...some statements that link criminology to that of Psychological and Biological thinking the book stipulate. However regardless of whichever disipline you choose to define criminology one thing is for certain which “is the use of a systematic way of thinking”. My definition of Criminology is that of the scientific study of crime, criminals, criminal behaviour, the nature and extent of a crime, and the causes and control of criminal behaviour in both the individual and in society. Criminology could be called a social science as it combines the efforts drawn up between sociologists, psychologists and social anthropologists. With there theories and findings it gives a better understanding of crime and criminal behaviour that can support prosecutors, judges, lawyers, prison officials and probation officers, so they can improve or develop more appropriate sentences and treatments for criminal behaviour. Criminology centres its attention on its research in to crime and the individuals who commit crime, it also looks at the criminal justice system in the hope that the information can be transformed into policies that will effect the handling of crime or even the elimination of crime. Task-2 Explain the difference between macro and micro theories used by criminologists. Macro theories and micro theories are both detailed theories used by criminologists that pay close attention to different aspects of crime and criminal behaviour. Macro theories Macro theories are detailed...
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...R-Z Essay Topics Plagiarism Donate a Paper View Cart / Checkout Differences in Macro and Micro Level Theories Rate This Paper: 1 2 3 4 5 Submit Length: 317 words (0.9 double-spaced pages) Rating: Red (FREE) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - There are many differences between macro and micro-level theories. Micro-level focuses on individuals and their interactions. For example the relationship between adult children and their parents, or the effect of negative attitudes on older people. Some criticize on micro-level theories becuase they focus on what older people do rather than on social conditionsand policies that cuase them to act the way they do. Macro-level focuses more upon social structure, social processes and problems, and their interrelationships. For example the effects of industrialization on older people's status, or how gender and income affect older people's well being. This approach tends to minimize people's ability to act and overcome the limits of social structures. Both micro and macro-leve theories can take one of three perspectives which include: interpretive perspective, normative, and conflict. Normative perspective says rules and status exist in society to provide socail control or social order. Social order is necessary for survival. This perspective focuses upon macro-level. For example structural-functionalism, role theory, modernization theory, and age-stratification...
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...there are some statements that link Criminology to that of Psychological and Biological thinking the books stipulate. However regardless of whichever discipline you choose to define Criminology one thing is stated for certain which “is the use of a systematic way of thinking”. My definition of Criminology is this.........(go on to document your own thoughts) Task 2 - What is the difference between Macro & Micro theories Macro Theories Macro is a category that more abstract criminal theories fall into. A definition of Macro is that it is most often concerned with Social Structures and the effects of those structures on our human behaviour. It is stated that the Macro theories most often give little consideration to the individual, and instead most often consider society as a whole. Macro theories of Criminology for example could be conflict ideas. Most macro theories can be described as Epidemiological. This is in no related to the medical term. In criminology the term is concerned with rates of criminal activity overall. Micro Theories Micro theories are it is stated generally more solid / concrete. These theories try and attempt to explain how people come to carry out these criminal activities. It is stated that the focus is on individuals and small gangs. Etiology however in contrast to Macro’s Epidemiology is concerned with the explanation of criminal behaviour with regards to the small group or individual level concerned. Therefore Micro theories can be titled Etiological...
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...crime This paper focuses on the information about the crimes. Different theories about the criminology are described. Main focus will be on the criminology and its two theories. Criminology is the study of factors about the crimes that lead to its phenomena. This crime may be of individual or social nature. It includes making laws, breaking laws and attempts to break the laws. Criminology focuses on the social, cultural and individual causes of the illegal behavior. Criminology is directly related to sociology and psychology in all disciplines that deal with a group or individual behavior. However an act that is immoral or indecent can be criminal act unless it is not outlawed by the state. Criminology consists of our organized ways of thinking and talking about crime, criminals and crime control (Garland and Sparks, 2000, 192). Personal and neighborhood income are the strongest predictors of violent crime" (cited in "Wasting America's Future (Arloc Sherman, 1994, p88). Demonstrates that glaring social and economic inequalities in our society impose correspondingly high costs in the form of street crime. (John Hagan & Ruth D. Peterson, Crime and Inequality, 1995, Stanford U, p4) Causes of Crimes: Causes of crime may be environmental, hereditary or psychological. Environmental causes are ruled out as independent causes of crimes. But psychological conditions are said to be determinant of an individual’s reaction to persuasive environmental influence. Criminologist...
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...Macro-Leadership and Micro-Leadership Leadership, Change & Responsibility – Assignment MSM MBA - Intake 17/ Group 3 Tuan DO Diah MINTARSIH Chau TRAN Truc-M. NGUYEN SUMMARY Macro-Leadership: Vision Macro-Leadership: Vision • Focuses on vision, long-term strategy and future planning. • Enables and encourages transformational change. • Is ready to take big risk in favor of the strategy & vision. • Innovative approach & willingness for disruptive change • Extrovert generalist favoring a broad-based leadership Micro-Leadership: Control Micro-Leadership: Control • Willing to take actions with respect to current reality. • Control & keep things in balance. • Adheres to mission & incremental changes. • Expert attitude with tendency to be extremely critical to deviation / divergence. • Manages & mitigates risk. • Continuity-based and transactional management approach. Vision versus Control Vision-Control-Matrix (Vander Ark, 2015) Vision versus Control • Vision alone does not enable change. • Vision neglecting the micro-focus on realities in business management leads to failure. • Vision without practical leadership results in empty dreams. • Control alone demotivates, does not benefit from diversity & prevents individual growth. • Control without keeping the “big picture” in mind leads to control obsession. • Control obsession is toxic for any organization. CONCLUSION Synthesis of Macro & Micro ...
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...Is empowerment a valuable tool for increasing efficiency and effectiveness in today’s organisations? In recent years, the degree of competition in the business world has increase dramatically, business has to be able to adapt with the change of the environment, law, and technology. Many managerial practices have been developed to enable the organisation to increase its efficiency and effectiveness. Empowerment as a tool that focusing on increasing employee motivation to contribute on the organisation has been discussed in widely for years, many scholars have conducted a large number of study on this regard. From various journal articles, this paper will define and discuss the benefit of the concept of empowerment on the organisation in three different aspects, first, the individual empowerment which personal perception on the workplace. Second, empowerment climate which is directly related to firm’s code of conducts as well as structures. Lastly, the relationship across two level or multi-level empowerment will be explained and discussed. The question that is the empowerment a valuable tool for increasing organisation’s efficiency and effectiveness will also be answered There are arguments on the definition of empowerment since this concept is complex and can be explained on multiple dimensions, levels, and disciplines. Definition of empowerment in general was explicitly given by Conger and Kanungo (1988) as “ a process of enhancing feeling of self-efficacy among organisational...
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...Marketing in the Hospitality/Tourism organisation INTRODUCTION Key concepts of marketing are: Need, Wish and Demand. Need: represents a requirement born in human nature or in social life (restricted).Wish: Means favoured by the consumer to satisfy a need (limitless). Demand: is the Behaviour of consumption of a product or a service to answer wish aiming at satisfying the need supported by the power of purchase. Let us keep that marketing does not create the need. On the other hand, it provokes wish for a product or a service which can answer the one - or even several - basic needs. If the number of needs is restricted, the number of wishes is infinite. It is the reason for which all imagination is associated to the product and to its functional characteristics is essential: one speaks about symbolic envelope which transcends the product itself. In marketing sense, a product is any entity likely to satisfy a need or a wish. It can therefore be: an object, a service, an activity, a place, a human being, an organization, an idea, etc... When a need meets the characteristics of a product or service, the benefit can be functional or symbolic. Examples: Functional benefit: « An apparatus autofocus (characteristics) allows achieving photographs every time (functional benefit); the presence of fluorine in a dentifrice (characteristics) allows not having teeth decays, not to suffer and to economize some silver (functional benefits) ». Symbolism benefit: « The wooden presence on the...
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...but using more analogies with physics. Molecular structure of society with its different states, principles generating spontaneous order different from “invisible hand”, social analogies of the concepts of temperature and pressure in physics are investigated. Some analogies between phase transitions in physics and transition between different social regimes can reveal the areas of stability of liberal regimes as well as possibility of spontaneous emergence of different social orders. A possibility to expand neoclassical economics to capture Marxism and nationalism in a formal mathematical framework is also discussed. Keywords: economic structures, origin of order, econo-physics, socio-physics. 1. Introduction This article is methodological. It focuses on economic and social questions that are rarely touched by economic theorists despite their obvious importance for our understanding of economic processes in the world. No fully formalized model will be proposed here. Instead, the focus will be on interaction between economic elements and emergence of structures. These ideas have been successfully elaborated in natural science by physicists. That is why it makes sense to look for some analogies between physical and economic concepts, and then to find ways of employing principles of modelling from physcis into economic science. The term “econophysics” is already used in narrow sense, to describe models of...
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...------------------------------------------------- Market environment From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (February 2009) | | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007) | The market environment is a marketing term and refers to factors and forces that affect a firm’s ability to build and maintain successful relationships with customers.Three levels of the environmment are: Micro (internal) environment - ma forces within the company that affect its ability to serve its customers. Meso environment – the industry in which a company operates and the industry’s market(s). Macro (national) environment - larger societal forces that affect the microenvironment.[1] Contents [hide] * 1 Micro-Environment (internal environment) * 2 Macro-Environment (external environment) * 3 Meso-Environment * 4 References * 5 External Resources | ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Micro-Environment (internal environment) The microenvironment refers to the forces that are close to the company and affect its ability to serve its customers. It includes the company itself, its suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets, competitors, and publics...
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...The ecological systems theory holds that we encounter different environments throughout our lifespan that may influence our behavior in varying degrees. These systems include the micro system, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macro system, and the chronosystem. 1. THE MICRO SYSTEM The micro system's setting is the direct environment we have in our lives. Your family, friends, classmates, teachers, neighbors and other people who have a direct contact with you are included in your micro system. The micro system is the setting in which we have direct social interactions with these social agents. The theory states that we are not mere recipients of the experiences we have when socializing with these people in the micro system environment, but we are contributing to the construction of such environment. 2. THE MESOSYSTEM The mesosytem involves the relationships between the microsystems in one's life. This means that your family experience may be related to your school experience. For example, if a child is neglected by his parents, he may have a low chance of developing positive attitude towards his teachers. Also, this child may feel awkward in the presence of peers and may resort to withdrawal from a group of classmates. 3. THE EXOSYSTEM The exosystem is the setting in which there is a link between the context where in the person does not have any active role, and the context where in is actively participating....
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...F.Y.B.A. Paper – I Economic Theory (Micro Economics-I) SECTION – I Module 1 : Introduction Meaning, nature, scope, significance and limitations of micro economics. Ceteris Paribus – use and significance. Concept and types of equilibrium : stable, unstable, static and dynamic equilibrium – partial equilibrium and general equilibrium, positive economics and normative economics, managerial economics. Basic concepts – wealth, welfare and scarcity. Basic tools of economics analysis (equations and functions, graphs and diagrams, slope and intercepts) Module 2 : Consumers Behaviour and Demand Marishallian Approach : Equi-marginal utility, Law of demand – Determinants of demand. Elasticity of demand and its measurement. Price – Income – Cross and Promotional elasticity of demand. Consumer’s Surplus. Hicksian Approach : Indifference curves – properties of Indifference Curve, Consumer’s Equilibrium, Price effect, Income effect and substitution effect – Derivation of demand from Price Consumption Curve (PCC) – Giffen’s paradox. Samuelson Approach : Revealed Preference Theory. Module 3 : Production and Cost Analysis Concept of production function : short run and long run – Cobb – Douglass production function. isoquants – iso-cost line – producer’s equilibrium. Law of variable proportion and Law of returns to scale – Economies of scale – Economies of scope. Concepts of costs : Money and real cost, Opportunity cost, Social cost, Private cost – Derivation of short run and long run cost curves–...
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... how one scent sets a personality and gives each person their own distinct smell. I truly wish to be a perfumist one day. The career I believe I will most likely have in the forthcoming future will be the owner of a small perfume and cosmetics business. The idea of the business is to let the customers pick their own scents and mix and match with other preferable aromas, therefore creating unique perfumes for themselves. Section 1: The leadership requirements for a business owner would be being able to balance micro and macro management. The skills that are required are sales experience and customer service. In order to please the customer one has to have sufficient knowledge in engaging with customers. Once you are able to engage enough with your customers you can build trust and after you have built trust, your sales will reach heights. Section 2: Strengths that my leadership would have, would be the balance between micro and macro management. Such as time, inventory and schedule. The weakness would be the atmosphere, how the upper management controls the staff. Sales quota not being reached is also a weakness. To over come the weakness, many different methods would be used such as incentives that would come out from the profit of the inventory sold. Section 3: Career is a lifelong relationship and to me a career holds the ability to either make you happy or make you sad. Not only is it my dream but it is also my Moms life long...
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...Mathematics in Biomedical Engineering (Macro and Micro Biomechanics) Biomedical engineering is an emerging discipline which links medicine, biology, and technology in order to tackle medical problems using an engineering approach. As such, it is heavily influenced by engineering principles and uses applicable mathematics in nearly all of its aspects. It is important to note that applied mathematics (vector algebra, calculus, numerical approaches to solving functions, etc.) is a language, which evolved to serve the needs of science and particularly those of classical (Newtonian) mechanics. Thus, it describes and explores natural phenomena using mathematical functions and relations. As biomedical engineering incorporates many engineering spheres, it employs applicable mathematics in numerous situations. The following is an overview of the applications of mathematics in solving macro-biomechanical, and micro and nano-scale challenges in biomedical engineering. Biomechanics is a field of biomedical engineering which analyses the behaviour of structures and materials in biological or medical applications [1]. It is closely related to the field of prosthetics and uses mathematical analysis to design and test better devices. Dynamic analysis of systems involves constructing free-body diagrams and resolving forces acting on the components. Using partial derivatives and integration can vastly simplify biomechanical problems by switching between the domains of position, velocity, and...
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...The Global Conference for Wikimedia 6 - 10 August 2014 · London Find out more [ Help with translations! ] Industrial market segmentation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Industrial market segmentation is a scheme for categorizing industrial and business customers to guide strategic and tactical decision-making, especially in sales and marketing. While government agencies and industry associations use standardized segmentation schemes for statistical surveys, most businesses create their own segmentation scheme to meet their particular needs. While similar to consumer market segmentation, segmenting industrial markets is different and more challenging because of greater complexity in buying processes, buying criteria, and the complexity of industrial products and services themselves. Further complications include role of financing, contracting, and complementary products/services. The goal for every industrial market segmentation scheme is to identify the most significant differences among current and potential customers that will influence their purchase decisions or buying behavior, while keeping the scheme as simple as possible (Occam's Razor). This will allow the industrial marketer to differentiate their prices, programs, or solutions for maximum competitive advantage. Webster describes segmentation variables as “customer characteristics that relate to some important difference in customer response to marketing effort”. (Webster, 2003)[1]...
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...affects their brand, objectives, performance and stakeholders. The authors investigate the origins of certain variables that affect the ethical values of an organization. In addition, a review is performed on how both ethics along with these variables contribute to the success of the organization with respect to quality and quantity of output. A link is established between power, ethics and commitment to productivity. Brickley, J.A., Smith , C.W. & Zimmerman, J.L. (2002). Business ethics and organizational architecture. Journal of Banking and Finance, 26 (9), 1821-1835. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00193-0 This journal implies that there is potential for a balance between economics and business ethics in several instances. One instance is found in the presumptions of how organizational members make decisions and from what ethical foundation they are considered? In addition, the importance of the union between business ethics and organizational structure is visited considering their value to the motivation of the internal stakeholders. The journal explores another instance where there may be a balance between business ethics and economics by evaluating an organization’s brand name capital and value with consideration to its ethical behavior. There are also elements in this writing that observe the responsibilities managers of an organization have in...
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