...Chapter 4--Overview of Auditor’s Legal Liability Liability to Clients-Common Law An auditor is in a contractual relationship with a client. If the auditor does not perform his or her side of the bargain according to contract terms the client can sue for breach of contract. A client may seek these remedies for breach of contract: (1) specific performance; (2) general monetary damages for losses incurred as a result of the breach; and (3) consequential damages that occur indirectly as a result of the breach. An accountant may also be sued by a client under tort law. A tort is a wrong committed which injures another person’s property, body, or reputation. A tort suit by a client is usually based on negligence or fraud. The elements of a tort action for negligence are as follows:1 A client may also sue an accountant for fraud. This tort is harder to prove than negligence because fraud requires scienter or an intent to deceive. Fraud contains these elements: A material fact is one that a reasonable person would consider important in deciding whether to act. Also, an accountant may be held liable for gross negligence by a client. Gross negligence does not require scienter but necessitates proof of reckless disregard of the truth or one’s duties. Gross negligence is referred to by some as constructive fraud. No legal question arises about a client’s right to sue (i.e., standing to sue) because the client and accountant are in privity. Privity refers to the existence of a direct...
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...All CFA Institute members and candidates are required to comply with the Code and Standards Basic structure for enforcing the Code and Standards The CFA Institute Bylaws primary principles Based on two Fair process to member and candidate Confidentiality of proceedings Rules of Procedure Maintains oversight and responsibility The CFA Institute Board of Governors Through the Disciplinary Review Committee (DRC) Is responsible for the enforcement of the Code and Standards Conducts professional conduct inquiries Structure of the CFA Institute Professional Conduct Program Professional Conduct program (PCP) The CFA Designated Officer Selfdisclosure An inquiry can be prompted by several circumstances Directs professional conduct staff Written complaints Evidence of misconduct Report by a CFA exam proctor jim do Interviewing The Professional Conduct staff conducts an investigation that may include cf a. 1. Code Of Ethics And Standards Of Professional Conduct Collecting documents and records in support of its investigation Conclude the inquiry with no disciplinary sanction Issue a cautionary letter If finding that a violation of the Code and Standards occurred, the Designated Officer proposes a disciplinary sanction ay to Process for the enforcement of the Code and Standards When an inquiry is initiated Upon reviewing the material obtained during the investigation, the Designated Officer may .c Requesting a written explanation from the...
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...HOW TO GET THE TRUTH IN 5 M I NU T E S OR LESS IN ANY CONVERSATION OR SITUATION DAVID J.LIEBERMAN, PH.D. ST. MARTIN'S GRIFFIN NEW YORK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Jennifer Enderlin, my editor at St. Martin's. She is an exceptional talent whose ability is matched only by her boundless passion for her work. And to those who have worked tirelessly, my warmest thanks to the publicity, marketing, advertising, and sales departments at St. Martin's for their intense efforts and commitment: Alison Lazarus, John Cunningham, Steve Kasdin, John Murphy, Jamie Brickhouse, Mike Storrings, Janet Wagner, Mark Kohut, and James Wehrle, and to the entire Broadway Sales Department for their continued efforts on behalf of this book. A special thanks to St. Martin's publisher, Sally Richardson, for her vast enthusiasm and belief in this project. A thousand thanks to David Stanford Burr, production editor, and Nancy Inglis, copy editor, for their outstanding work on the manuscript. Their hard work and diligence is evident throughout this entire book. I would like to thank my agents, Michael Larsen and Elizabeth Pomada. The success of their agency is a clear reflection of their professionalism and dedication. In an industry of giants, they stand without equals. My infinite appreciation and gratitude to Barbara and William O'Rourke, who gave me the two things every writer needs: tranquility and computer help. And my thanks to Laurie Rosin, one of the nation's...
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...make humble; make (oneself) lose self-respect embarrass subside or moderate shorten renounce; give up (position, right, or responsibility) abnormal or deviant deviation from the normal; mental disorder assist usually in doing something wrong; encourage suspended action detest; hate Dwell; abide by: comply with; put up with; tolerate; Ex. abide by the rules; Ex. I can't abide rude people. (of a condition) wretched; as low as possible; lacking pride; very humble; showing lack of self-respect; Ex. abject apology renounce upon oath washing renunciation; self-sacrifice; self-abnegation dwelling place; home cancel; put an end to detestable; extremely unpleasant loathe; hate being the first of its kind in a region; primitive; native; indigenous; N. aborigine unsuccessful; fruitless rubbing away; tending to grind down condense or shorten abolish cutting off; separation depart secretly and hide complete; totally unlimited; having complete power; certain; not relative; Ex. absolute honesty/ruler; CF. absolutism pardon (an offense) refrain; withhold from participation; intentionally not use one's vote; abstemious abstinence abstract abstruse abusive abut abysmal abyss academic accede accelerate accessible accessory acclaim acclimate acclivity accolade accommodate accomplice accord accost accoutre accretion accrue acerbity acetic acidulous sparing in eating and drinking; temperate restraint from pleasant things, esp. eating or drinking; CF. abstention: act of abstaining from vote theoretical;...
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...EVIDENCE OUTLINE Prof. Mark Bonner Fall 2012 |1 • INTRODUCTION | I. Trial Context A. types of evidence at trial 1. witnesses 2. real evidence – something tangible related to the case 3. demonstrative evidence – not part of the story, but lawyer wishes to show the jury something to demonstrate something about the case (e.g., experiment; picture of intersection) B. competing stories at trial – two ways stories can compete 1. factual differences 2. differences in inferences drawn from the same facts II. Policy Overview [values that the evidence rules protect] A. accuracy 1. rationality – does evidence have a rational relationship to the case? 2. reliability – is the evidence credible? B. efficiency – see FRE 403 C. fairness – rules should be party-neutral 1. but note: some rules exclude evidence to one party’s advantage (e.g., evidence that Δ fixed the steps after the accident excluded, b/c we want to encourage Δs to make steps safer) (e.g., Confrontation Clause, guarantees rt of accused in a criminal trial to confront witnesses brought against him) D. danger of misuse of information 1. one solution: limiting instructions 2. but sometimes we’re so skeptical of jury’s willingness/ability...
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...1 Satyam Scam in the Contemporary Corporate World: A Case Study in Indian Perspective Introduction Satyam Computer Services Ltd was founded in 1987 by B.Ramalinga Raju. The company offers information technology (IT) services spanning various sectors, and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and Euronext.Satyam's network covers 67 countries across six continents. The company employs 40,000 IT professionals across development centers in India, the United States, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Canada, Hungary, Singapore, Malaysia, China, Japan, Egypt and Australia. It serves over 654 global companies, 185 of which are Fortune 500 corporations. Satyam has strategic technology and marketing alliances with over 50 companies. Apart from Hyderabad, it has development centers in India at Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, Mumbai, Nagpur, Delhi, Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, and Visakhapatnam. "The truth is as old as the hills" opined Mahatma Gandhi, christened the Father of the Nation by Indians. So a company named "Satyam" (Truth, in Sanskrit) inspired trust. The IT boom in India, was fuelled by young, middle-class, and educated, budding Indian entrepreneurs and Western firms anxious to outsource to take advantage of high-skill, low-wage worker. This trend created a new breed of businessmen for the 21st century and generated many fortunes literally overnight. The global corporate community was flabbergasted and scandalized when the Chairman of Satyam, Mr. Ramalinga Raju resigned...
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...Senior Author Support/Technology Specialist: Joe Vetere Manufacturing Manager: Evelyn Beaton Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Carol Melville Production Coordination, Technical Illustrations, and Composition: Laserwords Maine Cover Photo Credit: Abstract green flow, ©Oriontrail/Shutterstock Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Pearson was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mendenhall, William. A second course in statistics : regression analysis/ William Mendenhall, Terry Sincich –7th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-321-69169-5 1. Commercial statistics. 2. Statistics. 3. Regression analysis. I. Sincich, Terry, II. Title. HF1017.M46 2012 519.5′ 36–dc22 2010000433 Copyright © 2012, 2003, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a...
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...Discrete Math for Computer Science Students Ken Bogart Dept. of Mathematics Dartmouth College Scot Drysdale Dept. of Computer Science Dartmouth College Cliff Stein Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Columbia University ii c Kenneth P. Bogart, Scot Drysdale, and Cliff Stein, 2004 Contents 1 Counting 1.1 Basic Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Sum Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summing Consecutive Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Product Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two element subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Important Concepts, Formulas, and Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Counting Lists, Permutations, and Subsets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the Sum and Product Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lists and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Bijection Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k-element permutations of a set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Counting subsets...
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.../ Exam Kit from one of the ACCA approved content providers they contain a great number of exam standard questions (and answers) to practice on. You should also use the free “Online Multiple Choice Tests” and the “Flashcards” which you can find on on the OpenTuition website. http://opentuition.com/acca/ December 2015 Examinations Paper F2 ACCA F2 / FIA FMA Free lectures are available on opentuition.com CONTENTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Accounting for Management Sources of Data Presenting Information Cost Classification Inventory Control Accounting for labour Accounting for Overheads The Management Accountant’s Profit Statement – Absorption Costing The Management Accountant’s Profit Statement – Marginal Costing Process Costing – Introduction Process Costing – Losses Process Costing – Work-in-Progress Process Costing – Joint Products...
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...UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND EXTERNAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF CONTINUING AND DISTANCE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF EXTRA-MURAL STUDIES. In collaboration with CENTRE FOR OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING MASTER IN PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT COURSE: LDP 603: RESEARCH METHODS Authored by: Dr. Christopher Mwangi Gakuu Senior Lecturer, Department of ExtraMural studies, University of Nairobi & Dr. Harriet Jepchumba Kidombo Senior Lecturer, Department of Educational Studies University of Nairobi Page 1 of 240 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE MODULE The Research Methods course is one of the first semester core courses for those learners pursuing the Master in Project Planning and Management course. You are aware that any good decision is based on facts. Facts are based on data. The data must be systematically collected, processed, analysed and presented for use. The best-known way of collecting empirical data is through scientific research methods. This is what this course module is all about. The main aims of this course unit is to: 1. Providing you with the basic information needed to understand the research process. 2. Enable you to use the knowledge to design their own research agenda on an area of personal interest or that of an organization. MODULE STRUCTURE The module is covered in Lectures. Each Lecture focuses on area in research. You will note that in each unit, there is an introduction, unit objectives, contents presented...
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...The Power of Logic The Power of Logic FOU RTH E DITION Frances Howard-Snyder Daniel Howard-Snyder Ryan Wasserman WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2009, 2005, 2002, 1999, by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9 8 ISBN: 978-0-07-340737-1 MHID: 0-07-340737-2 Editor in Chief: Michael Ryan Editorial Director: Beth Mejia Sponsoring Editor: Mark Georgiev Marketing Manager: Pamela Cooper Editorial Coordinator: Briana Porco Production Editors: Melissa Williams/Melanie Field, Strawberry Field Publishing Cover Designer: Ashley Bedell Cover Photo: © Dan Trist/Corbis Media Project Manager: Thomas Brierly Production Supervisor: Louis Swaim Composition: This text was set in 10.5/12.5 Goudy by Aptara, Inc. Printing: Printed on 45# New Era Matte by R.R. Donnelley & Sons, Inc. Credits: The credits section for this book is on page 647, following the Answer Key in the back of the book, and is considered an extension of the copyright page. ...
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...500 IELTS Vocabulary (AWL,HK Univ.) 1 By examword.com The IELTS test AWL(Academic Word List) was rooted from a popular webpage of HONG KONG Univ. We re-organize it with new definitions and examples. In addition original Chinese explanation, more local language explanations are appended to help ESL people. This list is a proven short-cut to pass IELTS exam when your preparation is in a very narrow timeframe. abandon: /ə'bændən/ n. Syn. relinquish lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm With her parents out of town, Kelly danced all night with abandon. abstract: /'æbstrækt/ a. Syn. theoretical; abstruse theoretical; not concrete; not applied or practical; difficult to understand To him, hunger was an abstract concept; he had never missed a meal. academy: /ə'kædəmɪ/ n. school for special instruction; society of scholars, scientists, or artists The mission of our academy is actually to ensure the health and the well-being of all children. access: /'æksɛs/ n. Syn. approach approach; entry; entrance It remains to be seen whether the multinationals like Chevron, Exxon Mobil, and BP will give in to Mr Chavez's brinksmanship as they know he needs them as much as they need access to his oil. accommodate: /ə'kɒmədeɪt/ v. Syn. adapt; oblige do a favor or service for; provide for; supply with; make suitable; adapt; allow for As for the stage in the public auditorium, it can easily be adjusted to accommodate...
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... | | | |Fraud: | |Intentional Fraud (false statement, concealment, omission) | |Negligent Misrepresentation (negligently false statement) | |...
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...GOVERNANCE – AN INTRODUCTION CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – MORE DETAILED AREAS AGENCY THEORY AND TRANSACTION COST THEORY GOVERNANCE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND ORGANISATIONS RISK MANAGEMENT INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEMS STAKEHOLDER THEORY AND CSR BUSINESS ETHICS THE PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANT 5 7 21 29 35 49 61 69 e o bo k 0 s2 0 .bl 0 o p gs o t.c o m 81 93 www.studyinteractive.org ebooks2000.blogspot.com 3 eb o s ok 2 0 00 .b s log p o t.c o m 4 ebooks2000.blogspot.com www.studyinteractive.org Introduction to the paper eb o s ok 2 0 00 .b s log p o t.c o m www.studyinteractive.org ebooks2000.blogspot.com 5 IN T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E P A P E R AIM OF THE PAPER The aim of the paper is to apply relevant knowledge, skills and exercise professional judgement in carrying out the role of the accountant relating to governance, internal control, compliance and the management of risk within an organisation – in the context of an overall ethical framework. OUTLINE OF THE SYLLABUS 1. 2. 3. 4. Governance and...
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...Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................5 Advantages & Disadvantages ...................................................................................6 1. Writing about advantages........................................................................................6 2. Writing about disadvantages ...................................................................................7 Agreeing .....................................................................................................................9 1. To agree with someone or something......................................................................9 2. To partly agree with someone or something ..........................................................10 3. When a group of people agree ..............................................................................10 Aim or Purpose.........................................................................................................12 1. Ways of saying what the aim or purpose of something is.......................................12 2. Words meaning aim or purpose.............................................................................13 Approximate / Exact.................................................................................................15 1. Words meaning approximately ........................................................
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