Leaf Anticancer Phytochemical characterization and its leaves, with a strong pungent and aromatic flavour, are widely consumed as a mouth freshener [4]. The leaves are credited with wound healing, digestive...
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...The Last Leaf Many artists lived in the Greenwich Village area of New York. Two young women named Sue and Johnsy shared a studio apartment at the top of a three-story building. Johnsy's real name was Joanna. In November, a cold, unseen stranger came to visit the city. This disease, pneumonia, killed many people. Johnsy lay on her bed, hardly moving. She looked through the small window. She could see the side of the brick house next to her building. One morning, a doctor examined Johnsy and took her temperature. Then he spoke with Sue in another room. "She has one chance in -- let us say ten," he said. "And that chance is for her to want to live. Your friend has made up her mind that she is not going to get well. Has she anything on her mind?" "She -- she wanted to paint the Bay of Naples in Italy some day," said Sue. "Paint?" said the doctor. "Bosh! Has she anything on her mind worth thinking twice -- a man for example?" "A man?" said Sue. "Is a man worth -- but, no, doctor; there is nothing of the kind." "I will do all that science can do," said the doctor. "But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages at her funeral, I take away fifty percent from the curative power of medicines." After the doctor had gone, Sue went into the workroom and cried. Then she went to Johnsy's room with her drawing board, whistling ragtime. Johnsy lay with her face toward the window. Sue stopped whistling, thinking she was asleep. She began making a pen and ink drawing for a story...
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...Plants General Characteristics: * Multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well developed tissues * Autotrophic by photosynthesis * Chlorophyl a and b , carotenoids etc. * Store starch in chloroplast * Cell wall – cellulose * Protect the embryo from drying out by providing it with water and nutrients within the female reproductive structure * Alternation of generation’s life cycle ( sporophyte and gametophyte phase) Main Division: 1. Non Vascular * Lack vascular tissues * No true roots, stems and leaves * Rootlike, stemlike, and leaflike structures * Usually small * Found in moist habitat * Example: hornwort, liverwort, mosses 2. Vascular * Seedless * Include the ferns * With vascular tissues * With true roots, stems and leaves * Seed * Gymnosperm (naked seed) and Angiosperm (enclosed seed) * With vascular tissue * With true roots, stems and leaves * Gymnosperms * Cone bearing plants * Conifers * Cycads * Ginkgo * Gnetophytes * Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) A. Dicot (class Magniliopsida) * More primitive than monocots * Embryo has two cotyledon * Floral part’s in 4’s or 5’s or multiples of 4’s or 5’s * Mostly woody, some herbaceous stems * Oval or palmate leaves with netlike venation * Taproot system A. Monocot (class Liliopsida) ...
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...To be perfect short story neatness, brevity and a significant incident or an aspect of character or an experience of some psychological moment is essential. Within its short frame work, it must have a beginning, middle and an end. There must be completeness in its structure. All the elements plot, character, dialogue, descriptions and background must be organically connected with other. Generally a good story has a surprising end which bears a sense of endlessness. All these characteristics of a good short story are fulfilled in the short story of O Henry’s The Last Leaf. It has an ironical twist at the end that is surprising and at the same time striking to the readers. Old Behrman’s bold self sacrifice for the young Johnsy comes unexpectedly to the readers, but none the less convincing and admirable.The story if farther a parable of christian story of Resurrection and sacrifice. The story begins in a leisurely manner with the sketchy background. The old Greenwich village in which painters come to set up their art studio has curious maze streets criss-crossing one another. A traveler loses the directions of the streets. This description of the streets has relevance to the story in which a strong and strange psychological morbidity is focused. The main theme is then introduced it has two characters – Sue and Johnsy. They met together suddenly at a hotel and found themselves sharing taste chicory salad, bishop sleeves and in painting. They become intimate friends and in a cheap...
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...Running head: Three Science Lessons Three Science Lessons Sherry Pate Grand Canyon University EED 364 May 1, 2011 EEI Lesson Plan Student name: Telephone: Website: Implementation Date: |VITAL INFORMATION | |Author |Sherry Pate | |*Subject(s) |Science, Technology | |Topic or Unit of Study |Classification of plants and animals | |*Grade/Level |4th Grade | |*Summary |The students will learn how to classify plants and animals into groups based on their characteristics. | | |Some of the characteristics that students will look for include plants, animals, things, that lay eggs, | | |things that live underwater, etc. Students will be able to visualize and know that sometimes plants and | | |animals can be classified into more than one group depending on the features of the specific groups. ...
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...The last leaf “The Last Leaf” - The Hope That Heal. "The Last Leaf" by O. Henry is an interesting short story about a sick girl named Johnsy, who is deeply affected by a bare vine tree. Johnsy has decided she will not get well and has reconciled herself with the fact that she is going to die when the last leaf falls off the ivy bush outside her bedroom window. Johnsy's hopelessness and willingness to accept the worst without a fight is a major statement about the emotional state of the character. In his wonderful short-story “the last leaf”, using sacrificial themes, fear of pneumonia and a twist on the fatalistic tone, O.Henry depicted a really meaningful goal: Life must have hope. In brief, I love this story very much. Its plot and its characters are simply, but it is a very touching story that makes I recognize many things in life. Life is meaningful only for people who have hope and love. The hope helps us live better and heals our body and spirit. Hope is the foundation of our personal futures; each of us would probably suicide without hope. It is the virtue that helps us overcome obstacles. Without hope, we seem to give up easily like Johnsy in the story. Without hope, there is nothing. Another important thing in life is love. O. Henry, through the story, advices us should love ourselves and other people. The love between three persons, Johnsy, Sue and old Behrman makes a moving story. Johnsy had sometimes forgotten loving herself and cause the worry for Sue, but the...
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...Methods Harvesting. Harvest 2-3 young green compound leaves that show no signs of yellowing. Place collected leaves in a tray and transport them in a drying shade. Sorting and Cleaning. Immediately after harvest, clean and sort out collected the leaves from unnecessary materials such as dust and other foreign particles. Air-Drying. Lay out the leaves on a clean sheet of paper for 2-3 days. Manila paper, bond papers, and other similar materials can be used as the drying mat of the foliage. Do not sun dry for it would destroy Vitamins and minerals. Expect for the weight of leaves to decrease after drying. After the drying time, shake off the leaflets from the leaf petioles. The leaves will naturally fall-off or detach from the petiole. Shaking in screen or basket. Shake the dried leaves by using a 0.2-0.3cm fine mesh to remove leaf petiole that was shed out during the drying period. This process will eliminate other...
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...Effect of Leaf Stomata Density on Variation of Different Environmental Conditions Author: Patrick Sperandeo Institution: The Department of Biology, James Madison University ABSTRACT Plant structures that are usually found under trees leaves that control water loss are called stomata. Plants control water loss through the opening and closing of the stomata or by varying density. The purpose of this experiment was to see how sunlight exposure affected stomatal density. Since high light density associates with high stomata density, it was predicted that there was more stoma on higher leaves than lower leaves. However, there may be more stoma on lower leaves due to water stress; higher leaves would create shade for lower leaves. Therefore, the effect of differing leaf heights on stomata density was tested. In order to carry out the experiment, samples of 12 leaves were attained from each sample, “sun” and “shade”. Clear nail polish was applied to the samples making an inscription of the stomata. Clear tape removed the nail polish; the tape with the imprint was put on the slide. Under the 400x power, stomata were counted using the slide and the density was determined using a micrometer slide. Afterward a two sample t-test showed significant results at alpha value= 0.05. This supported the alternative hypothesis that varying leaf heights have an impact on stomata density. The prediction that higher levels of leaves topped lower ones when determining stomata was not supported. The...
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...Joshua Henderson 10/2/14 Comp 1 Descriptive assignment Trees that lined the dark trail were various bright colors of green. The trail was filled with ruts from previous bikers. Tread marks from their tires swerved up around the trail and mountain like snakes. The little light that could be seen peaked through the leaves above and shone lightly onto the floor of the surrounding forest. The light reflected off pools of water from the rain the night before and bounced into my eyes making it difficult to see. I pushed down hard on the dark metal peddles of my bike. The more I pushed the more the mud pushed back. With each downward stroke I could feel pain in my legs grow. I did my best to put the pain out of my mind as I continued to push against gravity, up the mountain. The bike covered in the mud and dirt from the days ride could easily pass for being aged, however, just a few weeks ago it was hanging from the store’s rack. The new heavily treaded tires dug well into the soft ground. Not once did my tires spin out, for the tread gripped the mud like spiked shoes gripping a football field. It was a surprisingly breezy day for the end of July; however, I could not feel the coolness. The hill had worked my body into a heavy sweat; it felt as though I was trying to peddle around the ring of a volcano. As I continued to push up the mountain the mud seemed to become deeper, its slush rose slowly until the bottom inch of the tire could not be seen. The more I pushed...
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...Nneze Akwiwu, Ruth Wangia & Bongeka Zuma General Physics 112 Dr. Derrick Hylton 02-16-2015 Desert Irrigation Problem Introduction As physics students in the second part of an introductory physics class, we have been tasked with considering the problem of famine that currently faces some parts of Africa. We have been tasked with answering the question of whether growing crops on desert land could alleviate the problem of famine if the desert was irrigated. We seek to explore whether irrigating the desert would make the land arable for crops growing above ground on trees. In the next set of calculations and explanations, we study the phenomenon of pressure, the principles that explain pressure and the variation with changing height. Using these, we will show that by manipulating the pressure that is exerted on the water, we can be able to grow plants in a desert, assuming that all the plants only need water to grow. We begin by exploring the various factors that can affect the growth of a tree on desert. Environmental Factors that determine desert irrigation Soil Type: Desert areas have highly permeable, and low water holding capacity sandy soils. Sandy soils have a low pore space and a high infiltration rate. The low pore space is responsible for the low water holding capacity. The depth of the soil layer of sand and gravel determines irrigation management decisions. Mohammed et al argues that the depth of soil layer greatly affects the available...
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...Ronnie Estes Rocky Mountain Flora March 31, 2015 Peachleaf Willow Family The peachleaf willow, Salix amygdaloides, is in the Willow Family Salicaceae. Peachleaf willows are small to medium sized willow trees that have single or branched stems reaching a height of about 12 meters tall (40 feet). The branches are flexible, shiny, and glabrous, with a green or yellow color. The leaves have finely serrate margins, are glabrous, lanceolate, green above, and pale to white glaucous below. The flowers are catkins, with deciduous bracts that are pale yellow, and villous on the inside. The fruits are glabrous, ovoid capsules (3-5 mm long) that release many small seeds with silky hairs (Stevens, 2003) (Fryer, 2012). Range The peachleaf willow is an over-story dominant species in many riparian ecosystems throughout the American West and Midwest. Peachleaf willow grows in areas with ample amounts of water such as the banks of streams and ponds, swamps, springs, low woods, roadside gullies, and sloughs. It ranges from Quebec, to southern Canada, British Columbia, and throughout most of the United States (Stevens, 2003). Habitat Benefits Riparian ecosystems benefit from willows by improving the water quality, stabilizing the soil and providing shade. The dense matrix of roots function as erosion control and as a sediment trap, stopping sediments, nutrients and pollutants from runoff and preventing them from entering the aquatic system. These benefits protect riparian zones from flood damage...
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...Transpiration and Leaf Resistance By: Bernina Berber Due: February 24, 2011 Lab: Thursday 1:40pm Section: 15227 Introduction Transpiration is a part of the water cycle process, and it is the loss of water vapor from parts of the plants. It is a process similar to evaporation. Evaporation and diffusion cause the plant tissue to have negative water potential. If you were to compare transpiration it would be like saying it is close to sweating (but in plants), especially in leaves but also in stems, flowers and roots. Stomata are dots with openings on top of the leaves surfaces, which in many plants have numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stomas are boarded by guard cells that open and close the pore. Leaf transpiration happens through stomata, it is considered as a necessary need associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration is very important for plants because it cools them and enables the mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots and shoots. The amount of water vapor within the plant tissue, air humidity, and air temperature all play a roll in the rate of transpiration. The rate of transpiration can be measured using the mass of water lost per unit area of leaf tissue relative to time. When you take a leaf from a plant it is obvious that water is lost from the tissue, however it has no source of water to compensate for its negative water potential, which keeps...
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...Department of State of the site or the opinions presented therein. Photographs © Shutterstock.com 2 THE LAST LEAF PRE-READING ACTIVITY 1: VOCABULARY MATCHING Some vocabulary words from the story “The Last Leaf” are listed below. Each word also has a picture that shows its meaning. In this activity, practice these words before you read. PART 1: MATCH AND REWRITE Directions: Use the pictures below to guess the meanings of the words. Use a dictionary to look them up, when needed, then match each word and picture to the definition provided. Words Definitions A type of disease or illness painter A flat, (usually green) part of a tree or plant growing from a stem or twig painting materials An artist who paints pictures masterpiece A part of a tree that grows out from the trunk sickness Things for painting, such as paint and brushes to get well A person’s best work, a great piece of art leaf To feel better, not be sick anymore branch 3 PART 2: WORDS IN CONTEXT Now practice these new words and phrases. The following sentences are from “The Last Leaf.” Each sentence is missing one word or phrase. Clues are given below each blank. Directions: 1. Read the sentence and the clue below each line. 2. Choose one word or phrase from the box to complete the sentence. 3. Write the word on the line. The first sentence has been completed as an example. leaf sickness painter masterpiece branch painting materials getting well 1. The doctor told me what your...
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...In his wonderful short-story The Last Leaf, O.Henry depicts a really admirable person - old Behrman. The story depicts the lives of artists in America at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. At that time arts people were massively settling in Greenwich Village attracted by eighteen century gables, Dutch attics and low rents, making this district an arts hub of this huge city. Two young artists Sue and Johnsy meet at a café. They become friends and find their tastes and opinions so congenial that they decide to have a joint studio and move to the top of a squatty, three-story brick house. November comes and Johnsy falls ill with pneumonia. She lies on her bed looking through the small Dutch window-panes at the blank side of the next brick house. The doctor sees that his patient has made up her mind that she is not going to get well and tells Sue privately that Johnsy has a one-in-ten chance of survival and "that chance is for her to want to live . If you get her to ask one question about the new winter styles in cloak sleeves I will promise you a one-in-five Chance for her, instead of one-in-ten". Johnsy has a high temperature; she mishears the doctor's words and thinks that when the last of the ten leaves of the ivy vine on the brick wall in front of their window falls down she will die, too. After a while Sue arranges a board and begins to paint a pen-and-ink drawing that she has to finish for the next day. She hears Johnsy's low voice, several times repeated, goes...
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...BIOLOGY 10 Introduction to Biology Laboratory Manual Prepared by: KLLabrador Table of Contents |Exercise |Title |Page No. | |1 |Observation and Description |2 | |2 |Formulation, Testing of Hypothesis, |6 | | |and Experimental Design | | |3 |The Use of Models and Controls |9 | |4 |Plant and Animal Tissues |14 | |5 |Cellular Respiration |22 | |6 |Photosynthesis |27 | |7 |Phylogeny and Systematics: Survey of Plant and Animal Families |30 | | ...
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