...August 6, 2012 Rebecca Johnson RN, MSN, FNP, BC Culture and Disease I chose diabetes mellitus for my culture and disease paper because it is a disease that runs in my family, and there are so many people in this society living with diabetes and does not know they have it or just do not want to take this disease very seriously. Diabetes mellitus is a disease, which affects the glucose level in the blood, whether it is too high or too low, can cause harm to the body. There are three types of diabetes: type I, which is also know as juvenile diabetes that affects most children and young adults have to take an insulin injection everyday to regulate the glucose level. Type II or adult onset diabetes, which is more serious and develops when the body cannot function to make the required amount of insulin, which is diagnosed mostly in would find affecting more adults. In this case the patient has to take both insulin injections and medication by mouth to help regulate the amount of glucose or sugar the body produces, there is gestational diabetes, which affects only pregnant women, no matter the culture of the mother and if the diabetes is not monitored closely in a pregnant woman or taken under control it can be transferred onto the mother’s unborn child. If a mother develops gestational diabetes during pregnancy, it is said that the mother can develop type II diabetes later in life. Diabetes is a very serious disease, if not taken care of can cause severe side effects, kidney...
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...Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases that is characterized by high blood glucose levels that comes from defects in the secretion of insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas and responsible for lowering the blood glucose levels in the event glucose levels become high. Diabetes type II is more common in adults aged 40 years or older and the prevalence of the disease increases with age. According to Centers of Disease Control (2015), states that nearly 26 million Americans have diabetes. 8.3% of Americans of all ages are affected by diabetes and about 7 million Americans are living with diabetes and have no knowledge of it (USDHH & CDC, 2011). Some of the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus type II include increased frequency with urination, always have a feeling of being thirsty, increased feeling of being hungry even after eating, fatigue, blurred vision, cuts and/or bruises that heal slowly, and tingling, pain, or numbness in the hands and feet. Treatment for type II diabetes mellitus usually includes several options. First an oral antidiabetic medication such as Metformin or Avandia. Even insulin may be part of the medication regimen. Diet modification and lifestyle changes will be both part of the preventive and treatment plan. Maintaining a normal blood pressure is also part of the treatment plan with someone with type II diabetes. Some preventive measures to take is to maintain a healthy weight with exercise and monitoring...
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...Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Specific Purpose: I want my audience to know the cause, affects, treatment, and prevention of type 2 diabetes. * Introduction I. You would never think a disease as common as diabetes mellitus would have such a large impact on your lifestyle. II. Although it is a chronic disease, it can be managed and in some cases, even prevented. III. 4 years ago, my dad was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the result of one’s insulin either not working properly or not enough being produced. After being diagnosed, my dad had to make a lot of changes in his lifestyle in order to manage the disease. IV. Fortunately, since it was first discovered in 1552 B.C., scientists have learned a lot about the causes, affects, treatments, and prevention of diabetes. First, I will discuss the causes of diabetes. Body I. Diabetes is a disease in which ones blood sugar levels are higher than normal. Depending on the type, different things can cause this. a. There are three types of diabetes: i. Type 1- occurs in children due to the pancreas either not making enough or no insulin. ii. Type 2- one’s insulin is not working properly or not enough is being produced. iii. Gestational- results from fluctuating hormones in pregnant women affecting their blood glucose levels. b. In non-diabetics, the insulin helps glucose enter cells, which then use the glucose for energy. In diabetics, the insulin...
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...Effects of Exercise on Diabetes Exercise in the Treatment and Prevention of Diabetes Western Governors University Abstract Article Larose J; Sigal RJ; Khandwala F; Prud'homme D; Boulé NG; Kenny GP. (2011 January). Associations between Physical Fitness and Glucosylated Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetologia, 54(1), 93-102. Retrieved May 17, 2012, from MEDLINE database. 20953579 Background Information Exercise and physical activity has shown to be a significant factor in the management and treatment of diabetes. What is unknown is how benefits from physical activity directly correlate to glucose control as manifested in low glucosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in diabetic people. The study aims to prove that the decrease in HbA1c is a result of greater aerobic fitness and strength in patients that are performing aerobic or anaerobic exercise. Secondly, it is related to the changes in strength and aerobic fitness that are performing cardiovascular exercise and resistance training. Review of Literature The purpose of the article is to assess the correlation of reduced HbA1c to physical activity. It is hypothesized that this reduction is related to the changes and increase in aerobic fitness and strength in diabetic people who are engaged in aerobic and anaerobic exercise. The result from the study showed that the link between the changes in glucose control during exercise training is not that high nevertheless; physical activity...
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...Diabetes Mellitus is a common chronic disease of the endocrine system, specifically the pancreas, which beta cell destruction leads to insulin deficiency. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is an autoimmune disorder triggered by a viral infection in which beta cells are destroyed leading to absolute insulin deficiency and usually diagnosed in childhood. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a progressive disorder in which the pancreas makes less insulin overtime; most cells reduce the ability to respond to insulin, poor control of liver glucose output, decreased beta cell function, and eventually beta cell failure. The specific cause of type 2 diabetes is unknown; however, it usually occurs in adulthood, heredity, obesity and sedentary lifestyle may play a major role in its development. For both types of diabetes the main feature is chronic high blood glucose levels (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2006) This disease process requires lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes and complications from this disease can cause many devastating health problems. This paper will include an overview of the incidence of diabetes in the United States, typical presenting signs and symptoms, the potential chronic affects of diabetes on the body, teaching with measurable outcomes and the psycho-social challenges a patient may face. Incidence of Diabetes in the United States According to studies performed by the National Institute of Health (NIH), 13% of adults 20 and older in the United States have diabetes. ...
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...Approximately 17 million Americans have diabetes.(Lamb) As many as one-half are unaware they have it. This chronic disease causes serious health complications including renal failure, heart disease, stroke, and blindness. It is a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced. Then glucose in the blood is not able to be absorbed into the cells of the body.(Kishore) The cells in the human body need energy in order to function. Glucose is the body's primary energy source. It is a simple sugar resulting from the digestion of foods containing carbohydrates. It circulates in the blood from the foods that are digested as a ready energy source for any cells that need it. Insulin is a hormone or chemical produced by cells in the pancreas, it is located behind the stomach. It bonds to a receptor site on the outside of cell and goes into the cell through which glucose can enter. Glucose can be saved for later use by converting to concentrated energy sources like glycogen or fatty acids. When there is not enough insulin produced , glucose stays in the blood rather entering the cells. The body will attempt to dilute the high level of glucose in the blood, which called hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia acts by drawing water out of the cells and into the bloodstream, to dilute the sugar and excrete it in the urine. People with undiagnosed diabetes to be constantly thirsty, drink large quantities of water, and urinate...
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...Diabetology, June 2010; 3 :4 http://www.journalofdiabetology.org/ Review Article: Diabetes in Prevention Abstract: Pakistan: Epidemiology, Determinants and * R. Hakeem 1 , 2 , A . Fawwad 2 Epidemiology and determinants of diabetes in Pakistan have peculiar combination of risk factors. Strong gene and environment interplay along with in-utero programming in context of low birth weight and gestational diabetes are the main contributors of a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pakistan. The real burden of diabetes is due to its chronic complications leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The unique combination of various risk factors necessitates research studies to make appropriate risk assessment tools to control this diabetes pandemic. Better understanding of aetio-pathological genetic and environmental factors are suggesting prevention should begin much before the start of disease process and interventions in high-risk subjects alone will not be sufficient. It is necessary to initiate population based programmes for primary prevention of diabetes including a range of activities targeted at different age groups from fetal life to old age. Synchronized and coordinated efforts from public and private sectors are needed to combat this mammoth health and economic issue. Key words: Diabetes, Pakistan, Introduction: Escalation in rates of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes in Pakistan is posing threats to the economy and quality of life of people due to...
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...Diabetes Case Study NUR/427 January 13, 2011 Diabetes Case Study Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that affects millions of people across the nation. According to LeMone and Burke (2008), “Approximately 1.3 million new cases of DM are diagnosed each year in the United States” (pg 563). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 23.6 million people in the United States have DM. Collectively 17.9 million people were diagnosed and 5.7 million people were undiagnosed with DM in the year 2007. Of all the documented cases 90-95 percent have type II DM and the remaining 5-10 percent have type I DM (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). In the United States DM is the sixth most leading cause of death by a disease. Deaths are commonly caused by the cardiovascular effects associated with DM that result in coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, and stroke. People diagnosed with DM are two to four times more likely to have heart disease or have a stroke than people who are not diabetic. DM is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States. DM is also the most common cause of nontraumatic amputations and newly diagnosed blindness (LeMone & Burke, 2008). Signs and Symptoms Before someone is diagnosed with DM he or she usually experiences common signs and symptoms of the disease that leads him or her to see a physician. In type I DM the signs and symptoms that commonly present are the result of hyperglycemia. According...
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...Treating Diabetes Mellitus Type II Treating Diabetes Mellitus Type II Type II diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels. It characteristically results from a surplus caloric intake, as compared to energy consumption, combined with inadequate insulin secretion, due to dysfunction of the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells (Pfeiffer & Klein, 2014). Type II diabetes has reached pandemic levels, despite efforts to slow its progression. In a society where healthcare is ever-changing, primary care physicians, along with advanced practitioners are now treating this disease more readily, as compared to specialist and endocrinologist in the past. As with many disease processes, there are several options when choosing a treatment plan for type II diabetes. Combining knowledge and evidence-based research, the practitioner will be able to establish an individualized treatment plan for treating type II diabetes mellitus. Pathophysiology Type II diabetes is a very complex, non-communicable disease that effects more than 370 million people throughout the world. The symptoms of this disease can vary from patient to patient. Without intense and concentrated efforts to address the pathogenesis and treatment of this syndrome, the destructive macrovascular and microvascular outcomes of type II diabetes will remain a major problem for years to come (Kahn, Cooper, & Del Prato, 2014). In T2D plasma insulin levels may be low,...
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...Introduction Chronic diseases are common, costly and share mutual risk factors. Diabetes is a chronic disease that effects more than 347 million people worldwide, with approximately 90% of all the cases being type II diabetes (WHO, 1999). Diabetes is a condition where the body does not produce adequate amounts of insulin or does not use the insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that regulates the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood, causing cells to use it for energy or store it as fat for future use. Type 2 diabetics have poor insulin sensitivity, resulting in the buildup of glucose in the blood rather than being used as energy (https://www.diabetes.ca/). A physically inactive lifestyle is one of the major risk factors for diabetes. Promoting healthy lifestyle behaviours such as proper nutrition, physical activity, quitting smoking and reducing alcohol consumption can help in reducing the amount of Canadians being diagnosed with diabetes and other chronic diseases. Prevention programs for diabetes implement low – to moderate intensity exercise. Although an ideal intensity has not been established, more research is showing that high intensity training may be more effective in improving glycemic control in Type II diabetes. Purpose/Question Physical activity in combination with diet and medication are the foundations of prevention, management and treatment for type II diabetes. According to research, exercise is the only treatment to show improvement in whole body skeletal...
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...Diabetes, breast cancer, and tuberculosis are three important health concerns issues in the United States and in other parts of the world, but let’s be clear about this, there are several other important health issues affecting our people that have very significant importance. My criterion for selection is the United State, English language, and no specific age group. Diabetes as we know is when the body fails to produce enough insulin, which then causes sugar to build up in your blood. Diabetes affects over 25.8 million people, which is 8.3% of the U.S population, of that 18.8million people are diagnosed and 7.0 million undiagnosed. Among U.S. residents aged 65 years and older 10.9 million, or 26.9%, had diabetes in 2010. About 215,000 people younger than 20 years had diabetes (type 1 or type 2) in the United States in 2010. About 1.9 million people aged 20 years or older were newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2010 in the United States. Type I diabetes was previously called insulin dependent mellitus or juvenile-onset diabetes. Type I diabetes develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the cells that produce insulin that regulates blood glucose. To survive, people with this type must have insulin delivered by injection or pump. This type normally strikes children and young adults, but may occur at any age according and type I diabetes accounts for 5% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors can be may be autoimmune, genetic, or environmental...
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...| Developing Effective Diabetes Care Interventions in Rural Populations Salem International University Traci L French May 20, 2013 Abstract: Diabetes mellitus wreaks a high toll on Americans in regards to shortened life expectancy, decreased quality of life and staggering health care expenses. Prevalence of this disease in some populations can reach nearly 30%, with 11.3% of the total population affected in 2010 (Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX). In Arkansas, prevalence rates of the illness in some counties exceed 20% (Bradley, 2010). Recent statistics show that annual direct expenditures on diabetes care total $116 billion dollars per year with an additional $58 billion per year in indirect costs due to lost productivity and increased mortality (Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX). The goal of this paper is to assess the development and implementation of current interventional strategies for diagnosing diabetes mellitus in affected populations in the southeastern United States. Outcomes of current programs will then be evaluated on a local, regional and national level. The final area of study will examine possible improvements to existing programs using culturally sensitive methodology to increase access to care within these populations and improve clinical outcomes while following evidence-based care guidelines. Diabetes mellitus is a costly illness, both in the number of lives affected as well as actual expenditures on health care and lost wages...
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...Epidemiology Paper According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics, "[By 1993] death certificates listed diabetes as the fifth leading cause of death for Blacks aged 45 to 64, and the third leading cause of death for those aged 65 and older in 1990” (Bailey, 2007, p. 1). These statistics show how serious the problem of diabetes has become in the black community. Epidemiological studies can focus the efforts of the healthcare community to effective interventions aimed at lowering the prevalence and incidence of diabetes among African Americans. Epidemiology Paper Roles This paper will explore the role of epidemiology in the surveillance of the incidence of diabetes in the morbidity and mortality of Americans of African descent. This paper will also discuss the definition and purpose of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the epidemiological triangle and levels of prevention that is related with diabetes in the African American community. Definition and purpose of epidemiology in epidemiology paper The definition of epidemiology is very important if one is to use the definition to describe its purpose. “A common definition of epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations” (Savitz, Poole, & Miller, 1999, p. 1159). A better description of epidemiology is the analysis of the incidence and spread of disease within populations, with the aim of establishing...
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...Persistent low-grade inflammation has been identified as a significant contributor to the development of several chronic diseases, (Niklas et al, 2005) including heart disease and type II diabetes (Woods et al, 2009). Inflammation is indicated by an increased concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-Reactive protein (CRP) in the bloodstream (Niklas et al, 2005). This elevation may be due to a number of factors, including increased visceral adipose tissue secreting cytokines (Niklas et al, 2005), decreased circulatory levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (4) This essays aims to show the role that exercise can play in reducing inflammation, and will examine this effect in an obese, type II diabetic population. This reduced inflammation will be looked at in terms of three different mechanisms; the first is a reduction of visceral fat from exercise, leading to a decrease in adipokine secretion, the second is the increased release of anti-inflammatory cytokines from skeletal muscle contraction, and the third is the release of adrenal hormones, leading to a release of anti-inflammatory catecholamines. Inflammation can be acute or chronic and is indicated by a ‘two-to four-fold increase in circulating pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines’ (Woods et al, 2009) and by the presence of proteins such as CRP. The inflammation response can be due to trauma or as a result of factors such as obesity. Obesity can lead...
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...results that have been construed from that data will be presented. It discusses the concept of the effects of bariatric surgery and answers the question - do people who have the surgery have better health outcomes, specifically with hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus, than those who do not? A summary of research reveals that there is a significant reduction and/or total remission of both of these co-morbidities that were often life long. Other benefits, such as quality of life, social standings, and healthcare cost reduction are examined and positively reported. Review of current data to include strengths and weaknesses, conceptual frameworks, and the current state of knowledge reveal that bariatric procedures have shown the efficacy and safety in the treatment of morbid obesity and have gained wider acceptance in the medical world. Synthesis of Bariatric Surgery and the Effects on Comorbidities For years people have turned to diets in an effort to lose weight and get healthier. At no time has that been more the case than in America today. People spend billions of dollars a year trying to lose weight and the numbers are not encouraging. The prevalence in obesity with related Type II Diabetes and Hypertension is growing at an alarming rate, calling for other alternatives such as crash diets and extreme exercise plans. People have now turned to a new method to lose weight. Bariatric surgery, in all its forms, offers and alternative to what...
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