...Computational Linguistics Computational linguistics (CL) is a discipline between linguistics and computer science which is concerned with the computational aspects of the human language faculty. It belongs to the cognitive sciences and overlaps with the field of artificial intelligence (AI), a branch of computer science aiming at computational models of human cognition. Computational linguistics has applied and theoretical components. Theoretical CL takes up issues in theoretical linguistics and cognitive science. It deals with formal theories about the linguistic knowledge that a human needs for generating and understanding language. Today these theories have reached a degree of complexity that can only be managed by employing computers. Computational linguists develop formal models simulating aspects of the human language faculty and implement them as computer programmes. These programmes constitute the basis for the evaluation and further development of the theories. In addition to linguistic theories, findings from cognitive psychology play a major role in simulating linguistic competence. Within psychology, it is mainly the area of psycholinguistics that examines the cognitive processes constituting human language use. The relevance of computational modelling for psycholinguistic research is reflected in the emergence of a new subdiscipline: computational psycholinguistics. Applied CL focusses on the practical outcome of modelling human language use. The methods...
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...Applied Linguistics Today, development of linguistics is growing fast. Another aspect related to the fields of language study is also growing. Studies on language not only include one aspect only, but have spread to other aspects outside the language associated with the use of language and human life. Linguistic theory is a branch of applied linguistics that focuses on the general theory and methods in language research. Branches of linguistics can be divided into phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Therefore, applied linguistics can be applied in any field. One of these fields is education. More exactly in terms of language learning, in this case there should be more discussion about the relationship linguistic applied to language learning. The word linguistics (linguistics-UK) comes from the Latin "lingua" meaning language. In the French language "-langage langue"; Italian "lingua"; Spanish "lengua" and English "language". the function of Suffix "ics" in linguistics to indicate the name of a science, which means the science of language, as the term economics, physics and others. According Pringgodigdo and hasan shadili, "linguistics is the scientific study of language". linguistic is divided into two categories, as an adjective and a noun. Linguistics as an adjective means "the study of language and languages". While linguistics as a noun, means "the science of language; methods of learning and studying languages ". so it means linguistics is the science of language...
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...applied linguistics • What is research? • Research is the process of going up alleys to see if they are blind Marston Bates, American writer • Research is what I am doing when I don’t know what I am doing Von Braun, American engineer • If you steal from one author, it’s plagiarism; if you steal from many, it’s research. Wilson Mizner, American dramatist Lecture 1 Compulsory Readings Cohen, L., et al. 2007. Research Methods in Education. London and New York: Routledge (P. 5- 47) Nunan. D. 1992. Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge: CUP (P. 1 - 23) Brown, J.D. & Rodgers, T.S., 2002, Doing Second Language Research, Oxford: OUP (P 3-18) Wisker, G. 2001, The Postgraduate Research Handbook, New York: Palgrave (P. 113 - 126) McDonough, J. & S. McDonough, 1997, Research Methods for English Language Teachers, London: Arnold (P. 37 - 55) Lankshear, C. & M. Knobel, 2008, A Handbook for Teacher Reasearch, From Design to Implementation, Glasgow: McGraw-Hill (1-39) The distance between theory and practice is greater in practice than in theory. The nature of research 4 traditional kinds of empirical research: • Scientific and positivistic methodologies • Naturalistic and interpretive methodologies • Methodologies form critical theory • Feminist educational research The search for truth • The search for understanding the nature of the phenomena it presents to the human senses: ...
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...What is Forensic Linguistics? According to expert Dr. Carole E. Chaski forensic linguistics applies the theories, constructs and analytical methods of linguistics to questions which arise in civil, criminal and security investigations and adjudication. Dr. Chaski notes that an informed understanding of forensic-linguistics requires familiarity with the broader application of linguistics as a social science. This is because virtually every linguistic nuance has been examined within a legal context. These include: Phonetics & phonology - the system of sounds in human language Morphology - the minimal units of sounds which convey meanings Syntax - the ways in which words can combine into phrases Semantics & Syntax - word, phrasal and sentential meanings Pragmatics - language use in conversation and other forms of discourse Language change - the ways in which language evolves over time Psycholinguistics - how the human cognitive system processes language Neurolinguistics - human neuroanatomy and neuronal functioning Sociolinguistics - identification of linguistic patterns constrained by social, class, racial and gender boundaries Dialectology - identification of dialects related to regional boundaries computational linguistics - tools through which computers can be used to perform linguistic tasks While there are many primary and secondary linguistic subfields, Dr Chaski makes the very important point that one should not be...
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...humanities are academic disciplines that study human culture, using methods that are primarily analytical,[citation needed] critical, or speculative, and having a significant historical element,[1] as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.[1] The humanities include ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. The humanities that are also sometimes regarded as social sciences include history, anthropology, area studies, communication studies, cultural studies, law and linguistics. 2. What is the scope of humanities? 1. History, Anthropology, and Archaeology study human social, political, and cultural development. 2. Literature, Languages, and Linguistics explore how we communicate with each other, and how our ideas and thoughts on the human experience are expressed and interpreted. 3. Philosophy, Ethics, and Comparative Religion consider ideas about the meaning of life and the reasons for our thoughts and actions. 4. Jurisprudence examines the values and principles which inform our laws. These are: Arts, Music, Dance, Drama and Literature. 3. What is the different between the humanities and the sciences? Both the sciences and the humanities seek understanding; both offer explanations of various bits of the world. At a very abstract level, though, the kind of things each tries to explain is different. Science and the humanities are both ancient and great...
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...PORTFOLIO 1. What is research and what is a research carried out for? Find a research report in an applied linguistics journal (such as TESOL Quarterly, Language Learning) and point out the objectives and how these objectives are achieved. a. What is research? Research has been defined in a number of different ways. A broad definition of research is given by Martyn Shuttleworth - "In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge." Another definition of research is given by Creswell who states that - "Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as "a studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws" Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering data, a harnessing of curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the natureand the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research is funded...
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...linguistics lɪŋgwɪstɪks/ noun 1. 1. the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of grammar, syntax, and phonetics. Specific branches of linguistics include sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, comparative linguistics, and structural linguistics. Discourse[edit] A discourse is a way of speaking that emerges within a certain social setting and is based on a certain subject matter. A particular discourse becomes a language variety when it is used in this way for a particular purpose, and is referred to as a register.[25] There may be certain lexical additions (new words) that are brought into play because of the expertise of the community of people within a certain domain of specialisation. Registers and discourses therefore differentiate themselves through the use of vocabulary, and at times through the use of style too. People in the medical fraternity, for example, may use some medical terminology in their communication that is specialised to the field of medicine. This is often referred to as being part of the "medical discourse", and so on. Dialect[edit] A dialect is a variety of language that is characteristic of a particular group among the language speakers.[26] The group of people who are the speakers of a dialect are usually bound to each other by social identity. This is what differentiates a dialect from a register or adiscourse, where in the latter case, cultural identity does not always...
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...group «clothes»……21 CONCLUSION……....………....……...…………………………………...…….23 SOURCES…......………...……………………………………………………..…24 INTRODUCTION The actuality of this work is that the issue of change of meaning has always attracted attention of a great deal of scholars both in America and in Europe. The long history of language studying shows the interest of scientists to determine the issue of basic language functions, which inevitably include the nominative one. As a primary language function, the nominative function assumes the language system ability to designate and to isolate fragments of reality, transferring their notions into words, word combinations, idioms and sentences. The dynamic development of cognitive and communicative activities of human society and, as a result, the emergence of new realities, artifacts, objects of material and spiritual culture really determine one of the main tasks of language as "providing all spheres of life activity of a person with new designations" [3]. However, the role of the language in organizing and storing information in our mind is still unclear. A lot of disciplines are aimed at studying perception, reflection of the reality and principles of information transforming. The...
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...| | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |Lexical meaning – the specific kind of 'content' produced (or engendered) by the reverberation of objective reality in the human | | | |consciousness which constitutes the inner (semantic) structure of linguistic units with respect to which their material form is the | | | |outer (or phonetic) structure (O.Akhmanova); the material meaning of a word, i.e. the meaning of the main material part of the word (as | | | |distinct from its formal, or grammatical part), which reflects the concept the given word expresses and the basic properties of the | | | |thing (phenomenon, property, state, etc.) the word denotes. | | | |Grammatical meaning – the meaning of the formal membership of a word expressed by the word's form, i.e. the meaning of relationship | | | |manifested not in the word itself but in the dependent element...
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...University, Germany Lisa Hüther (lisa.huether@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de) Department of Psychology, Freiburg University, Germany Space is a fundamental domain for cognition, and research on spatial perception, orientation, referencing, and reasoning addresses core questions in most of the disciplines that make up the cognitive sciences. Consequently, space represents one of those domains for which various disciplinary interests overlap to a substantial extent. For instance, the question of whether and how spatial cognition and language interact has been one of the core questions since early on (e.g., Clark, 1973; Miller & Johnson-Laird, 1976), and yet, consensus between psychologists and linguists is difficult to achieve (e.g., Li & Gleitman, 2002, vs. Levinson et al., 2002). Perhaps most controversial in this dispute is the extent to which spatial cognition is culturally variable (for linguistic variability, see also Evans & Levinson, 2009, and comments there-in). Expanding the space of cognitive science research to ‘nonstandard’ cultures (Henrich et al., 2010; Medin et al., 2010) is thus crucial for the advancement of cognitive science. For this very reason, cross-disciplinary...
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...Kunal Mishra Due: Thursday, July 28th, 2011 Anthropology 100 Session— 7/11-8/04 (11:30-2:40) Santiago Canyon Community College Essay Question: What is Applied Anthropology? How is field anthropology used to solve modern human problems? Give specific examples of applied anthropology as reported in your textbook. Thesis Statement:. Anthropology. The study of human culture as it relates to all times, past, present, and future. A mouthful to say, and a whole bunch more difficult to comprehend. Yet, anthropology is often considered one of the most important sciences in our social world today. It is used anywhere, from a tidy desk in New York City, to the rainforests of Equatorial Guinea. That is the unique thing about anthropology; it can be applied to real life and be studied in a book. However, it is in the field that advancements in the study of culture are made, not books, so it will serve our purpose of learning about the fieldwork that anthropologists are called on to do. Different techniques and examples are all part of the diversity that applied anthropology requires, and many will be shown here. To fully understand applied anthropology, one must know the actual definition and how it relates to anthropology as a whole. The formal definition is: the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client. From this, we can hypothesize that groups, such as governments or corporations, hire anthropologists to solve a problem...
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...field of science and technology based on disciplines such as computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics and engineering. * The goal of AI is to develop computers that can simulate the ability to think ,as well as , hear , walk , talk and feel. * Artificial intelligence technologies are being used in a variety of ways to improve the decision support provided to managers and business professionals in many companies. * Artificial Intelligence enabled applications are at work in * Information distribution and retrieval * Database mining * Product design * Manufacturing inspection * Training * User support * Surgical Planning * Resource scheduling * Complex resource management * A major thrust of Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of computer functions normally associated with human intelligence such as reasoning, learning and problem solving etc. * In 1950 Alan Turing, British Artificial Intelligence pioneer proposed a test to determine whether machines could think. According to Turing test, a computer could demonstrate intelligence if a human interviewer, conversing with an unseen human and an unseen computer could not tell which was which. * Critics believe that no computer can truly pass the Turing test. They claim that it is not possible to develop intelligence to impart true humanlike capabilities to computers. * The Domains of Artificial Intelligence are: 1. Cognitive Science *...
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...ministry of education and science, ukraine Bogdan khmelnytsky university at cherkasy scientific-Educational Institute of Foreign Languages HERMEUNUTICS Abstract Group 66 5th year Volodymyr Trusevich Cherkasy - 2011 The term hermeneutics covers both the first order art and the second order theory of understanding and interpretation of linguistic and non-linguistic expressions. As a theory of interpretation, the hermeneutic tradition stretches all the way back to ancient Greek philosophy. In the course of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, hermeneutics emerges as a crucial branch of Biblical studies. Later on, it comes to include the study of ancient and classic cultures. With the emergence of German romanticism and idealism the status of hermeneutics changes. Hermeneutics turns philosophical. It is no longer conceived as a methodological or didactic aid for other disciplines, but turns to the conditions of possibility for symbolic communication as such. The question “How to read?” is replaced by the question, “How do we communicate at all?” Without such a shift, initiated by Friedrich Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, and others, it is impossible to envisage the ontological turn in hermeneutics that, in the mid-1920s, was triggered by Martin Heidegger's Sein und Zeit and carried on by his student Hans-Georg...
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...Approaches to Understanding Evolution * What is Anthropology? * the study of culture * the study of humans * the study of humans and human behavior * the study of culture among different people and places * the study of global cultures and the comparisons between the various differences * It incorporate culture, including language, social practice, religion, etc. * the study of culture…it can be scientific, humanistic and based on observation * the study of humans in all parts of the world…it combines several fields into a holistic view * the study of humankind in all time and places * Anthropology is: 1. A Social Science * Academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often reply primarily on empirical approaches 2. Studies Culture * Culture is composed of ideas, values and perceptions * Culture is not instinctual, it must be learned and shared * Culture only exists within a society or group of people * Culture is a human adaptation to their environment 3. Holistic * The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence * Cultural Anthropology * The study of patterns of human behavior, thought and emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures * Ethnography * Detailed description...
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...What is linguistics? Language is central to our human nature, and linguistics is the systematic study of human language. Although on the face of it there is huge variation among the world's languages, linguists not only describe the diverse characteristics of individual languages but also seek to discover the deeper properties which all languages share. These common properties may give us an insight into the structure of the human mind. Part of the appeal of linguistics is that it draws on methods and knowledge from an unusually wide range of scholarship and transcends the usual subject boundaries. For instance, the study of meaning draws on work by philosophers, whereas the part of our course concentrating on the sounds of speech takes place in our Phonetics Laboratory. Here computers are used to display and analyse the speech signal using methods from physics and engineering. This variety is what makes linguistics fascinating: at one moment you might be poring over a medieval text for evidence of how the grammar of a language has changed, and the next, learning about how the larynx creates sound energy for speech. The flexibility of language as a tool for communication depends on combining smaller elements into larger structures. Language does this at several 'levels', and the description of languages involves different levels of analysis. Syntax describes the combination of words to form sentences; morphology describes the building of words from components such as roots...
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