...Congestive Heart Failure FC IV Valvular Heart Disease Secondary to Rheumatic Heart Disease A case Presentation A Presented to: The Faculty College of Nursing Adventist University of the Philippines In Partial fulfillment Of the Course N303 Curative and Rehabilitative Nursing Care 1st Semester By: Tha Hnem Section F Presentation Date: September, 4, 2007 I. Introduction Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure (CHF), is a life-threatening condition in which the heart can no longer pump enough blood to the rest of the body. Heart failure is almost always a chronic, long-term condition, although it can sometimes develop suddenly. Rheumatic fever and Valvular Heart Disease also contributed to Heart Failure. This condition may affect the right side, the left side, or both sides of the heart. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever, including pancarditis (myocarditis, pericarditis, and endocarditis) during the early acute phase and chronic valvular disease later. Long-term antibiotic therapy can minimize recurrence of rheumatic fever, reducing the risk of permanent cardiac damage and eventual valvular deformity. In valvular heart disease, three types of mechanical disruption can occur; stenosis, or narrowing, of the valve opening: incomplete closure of the valve; or prolepses of the valve. They can result from such disorders as endocarditis (most common), congenital defects, and inflammation, and they...
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...Study 3 Unit 5 and Unit 6 AO is an 89-year-old woman with a long history of systolic heart failure secondary to a large left ventricular infarct when she was in her 70s. She had poor activity tolerance and required assistance with activities of daily living. Even minimal activity was associated with moderately severe dyspnea and exertional chest pain, which was relieved by rest. AO also exhibited marked pedal edema bilaterally. She is being treated with digitalis, furosemide (Lasix), KCl, (potassium chloride) and sublingual nitroglycerin. Discussion Questions 1. Which type of heart failure (left- or right-sided) is usually associated with dyspnea? What other clinical findings are likely to be present with left-sided heart failure? * The type of the heart failure that associated with dyspnea or difficult of breathing is the left-sided. The clinical findings that are more likely to be present in left-sided heart failure are pulmonary congestion, respiratory crackle (rale ), hypoxemia, high left atrial pressure, and acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. 2. What compensatory mechanisms are likely to be operative in A.O. to enhance cardiac output? 3. What is the most likely cause of AO’s pedal edema? The most likely cause of AO’S pedal edema is heart failure specially the right side heart failure due left side heart failure which leads to much pressure to right side of heart. 4. What is the cause of AO’s exertional chest pain? What laboratory tests would be...
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...According to Heart Society of America, "Heart failure is a condition that affects nearly five million Americans of all ages and is responsible for more hospitalization than all forms of cancer combined. Over 400,000 new cases of heart failure will be diagnosed in the next year. Yet many people with heart failure are not aware they have it because some of the most common symptoms of heart failure, such as feeling tired and short of breath, are often mistaken for normal signs of getting older" (2001). Heart failure develops following injury to the heart such as the damage caused by a heart attack, obesity, high cholesterol, advancing age, long-term high blood pressure, Diabetes, Enlargement of the heart, family history of enlarged heart, prolonged alcohol or drug addiction, and damage to the heart valves or history of a heart murmur (Heart failure Society of America, 2002). Heart failure does not mean that the heart suddenly stopped working or that you are about to die. Heart failure is a common condition that usually develops slowly as the heart muscle weakens and needs to work harder to keep blood flowing through the body. The heart pumps oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues and organs. The heart consists of four chambers, the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. Blood from the body enters the heart through the right atrium to the right ventricle, which brings blood to the lungs. It is here that carbon dioxide is removed from the blood...
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...2 A.O. is an 89-year-old woman with a long history of systolic heart failure secondary to a large left ventricular infarct when she was in her 70s. She had poor activity tolerance and required assistance with activities of daily living. Even minimal activity was associated with moderately severe dyspnea and exertional chest pain, which was relieved by rest. A.O. also exhibited marked pedal edema bilaterally. She is being treated with digitalis, furosemide (Lasix), KCl, and sublingual nitroglycerin. Discussion Questions: 1. Which type of heart failure (left or right sided) is usually associated with dyspnea? What other clinical findings are likely to be present with left-sided heart failure? The type of heart failure usually associated with dyspnea is left-sided. Other clinical findings likely to be present with left-sided heart failure are cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion such as orthopnea or basilar crackles. There would also be an increased heart rate and S3 heart sound while listening with a stethoscope. 2. What compensatory mechanisms are likely to be operative in A.O. to enhance cardiac output? The following compensatory mechanisms are likely to be operative to enhance cardiac output: myocardial hypertrophy due to prolonged stretch on the myocardium; baroreceptors will detect a low blood pressure and carbon monoxide levels, which would excite the sympathetic system due to an increased heart rate. During this mechanism the beta receptors will downregulate;...
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...23: Alterations in Cardiovascular Function) A.O. was an 89-year-old woman with a long history of heart failure secondary to a large left ventricular infarct. She had poor activity tolerance and required assistance with activities of daily living. Even minimal activity was associated with moderately severe dyspnea and exertional chest pain, which was relieved by rest. A.O. also exhibited marked pedal edema bilaterally. She took digitalis, furosemide (Lasix), KCl, and sublingual nitroglycerin. Discussion Questions 1.Which type of heart failure (left or right sided) is usually associated with dyspnea? What other clinical findings are likely to be present with this type of heart failure? A.O. has left sided heart failure. Other clinical findings that present with left sided heart failure are pulmonary congestion and inadequate perfusion of the systemic circulation and symptoms include orthopnea, cough, fatigue and edema and decreased urine output. Pulmonary edema and S3 gallop (3rd heart sound) is present with the physical examination, as well as high or low blood pressure. An echo can show decreased cardiac output and a chest x-ray may show an enlarged heart (Huether & McCance, 2012). 2.What compensatory mechanisms are likely to be operative in A.O. to enhance cardiac output? The cardiac output is dependent on the heart rate and stroke volume. The factors that affect heart rate are the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, neural reflexes, atrial receptors and...
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...Research Paper The human heart is a very vital, interesting, and complex organ. It continuously pumps blood through the body for the entire life. It’s made of muscle and is very strong and yet at the same time, can be very vulnerable to disease. The heart is a very important organ. What's so unusual about it is that it is that it never gets tired. There are four parts of the heart, right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and the left ventricle. Oxygen-poor blood flows from the body and to the right atrium. Blood flows through the right atrium and into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where the blood releases waste like carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. The newly oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart and enters the left atrium. Then the blood flows through the left atrium and into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The heart truly works in an amazing way by pumping blood through the circulatory system which is made up of blood vessels. Blood vessels are like bend-e straws except a stronger tube. Blood vessels carry blood to all the parts of the body. Blood carries fresh oxygen from the lungs and nutrients to the body’s tissues, it also takes the body’s waste products, including carbon dioxide away from the tissues. It’s necessary to sustain life and promote the health of all parts of the body. Arteries begin at the aorta, a large artery leaving the heart. Arteries carry oxygen-rich...
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...Congestive Heart Failure Introduction Everyone loses pumping ability in their heart as they age. The serious case of heart failure develops when other health conditions cause the heart to work harder or become damaged due to increased stress. Heart failure is usually a chronic disease. It gradually tends to become worse. By the time someone is diagnosed with it, the heart has most likely begun to lose pumping capacity for quits some time. Nearly five million Americans are living with heart failure and 550,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. This paper will discuss what heart failure is, and what nursing interventions may be of help to patients who suffer from this disease. My grandmother was recently diagnosed with congestive heart failure. By interviewing her and performing a brief assessment, I hope to recognize a few nursing diagnoses and some interventions that may make her disease more bearable. Heart failure can involve the right side of the heart, the left side, or both. Heart failure usually affects the left side first. Each side of the heart is made up of two chambers the atrium and the ventricle. If either of these chambers loses their ability to keep up with the amount of blood flow then heart failure occurs. Custom writing service can write essays on Congestive Heart Failure Left - sided failure involves the left (lower) ventricle. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. This chamber is the largest and is...
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...6, 2015 Alphanumeric Outline Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) I What is a LVAD A. Basic LVAD info. B. Where LVAD goes II Who needs LVAD A. Who needs a LVAD B. Hearts health III The Surgery of a LVAD A. Steps of the surgery B. Recovery IV Life after LVAD A. What can you do B. What cant you do C. Heart Transplant List Left Ventricular Assist Devices “Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) is a mechanical heart pump used to help a failing heart in patients with advanced heart failure” said MedicineNet.com. LVAD are lifesaving modules for patients who need a heart transplant that are waiting for a heart but their heart is not healthy enough to work on its own. LVAD is a key potential area of focus for researchers and various manufacturers at present. “Unlike a total artificial heart, the LVAD doesn't replace the heart; it just helps it do its job” according to MedicineNet.com. One of the heart pumps is called HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist Device. It helps move blood through the body. A small motor inside the pump turns the motor that moves the blood. This pump is placed right below the heart and is implanted under your skin. One end of the LVAD connects to the left ventricle the heart’s main pumping chamber. The other side is connected to the Aorta the large blood vessel that sends blood through out the body. The LVAD helps your heart by pumping your blood so that your left ventricle doesn’t have to work. The...
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...Congestive heart failure * The inability of the heart to pump enough blood throughout the body (decreased cardiac output) to maintain well-being * Can be caused by a MI Pulmonary edema * A life threatening complication of left-sided congestive heart failure * When large amounts of fluid and blood accumulate in the lungs, causing the alveoli to fill up and air exchange to be nonexistent Heart failure * A syndrome that occurs from the progressive inability of heart to pump enough blood to meet body’s oxygen and nutrient needs * Causes are * Coronary artery disease * MI * Cardiomyopathy * Heart valve problems * Increased fluid Congestive heart Failure * Signs and symptoms * Fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac and respiratory rates increase, stess and anxiety Left sided heart failure * The result of the left ventricle muscle being damaged or its due to overloading * Blood backs up from the left ventricle into the LUNGS and fluid leads from the blood into the air spaces of the lungs * Hypertension the major cause behind left sided heart failure * Because hypertension causes increased pressure in the arteries causing the left ventricle to work harder * LEFT = LUNG * Signs and symptoms * Crackles * Tachycardia * Dyspnea * Tachypnea * **The patient may complain of having to be propped up in order to sleep at night ** Right sided...
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...Congestive Heart Failure Armi Gonzales Western Governors University Congestive Heart Failure A. Investigated Disease Process Congestive Heart Failure is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump a sufficient amount of blood for the body to function. If the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases, blood and fluids may start to pool into the lungs and accumulate in the legs, ankles, and feet causing an edema, shortness of breath, and fatigue. (Heart Failure, 2015, para. 2) The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology defines heart failure as “a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricles to fill with or eject blood” (King, Kingery, & Casey, 2012, p. 1). Heart failure can be seen as a widespread disease, affecting around five million Americans. (Titler et al. n.d.) It is a chronic condition that is disabling and costly and common to our aging population. With the advancement in therapy and early diagnosis, survival increases from previously fatal acute cardiac events to patients feeling better and living longer. Millions of Americans living with heart failure are 65 years of age or older. (Roger et al, 2004) A1. Pathophysiology The Circulatory system focuses on the heart, a muscular organ that pumps blood through a complex network of blood vessels throughout the body. Blood that is pumped from the heart carries oxygen and nutrients that fuel...
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...What happens in MI- A heart attack (myocardial infarction) is usually caused by a blood clot, which stops the blood flowing to a part of your heart muscle. You should call for an ambulance immediately if you develop severe chest pain. Treatment with a clot-busting medicine or an emergency procedure to restore the blood flow through the blocked blood vessel are usually done as soon as possible. This is to prevent or minimise any damage to your heart muscle. Other treatments help to ease the pain and to prevent complications. Reducing various risk factors can help to prevent a myocardial infarction. If you have a myocardial infarction (heart attack), a coronary artery or one of its smaller branches is suddenly blocked. The part of the heart muscle supplied by this artery loses its blood (and oxygen) supply if the vessel is blocked. This part of the heart muscle is at risk of dying unless the blockage is quickly removed. When a part of the heart muscle is damaged it is said to be infarcted. The term myocardial infarction (MI) means damaged heart muscle. If a main coronary arteries is blocked, a large part of the heart muscle is affected. If a smaller branch artery is blocked, a smaller amount of heart muscle is affected. After an MI, if part of the heart muscle has died, it is replaced by scar tissue over the next few weeks. What happens in dysrhythmias- A cardiac dysrhythmia is an abnormal heart beat: the rhythm may be irregular in its pacing or the heart rate may be low or high...
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...Heart Health Center Image Collection: Human Anatomy Picture of the Heart © 2009 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone. The heart pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system. The heart has four chambers: * The right atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle. * The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs, where it is loaded with oxygen. * The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle. * The left ventricle (the strongest chamber) pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create our blood pressure. The coronary arteries run along the surface of the heart and provide oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. A web of nerve tissue also runs through the heart, conducting the complex signals that govern contraction and relaxation. Surrounding the heart is a sac called the pericardium. Heart Conditions * Coronary artery disease: Over the years, cholesterol plaques can narrow the arteries supplying blood to the heart. The narrowed arteries are at higher risk for complete blockage from a sudden blood clot (this blockage is called a heart attack). * Stable angina pectoris: Narrowed coronary arteries cause predictable chest pain or discomfort with...
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...hypertension. The right side of the heart has a harder time pumping blood to the lungs when this happens. Cor pulmonale is failure of the right side of the heart. ... Any chronic lung condition that causes prolonged low blood oxygen levels can lead to cor pulmonale. Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of your heart. Pulmonary hypertension begins when tiny arteries in your lungs, called pulmonary arteries, and capillaries become narrowed, blocked or destroyed. Then the blood passes into the right ventricle, which pumps the blood to the lungs. ... The oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the left atrium and then ... From the left side of the heart, blood is pumped through the main artery of the ... are a class of drugs that block certain hormones that can put stress on your heart. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body's tissues. It can have a number of causes. Heart failure can develop slowly over time as the result of other conditions (such as high blood pressure and coronary artery disease) that weaken the heart. It can also occur suddenly as the result of damage to the heart muscle or an acute valve problem. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body's tissues. Define the disease cor pulmonale. Cor pulmonale is failure of the right side of the heart brought on by long-term...
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...822999 Diagnosis: Congestive heart failure (CHF), Left pleural effusion, pneumonia Related History: The patient has a history of atrial fibrillation, severe regurgitation from the tricuspid and mitral valve dysfunction. Physical Findings: The patient had a difficult fundoscopic exam, with a heart rate of 104, with an irregular gallop, crackles in left lower lobe, right side is dull, red sacral area, 3+ pitting edema to knees, and shortness of breath, difficulty sleeping. Lab/X-ray findings: Chest x-ray: left pleural effusion, CHF, Pneumonia. Course of Treatment: Course of treatment includes admission into the hospital, with the administration of diuretics and IV antibiotics; will also collect blood cultures and sputum if possible. Treatment will also include O2 and bedrest. Medications administered during treatment 25 mg Capoten po tid, 40 mg Furosemide po qd, 10 mg Nortriptyline HCL po qd, and 0.125 mg Digoxin po qod. The patient was also put on low sodium, low cholesterol, and lactose free diet. Condition on Discharge: Patient was discharged to a long term care facility closer to her family. Her strength and endurance improved during her treatment at the facility. Also new x-rays show a slight improvement in the left lower lung field infiltrate....
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...Heart Failure Western Governors University Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice Heart Failure It is estimated that about five million people in the United States are living with heart failure with an overwhelming number of 550,000 newly diagnosed cases each year, costing the nation roughly $32 billion dollars per year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Heart failure is a complex, pathophysiological condition in which the ventricles of the heart is weakened and unable to pump effectively to meet the body’s needs for nutrients or has lost adequate filling capacity. Clinical presentations of heart failure depends on which ventricles have failed to pump blood adequately; left ventricular failure, also known as congestive heart failure (CHF) is more common than right ventricular failure (McCance & Huether, 2014). The most common symptoms of heart failure are shortness of breath, fatigue, and peripheral edema. HF is not a disease, but rather a manifestation of a diseased heart. Large number of disorders can lead to heart failure, and with the aging population and many surviving primary cardiac events, it is no surprise that the most common reason for hospitalization in patients older than 65 years old is heart failure (McClintock, Mose, & Smith, 2014). Heart failure has become a major public health problem because it is the only cardiac condition that continues to increase in prevalence (McClintock, Mose, & Smith, 2014)...
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