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List of Kennings

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List of kennings
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A kenning (Old Norse kenning [cʰɛnːiŋɡ], Modern Icelandic [cʰɛnːiŋk]) is a circumlocution used instead of an ordinary nounin Old Norse, Old English and later Icelandic poetry.
This list is not intended to be comprehensive. Kennings for a particular character are listed in that character's article. For example, the Odin article links to a list of names of Odin, which include kennings. Only a few examples of Odin's kennings are given here. For a scholarly list of kennings see Meissner's Die Kenningar der Skalden (1921) or a good edition of Snorri Sturluson's Skáldskaparmál
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Source language abbreviations[edit] * OE - Old English * D - Danish | * G - Germanic * Ic - Old Icelandic * N - Norse * ON - Old Norse | * Nor - Norwegian * S - Swedish |
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List of Kennings[edit] Primary Meaning | Kenning Translated | Original Kenning | Explanation | Source Language | Example | axe | blood-ember | | | N | | battle | spear-din | | | N | Snorri SturlusonSkaldskaparmal | blood | slaughter-dew | | | N | | blood | battle-sweat | | One reference for this kenning comes from the epic poem, Beowulf. As Beowulf is in fierce combat withGrendel's Mother, he makes mention of shedding much battle-sweat. | N | Beowulf | blood | wound-sea | svarraði sárgymir | | N | Eyvindr SkáldaspillirHákonarmál 7). | chieftain or king | breaker of rings | | Alludes to a ruler breaking the golden rings upon his arm and using them to reward his followers. | OE | Beowulf | death | sleep of the sword | | | OE | Beowulf | death | flame-farewelled | | Implicitly honourable death | N | | fire | bane of wood | grand viðar | | ON | Snorri SturlusonSkáldskaparmál36 | wife | girl of the houses | sól húsanna | | ON | Snorri SturlusonSkáldskaparmál36 | gold | seeds of the Fyris Wolds | Fýrisvalla fræ | Hrólf Kraki spread gold on the Fyris Wolds to distract the men of the Swedish king | N | Eyvindr SkáldaspillirLausavísa 8 | gold | serpent's lair | | Serpents (and dragons) were reputed to lie upon gold in their nests | N | Skáldskaparmál | gold | Sif's hair | | Derived from the story of when Loki cut off Sif's hair. In order to amend his crime, Loki had the dwarf Dvalinmake new hair for Sif, a wig of gold that grew like normal hair. | N | Skáldskaparmál | gold | Kraki's seed | | Hrólf Kraki spread gold on the Fyris Wolds to distract the men of the Swedish king. Can also be used to imply generosity; q.v. Hrólf Kraki | N | Skáldskaparmál | gold, sometimes amber | Freyja's tears | | Derived from the story of when Freyja could not findÓðr, her husband, the tears she shed were gold, and the trees which her tears fell upon were transmuted into amber. | N | | honour | mind's worth | weorðmyndum | | OE | Beowulf | hook | bait-gallows | | | Ic | Flateyjarbok | kill enemies | Feed the eagle | | Killing enemies left food for the eagles | S | Gripsholm Runestone | Loki | wolf's father | | an allusion to Loki's fathering of Fenrir | N | Lokasenna | Loki | father of the sea thread | | Loki was the father of Jörmungandr, the Midgard serpent | N | Þórsdrápa | mistletoe | Baldur's bane | | The kenning derives from the story in which all plants and creatures swore never to harm Baldur save mistletoe, which, when it was overlooked, Loki used to bring about Baldur's death by tricking Hodur. | N | | Mjollnir,Thor's hammer | Hrungnir's slayer | | Hrungnir was a giant whose head was smashed by a blow from Mjollnir | N | Lokasenna | Odin | Lord of the gallows | | See the separate page List of names of Odin for more Odin kennings | N | | Odin | Hanged god | | Odin hung on the Tree of Knowledge for nine days in order to gain wisdom. | N | | poetry | Grímnir's lip-streams | | Grímnir is one of the names of Odin | N | Þórsdrápa | raven | swan of blood | | ravens ate the dead at battlefields | N | | the sea | whale-road | hron-rād | | N,OE | Beowulf 10: "In the end eachclan on the outlying coasts beyond the whale-road had to yield to him and begin to pay tribute" | the sea | sail road | seġl-rād | | OE | Beowulf 1429 b | the sea | whale's way | hwæl-weġ | | N,OE | The Seafarer63 a; Beowulf | the sea | swan-road | swan-rād | | OE | Beowulf 200 a | serpent | valley-trout | | | N | Skaldskaparmal | shield | headland of swords | sverða nesi | There is a connection to the word "nesa" meaning subject to public ridicule/failure/shame, i.e. "the failure/shame of swords", not only "where the sword first hits/ headland of swords" Kennings can sometimes be a triple entendre. | N | þorbjörn Hornklofi:Glymdrápa 3 | ship | wave-swine | unnsvín | | N | | ship | sea-steed | gjálfr-marr | | N | Hervararkviða27;Skáldskaparmál | sky | Ymir’s skull | Ymis haus | | N | Arnórr jarlaskáldMagnúsdrápa19 | the sun | sky-candle | heofon-candel | | OE | Exodus 115 b | the sun | sky's jewel | heofones ġim | | OE | The Phoenix 183 | the sun | glory of elves | álf röðull | álf röðull (alfrodull), meaning "glory-of-elves" refers both to the chariot of the sun goddess Sól and to the rider (the sun herself). | N | SkírnismálVafþrúðnismál | sword | blood-worm | | | N | | sword | icicle of blood | | | N | | sword | wound-hoe | ben-grefill | | N | Egill Skallagrímsson:Höfuðlausn 8 | sword | onion of war | ímun-laukr | Or leek of war | N | Eyvindr SkáldaspillirLausavísa 8 | Thor | slayer of giants, basher of trolls | felli fjörnets goða flugstalla | felli fjörnets goða flugstalla is a compound kenning. Literally feller of the life webs (fjörnets) of the gods of the flight-edges, i.e. slayer of giants, life webs (fjörnets) is a kenning in its own right since it refers directly to the operations of the Norns in severing lives, flight-edges (flugstalla) being the high and dangerous places inhabited by eagles and hawks, i.e. the icy mountains of Jotunheim. | N | ÞórsdrápaNorse Mythology | war | weather of weapons | | | N | Skaldskaparmal | warrior | feeder of ravens | grennir gunn-más | “feeder of war-gull” = “feeder of raven” = “warrior” Ravens feed on dead bodies left after a battle. | N | Þorbjörn Hornklofi:Glymdrápa | warrior | destroyers of eagle’s hunger | eyðendr arnar hungrs | “destroyers of eagle’s hunger” = “feeders of eagle” = “warrior” Eagles, also, feed on dead bodies left after a battle. | N | Þorbjörn Þakkaskáld:Erlingsdrápa 1 | waves | Ægir's daughters | | Ægir had nine daughters called billow maidens who were personifications of the waves. | N | | wind | breaker of trees | | | N | | wolf | Gunnr's horse | | Gunnr is a valkyrie | S | Rök Stone | wrist | wolf's-joint | úlfliðr | An allusion to Tyr's loss of his hand when fettering the wolf Fenrir | Ic | Gylfaginning |

Magic of Electrons
Activity 1.1 Comparing Static and Current Electricity
Purpose
What usually happens when you run a plastic comb through your hair on a dry cold day? Usually, your hair will stand out from your head. When you move the comb back and forth, the hair will follow. This is caused by an attraction and the movement of electrons. This movement of electrons produces electricity. Two thousand years ago, the Greeks discovered the same thing with a material we now call amber. When they rubbed the amber with some other materials, it became charged with a mysterious force. The charged amber attracted such materials as dried leaves and wood shavings; much like the comb attracts your hair and causes it to move around. The Greeks called the amber elektron, which is how the word electricity came about. Electricity is either standing still or moving. When it is standing still, it is called static electricity. When it is moving, it is called current electricity. In this activity, you will create two models that will allow you to observe the behavior of electrons and the current they produce. Equipment
Battery- Current electricity:
 glass jars/plastic cups
 copper strips and copper wire
 zinc strips and galvanized nails
 Enough vinegar to cover 1” of the strips or pipes
 jumper wires
 alligator clips
 LED light bulb
 Multi-meter
Procedure
In this activity, you will work in groups of TWO (2), as assigned by your teacher. 1. Using the directions from the video assemble a battery.
Make a Battery out of copper wire and galv. Nail like in the movie. Check.
Make a similar battery out of copper sheet and zinc strip. See above. Check.
Using another group’s battery, connect two (2) cells together. What happens? Using the battery apparatus, dip the electrodes (copper and zinc strips) into the vinegar. The vinegar acts as an electrolyte. Use a multi-meter, check voltages for all your batteries, record results below.
______________________________________________________________________
Multi-Meter Readings.
Reading using a rectangular battery _________________________volts What should it have read? _________________volts
Reading using nail and wire battery __________________________volts
Reading using two (2) nail wire batteries together ______________volts
Reading using strip style battery ____________________volts
Reading using two (2) strip style batteries together ______________volts
Why were the readings the same / different for the different style batteries?
Conclusion
1. What is the difference between static and current electricity?
2. What purpose does the electrolyte serve? Use a web search with “ask.com”.
3. Why do you think copper and zinc strips were used?
4. Why were the strip and the wire/nail batteries the same or different?

5. What do you think would have happened if two copper strips were used?

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