...CONTENTS I.INTRODUCTION a) Organisational Change –an overview b) Kurt Lewin and his theories of change c) General Motors International 2. APPRAISAL OF KURT LEWIN’S 3- STEP MODEL (Manufacturing change at General Motors as a case study) 3. CRITIQUES OF THE MODEL 4. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION In a dynamic world of increasing technology, competition, power relations and managerial opportunism, investment in Research and Development (R&D) by organisations and fluctuations in consumer demand, a complex phenomenon such as change is imperative. Change can be defined as the art of altering the current state of an entity from its present state to another while organisational change is the transformation process of taken up by an organisation in order to move from its existing level to a strategically proposed level by taking up new ideas and a different approach to its operational practices and procedures (Beckhard and Harris, 1987. cited by: Andriopoulos and Dawson, 2009). In analysing the various categories of change, research works have identified a number of traits used to classify the various levels and sorts of change. These include substance of change, scale and scope of change, timeframe of change.(Dawson and Adriopoulus,2009). Grundy (1993) also stated that three varieties of change has set a basis for how managers view change as a homogenous concept and coined them as Discontinuous, Smooth incremental and Bumpy incremental change(Senior and Fleming 2006)...
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...Literature Review Introduction Through the inter-connection between change management, knowledge management and people management, the author believes you can look at, assess, and analyse organisational readiness and responsiveness to change. This will done through the narrative cyclical approach (FIGURE XX). All of this works together to answer the research question of, “Is there a framework/s that can be used to help organisations increase organisational readiness and responsiveness to change”. Organisational readiness and organisational responsiveness are addressed throughout this literature review. The determinants and impediments of change in each branch of change management have been considered and addressed. Some elements fall outside the scope of the literature review and research. The literature review is structured in such a way that echoes this integration as illustrated in the following diagram (Figure XX). Figure XX: Areas within and outside the research boundaries leading to organisational responsiveness to change. Figure XX: Areas within and outside the research boundaries leading to organisational responsiveness to change. People Management Leadership Organisational Context. Culture. Organisational Learning. Knowledge Management. Change Management. Change Management Change Management is neither an art nor a science; it is an individual process relying solely on the organisation, individuals within the organisation (employees)...
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...| How and why change models can facilitate change within organizations | | | | XXXXXX – 11XXXXXXX – Word Count: 1375HR388 - Human Resource Management & Organizational Change 21/1/15 | | How and why change models can facilitate change within organizations | | | | XXXXXX – 11XXXXXXX – Word Count: 1375HR388 - Human Resource Management & Organizational Change 21/1/15 | Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Change models & their effectiveness to Human Resource Management and Organisational Change 3 2.1. Stage 1: Unfreeze 4 2.2. Stage 2: Transition 6 2.3. Stage 3: Refreeze 7 3. Conclusion & Recommendation 7 4. References 8 1. Introduction To begin with an in depth explanation and definition of organisational change, it a process that has been developed over the years in terms of discovering the best techniques to implement at different stages of a company’s life; an important issue that every firm must constantly adopt in order to maintain competitiveness and efficiency. As a result of the ongoing external changes in its environment, whether at the strategic or operational level, companies must act accordingly in response to changes in taste, a crisis or whether the change was triggered by a leader within the organisation with motives to improve efficiency (Moran and Brightman, 2001: 111; Burnes, 2004; Hayes 2014). Change models are used as a means of making the necessary changes to an organisation’s development as effective...
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...Critically evaluate a recent organisational change within your Foundation trust using change theories and draw out the lessons for you as a leader and your organisation. The purpose of this essay is to critically evaluate a recent change within my team, drawing on theories and models of change. I will then integrate theory with practice by using the models that apply to the change within my team. I will also demonstrate the awareness to leadership issues inherent there in. Finally I will demonstrate the use of reflection during the process of change to draw out lessons for me and my organisation. Must there be a change? Change is a common thread that runs through all aspects of life; it said that organisation that handles change successfully thrives whilst those that do not may struggle to survive (Mabey and Mayon-White, 2003).They further suggest that the success or failure of a change varies enormously, depending on the nature of the business, the change and the people involved. A crucial factor of the above is, how far people within a change process understands the change (Connor et al, 2003).Bourne and Bourne (2002) express that change, can be external through technological development, social, political and economic pressure. Or internal as management responds, to a range of issues such as changing client needs as in the case of my team. Change can be classified into number of categories depending on the extent of the change it could be organic (bottom up) or driven...
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...2012/2013 Module: Managing Organisational Change (HRMG5027) Tutors’ names: Dr Deborah Price & Dr Jenna Ward Student Name: Yu Kang Student Number: P10506959 Word counts: 3438 Submitted Date: 17/05/2013 Introduction Everything in this world is moving and changing including organization. Organizational change occurs as a reaction to an ever-changing environment, a response to a current crisis situation, or is triggered by a leader (Jones, 2004). In 1947, K Lewin indicated that group life is never without change, which means that change has been a necessary process during the organizational development which is mentioned as a planned change process, managed from the top, taking into account both the technical and the human sides of the organization by Schien(1992). The ex-British Prime Minister named Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) (B. Senior and S. Swailes, 2010) explained that ‘change is inevitable in a progressive country’, he also considers that ‘only change is constant’. Being proved by Collins (1998), Huff and Huff (2000), Organization change is one of perennial issues in organization and management theory. However, the type of organizational change is not unique, Strebel (1996) illustrates that change may be a constant but it is not always the same, in addition, Grundy (1993) indicates that there are three varieties of change including Discontinuous, ‘smooth’ incremental and ‘bumpy’ incremental change which are separated by the rate of change (Figure 1). Some authors...
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...Modelling for Change: An Information Systems Perspective on Change Management Models Robert D. Macredie, Carl Sandom and Ray J. Paul Department of Information Systems and Computing, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH Tel: +44 1895 203374; Fax: +44 1895 203391 E-mail: Ray.Paul@brunel.ac.uk; Robert.Macredie@brunel.ac.uk Abstract This paper will focus on the topic of organisational change and its management from an information systems perspective. The paper will examine the issues raised during a review of the change management literature – looking at the major approaches to change management, namely, the planned, emergent and contingency approaches – as background to the issues raised in other papers in this theme of the book. As in the Management In The 90s (MIT90s) study, a very broad definition of the term IT is used to include: computers of all types, hardware, software, communications networks and the integration of computing and communications technologies. The paper will then examine change management within the context of Information Systems (IS) theory and practice. This will lead to a discussion of an emerging model by Orlikowski and Hofman which will be briefly reviewed to provide insight into the types of models which are likely to provide a focus for research in the area in the near future. The model also provides a strong and interesting framework against which to view some of the papers that follow in this theme of the book. 1. Introduction As...
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...Management Organisational Change at Gm Motors In: Business and Management Organisational Change at Gm Motors TABLE OF CONTENTS I.INTRODUCTION a) Organisational Change –an overview b) Kurt Lewin and his theories of change c) General Motors International 2. APPRAISAL OF KURT LEWIN’S 3- STEP MODEL (Manufacturing change at General Motors as a case study) 3. CRITIQUES OF THE MODEL 4. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION In a dynamic world of increasing technology, competition, power relations and managerial opportunism, investment in Research and Development (R&D) by organisations and fluctuations in consumer demand, a complex phenomenon such as change is imperative. Change can be defined as the art of altering the current state of an entity from its present state to another while organisational change is the transformation process of taken up by an organisation in order to move from its existing level to a strategically proposed level by taking up new ideas and a different approach to its operational practices and procedures (Beckhard and Harris, 1987. cited by: Andriopoulos and Dawson, 2009). In analysing the various categories of change, research works have identified a number of traits used to classify the various levels and sorts of change. These include substance of change, scale and scope of change, timeframe of change.(Dawson and Adriopoulus,2009). Grundy (1993) also stated that three varieties of change has set a basis for how managers view change as a homogenous...
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...Change is a Journey not a Blueprint MANAGEMENT OF ORGANISATION CHANGE Stephanie Golding | 10101131 | Change is a Journey not a Blueprint | November 20, 2015 Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2 Planning for Change ........................................................................................................... 3 Resistance to Change .......................................................................................................... 3 Kurt Lewin’s Change Model ........................................................................................... 4 Unfreezing .................................................................................................................... 4 Moving .......................................................................................................................... 4 Refreezing ..................................................................................................................... 4 Initiators of Change............................................................................................................. 5 Steps to Transformation ...................................................................................................... 7 Kotter’s 8 Step Model ......................................................................................................... 7 Conclusion...
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...Lewin’s model Sociologist Kurt Lewin developed a 'force field analysis' model (1951) which describes any current level of performance or being as a state of equilibrium between the driving forces that encourage upward movement and the restraining forces that discourage it. Essentially this means that a current equilibrium exists because the forces acting for change are balanced by the forces acting against change. The driving forces are (usually) positive, reasonable, logical, conscious and economic. The restraining forces are (usually) negative, emotional, illogical, unconscious and social/psychological. Both sets of forces are very real and need to be taken into account when dealing with change, or managing change, or reacting to change. Forcefield Analysis restraining forces (against change) current equilibrium driving forces (for change) Increasing the driving forces is not enough for change, as the restraining forces remain in place, and as long as they remain in place it becomes harder to use the driving forces. An analogy is when you push against a spring; the more you push, the harder it becomes and as soon as you stop pushing the spring reverts to its previous position (after having sprung past that point). Therefore unless both the driving and restraining forces are balanced a kind of yo-yo effect results; a change and then a reversion back, and then a change, and then a reversion back, and then a change, et...
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...I.INTRODUCTION a) Organisational Change –an overview b) Kurt Lewin and his theories of change c) General Motors International 2. APPRAISAL OF KURT LEWIN’S 3- STEP MODEL (Manufacturing change at General Motors as a case study) 3. CRITIQUES OF THE MODEL 4. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION In a dynamic world of increasing technology, competition, power relations and managerial opportunism, investment in Research and Development (R&D) by organisations and fluctuations in consumer demand, a complex phenomenon such as change is imperative. Change can be defined as the art of altering the current state of an entity from its present state to another while organisational change is the transformation process of taken up by an organisation in order to move from its existing level to a strategically proposed level by taking up new ideas and a different approach to its operational practices and procedures (Beckhard and Harris, 1987. cited by: Andriopoulos and Dawson, 2009). In analysing the various categories of change, research works have identified a number of traits used to classify the various levels and sorts of change. These include substance of change, scale and scope of change, timeframe of change.(Dawson and Adriopoulus,2009). Grundy (1993) also stated that three varieties of change has set a basis for how managers view change as a homogenous concept and coined them as Discontinuous, Smooth incremental and Bumpy incremental change(Senior and Fleming 2006)...
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...Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 1.1 What is Change and Change Management 2 2.0 Literature Review 4 2.1 Drivers of change 4 2.1.1 Globalisation to change 4 2.1.2 Education to Change 4 2.1.3 Technology to change 4 2.2 The Process of managing change 5 2.2.1 Force Field Analysis on Change 5 2.2.2 Lewin’s Change Model 6 3.0 Change Management 7 3.1 John Kotter: Leading Change in today’s business 7 Urgency growth 8 Build Guiding Team 8 Getting Right Vision 8 Communicating for buy-in 9 Empower Action 9 Creating Short-term wins 9 Don’t Let Up 9 Make Change Stick 10 4.0 Conclusion 11 References 12 1.0 Introduction 1.1 What is Change and Change Management The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without changing our thinking. “Albert Einstein”. Basically, definition of change is to make or create something different. Indeed, change happens to two reasons which are change for better or worse. Moreover, change means a movement from current state to a transition and a future state. In fact change happens all around the world such as in our community, work and at home. (Thomas G. Cumming, 2009) Figure 1: Change structure, Source: (Change Management Tuitorial , 2014) In fact, change happens everywhere even in companies therefore, all companies come up with change management in order to control changes which are internal and external. Basically, change management focused to provide a competitive...
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...Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Literature Review 2 2.1 Definition of Change Management 2 2.2 Need for Change 2 2.3 Barriers to Effective Change 3 2.4 Models of Change 4 2.5 Organisational Metaphors 6 3.0 Recommendations 7 4.0 Conclusion 9 5.0 References 10 6.0 Appendices 11 6.1 Appendix One – Comparison of Change Models 11 6.2 Appendix Two - Archetypical Metaphors for Organisations 1 1.0 Introduction The purpose of this report will be to critically review a contemporary management practice topic of change management within the case study of the organisation in order to identify the key strengths and weaknesses of the organisation and make appropriate leadership and management recommendations for improvement in this management practice. The topic under investigation in this report is change management. All organisations experience change constantly. For the case study organisation there has been some planned changes made such as the hand held work devices and electronic vehicle tracking devices to improve efficiency. However the organisation needs to implement change in the future due to change in legislation, regulations and customer service targets. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Definition of Change Management ‘to move an organisation from its present point to a different one which is more desirable in meeting its objectives.’ (Hannagan, 1998:31) ‘a continuous, open-ended and unpredictable process of aligning and re-aligning an organisation...
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...of the story. The change that takes place in the Virginia suburban was the integration of black and white people. This change affected the whole community, school as well as the students in the football team. We as organizational development consultants job was to oversee the change that happened in this community and to manage this change to help the people that are going through this change. Firstly it is important to know what is meant by organizational development. It is a planned process of developing an organization to be more effective in accomplishing its desired goals. Organisational development can also be defined as a theory and practice of planned, systematic change in the attitudes, beliefs, and values of the employees through creation and reinforcement of long-term training programs. Organisational development is action oriented. It starts with a careful organization-wide analysis of the current situation and of the future requirements, and employs techniques of behavioral sciences such as behavior modeling, sensitivity training, and transactional analysis. Its objective is to enable the organization in adopting-better to the fast-changing external environment of new markets, regulations, and technologies. Regarding the change that happened in Remember the Titans we decided to apply two different models to help the people through this change. The two models are: The Lewin Change model and The Positive model of change. The first model we are going to look...
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...Kurt Lewin’s model Sociologist Kurt Lewin developed a 'force field analysis' model (1951) which describes any current level of performance or being as a state of equilibrium between the driving forces that encourage upward movement and the restraining forces that discourage it. Essentially this means that a current equilibrium exists because the forces acting for change are balanced by the forces acting against change. The driving forces are (usually) positive, reasonable, logical, conscious and economic. The restraining forces are (usually) negative, emotional, illogical, unconscious and social/psychological. Both sets of forces are very real and need to be taken into account when dealing with change, or managing change, or reacting to change. Forcefield Analysis restraining forces (against change) current equilibrium driving forces (for change) Increasing the driving forces is not enough for change, as the restraining forces remain in place, and as long as they remain in place it becomes harder to use the driving forces. An analogy is when you push against a spring; the more you push, the harder it becomes and as soon as you stop pushing the spring reverts to its previous position (after having sprung past that point). Therefore unless both the driving and restraining forces are balanced a kind of yo-yo effect results; a change and then a reversion back, and then a change, and then a reversion back, and then a change, et cetera, et...
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...Change Management and Leadership Theories 1. Introduction We live in a world of change impacted by the financial crisis and technological advances causing businesses that fail to evolve to fail. Change can be described as the ‘substitution or succession of one thing in place of another’ to the ‘alteration in the state or quality of anything’ (Hayes 2010). Hurn (2012) argues that “new market opportunities will arise and these will involve the need to adapt and adjust to change in strategic thinking in order to compete and survive”. Continuous change when it happens, needs constant updating of working approaches and social advances. Orlikowsky suggests that continuous change involves individuals and groups, who will be dealing with breakdowns, exceptions, opportunities that the change will bring with it (Hayes 2010). This analysis will show the most important theories of Change Management: Kotter’s 8 steps, Lewin and Prosci. Additionally we will look at Leadership theories such as Trait, Transformational and Great Man Theory, followed by a critical discussion on the role of Leadership in Change Management and finally an analysis in the case study of Biogen Idec Inc. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Change Management Theories 2.1.1. Kotter’s 8 Steps In 1995 Jhon Kotter introduced an 8-step change model for helping managers deal with transformational change, Webster (2012). The model outlines an organized and effective approach of managing a major change. Kotter (2007)...
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