...Mysterious Listeriosis Sara Williams Health Science Technology 3/4/2016 Mysterious Listeriosis Listeriosis is a foodborne disease, also known as food poisoning. Listeria is a bacterium that is mostly found in raw food, water, and animals (Rowland and Frey, 2015). You can get listeriosis by eating/drinking food or water that is contaminated with the bacteria. This disease is important because we need food and water to live, and we also have so many different varieties of how to eat it. Knowing about Listeria is highly beneficial because you never know how your food has been processed. Listeria is dangerous because it can affect anyone and can be in anything(Rowland and Frey, 2015). Pathophysiology A person can become infected with Listeria by simply eating contaminated food. Such as, raw vegetables, fish, poultry, raw (unpasteurized) milk, fresh meat, processed meat, and some cheeses. Something that makes Listeria unique is that...
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...Mohammed 154209 University of Tasmania 2013 INTRODUCTION: L. monocytogenes has been a cause of concern for foodborne diseased hence has been isolated from ready-to-eat foods, meats, poultry, dairy products, seafoods, vegetables and from food processing environs. Statistics show that Listeriosis is a modifiable disease in all Australian states and territories. In 2008, there were 0.3 cases per 100,000 populations. This is the same as the 2003–2007 mean of 0.3 cases per 100,000 populations per year. In Australia the fatality rate in 2008 was 18% (OzFoodNet 2009b; NNDSS 2010). In 2008, the notification rate in New Zealand was 0.6 cases per 100,000 population while the fatality rate in New Zealand in 2008 was 19%. (European Commission 1999) Listeriosis is said to be caused by Listeria monocytogenes bacterium and it attacks specific groups like the elderly, other immuno-compromised persons and pregnant women. (Lake et al. 2005) Foodborne listeriosis has high casualty and fatality rate (15–30%) compared to other foodborne microbial pathogens, such as Salmonella. (WHO/FAO 2004; Swaminathan and Gerner-Smidt 2007) Industrially processed foods are the main causes of Listeriosis which ranks as one of the highest of foodborne diseases (Roberts, 1989; Roberts and Pinner, 1990), it is widely dispersed in enviorns. Other factors for its occurrence, like, geographical differences etc, are still not known as is evident from the studies conducted by [pic]Buchanan in 2004;...
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...Birth defects, also known as congenital disorders, are conditions that exist before or at birth. 20% of these defects originate from heredity, but most of these disorders are caused by the poor life choices expecting mothers make. There are things moms may not consider that could put an infant in danger of congenital disorders. Some everyday activities contain underlying risks that can be detrimental over time. With that being said, most birth defects happen because of the carelessness of pregnant mothers by means of smoking, drinking, not eating correctly, and not taking care of themselves in various ways. Cigarettes There are many commercials on TV showing the negative effects cigarettes have on unborn babies. All cigarettes contain toxins,...
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...Definition; Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord. It’s easy to mistake the early signs and symptoms of meningitis for the flu (influenza). Meningitis signs and symptoms may develop over several hours or over one or two days. Signs and Symptoms; The signs and symptoms that may occur in anyone older than age of 2 include: • Sudden high fever • Severe headache that isn't easily confused with other types of headache • Stiff neck • Vomiting or nausea with headache • Confusion or difficulty concentrating • Seizures • Sleepiness or difficulty waking up • Sensitivity to light • Lack of interest in drinking and eating • Skin rash in some cases, such as in meningococcal meningitis Signs and symptoms in Newborns; Newborns and infants may not have the classic signs and symptoms of headache and stiff neck. Instead, signs of meningitis in this age group may include: • High fever • Constant crying • Excessive sleepiness or irritability • Inactivity or sluggishness • Poor feeding • A bulge in the soft spot on top of a baby's head (fontanel) • Stiffness in a baby's body and neck Infants with meningitis may be difficult to comfort, and may even cry harder when picked up. Causes; Meningitis usually results from a viral infection, but the cause may also be a bacterial infection. Less commonly, a fungal infection may cause meningitis. Because bacterial infections are the most serious and can be life-threatening...
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...INTRODUCTION Bacterial meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the membranes lining the brain and spinal cord. In a recent survey by the Hib and Pneumococcal Working Group, the incidence of meningitis in 2000 varied from regions across the world. The overall incidence of pneumococcal meningitis was 17 cases per 100,000, with the highest incidence in Africa at 38 cases per 100,000 and the lowest incidence in Europe at 6 cases per 100,000. The overall death rate was 10 cases per 100,000. The highest death rate was 28 cases per 100,000 in Africa, and the lowest death rates were 3 cases per 100,000 in Europe and Western Pacific regions. (Hom, 2009) Bacterial meningitis more frequently occurs in black and Hispanic children. This is thought to be related to socioeconomic rather than racial factors The brain and spinal cord are remarkably resistant to infection, but when they become infected, the consequences are usually very serious. Infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and occasionally protozoa or parasites. The most common type of CNS infection is Bacterial Meningitis which is characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the membranes lining the brain and spinal cord. (Hom, 2009. Almost any bacteria entering the body can cause meningitis. The most common are meningococci (Neisseria meningitidis), pneumococci (Streptococcus pneumonia), and Haemophilus influenza. Thtese organisms are often present in the nasopharynx. S. pneumonia and N....
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...An adulterant is a substance found within other substances (e.g. food, beverages, fuels), although not allowed for legal or other reasons. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. An adulterant is distinct from, for example, permitted food additives. There can be a fine line between adulterant and additive; chicory may be added to coffee to reduce the cost—this is adulteration if not declared, but may be stated on the label. The term "contamination" is usually used for the inclusion of unwanted substances due to accident or negligence rather than intent. Adulterants added to reduce the amount of expensive product in illicit drugs are called cutting agents. Deliberate addition of toxic adulterants to food or other products for human consumption is poisoning. In food and beverages[edit] Past and present examples of adulteration, some dangerous, include: Roasted chicory roots used as an adulterant for coffee Diethylene glycol, used dangerously by some winemakers in sweet wines Apple jellies (jams), as substitutes for more expensive fruit jellies, with added colorant and sometimes even specks of wood that simulate raspberry or strawberry seeds Water, for diluting milk and alcoholic beverages Cutting agents used to adulterate (or "cut") illicit drugs—for example, shoe polish in hashish, amphetamines in ecstasy, lactose in cocaine Urea, melamine and other nonprotein nitrogen sources, added to protein products to inflate crude protein content measurements[1] ...
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...Student Number: Assignment Title: BE Reaction Paper 2 Course Code: RSM 1160 HF Course Title: In submitting this work for grading, I confirm: That the work is original, and due credit is given to others where appropriate Acceptance and acknowledgement that assignments found to be plagiarized in any way will be subject to sanctions under the University’s Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters. 1002799750 Business Ethics Section #: 1 2 AM Professor Name: 3 PM Richard Powers 4 5 Please pay attention to the course outline for specific formatting requirements set by instructors. Assignments are to be submitted using student ID numbers only; do not include your name. Please note that assignments that include names or that do not have the box below checked will not be graded. Please check the box and record your student number below to indicate that you have read and abide by the statements above. ☒ 1002799750 Final Page Grade:_________ MAPLE LEAF FOOD OR MADLY BAD FOOD? Another food safety issue in developed country 1. THE CONTAMINATION Born and raised in Asia, I’m not surprised to hear story that chemical pesticide is overused by farmers, that even multinational company such as Nestle withdrew billion of rupees worth of Maggie instant noodles over unsafe level of lead or that baby products were adulterated with melamine which is known to cause renal and kidney stones. Even though in some scandals...
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...Food Safety Assignment List of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Relative importance of pathogens 3. Trends in foodborne illness 4. Emerging issues 5. Intervention strategies 6. Conclusion 7. References 1. Introduction From the very dawn of the mankind people have suffered from an array of infectious diseases. Advances in the ways of diagnostics and treatment allow us to ease this burden on the humanity. Information technology has provided scientific community with a chance to better control and, which is the most important, prevent foodborne diseases by gathering, analyzing and interpreting epidemiological data from a vast number of sites. Conclusions drawn as a result of such surveillance (trends in incidence, prevalence, endemicity of important pathogens, number of outbreaks, most common vehicles of infection, etc.) can be used to design intervention strategies to eradicate a disease as well as to assess a degree of success of food safety measures. Initially, epidemiological surveillance was limited to scientific trials or a certain disease; collection of data on a wider, national, scale was passive. But even these scarce results were able to convince authorities in many countries to approach this issue seriously, in a systemic manner and with bigger amount of resources. In the USA the best known at the moment program, FoodNet or Foodborne diseases Active Surveillance Network, was launched on January 1, 1996. At first it covered only the territory with 13.2 million residents...
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...BIO 205- Final Exam: Study guide The Final Exam will include chapters covered in Topics 6, 7, and 8. There will be 40 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions. Here is an outline of the materials you will be tested on: Topic 6 Review Topic 6 quiz- study guide. Chapter 5 * Define pasteurization and explain the different methods with examples Chapter 20 * Explain any 2 mechanisms of acquiring resistance to antimicrobial drugs with one example for each. Topic 7 Chapter 21: streptococcal infections, Diphtheria, Common cold, Mycoplasmal pneumonia, Pertussis, TB, Influenza * Causative agent of strep throat * Toxin production in C. diphtheria * Vaccine for the common cold * Diseases of the lower respiratory tract * The characteristic virulence factor of S. pneumoniae * Mycoplasma * Mucociliary escalator * Treatment for diphtheria * Antigenic DRIFT vs. antigenic SHIFT * Explain why common cold is not treated with antibiotics. Chapter 22: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Lyme, Varicella, Rubeola, Rubella, Mumps, warts, mycoses * The antimicrobial aspect(s) of the skin * Staphylococcal skin infection * MRSA * S. pyogenes- M protein * Lyme disease * Varicella * Shingles * MMR vaccine * Mycoses * Skin bacteria: humans living in the tropics vs in the desert * List and describe 3 microorganisms that are found in the normal microbiota of human skin...
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... Zoonotic pathogens : - B.Abortus / B.Melitensis Symptoms: -long term fever - Undulant fever - Complication in bone manifestation: bone pain ; arthritis - Re-current infection is common - Virus like infection Identification: - Oxidase + Urease+ -Serology test IgG/ IgM -gram negative rods,Very small cannot be seen under microscope -Slow grow better isolate with CO2 and increase humidity. -Sampled from blood (5 to 7 days b4 giving a negative report) -cultured on chocolate agar(enrichment media). - Wright test (like widal “ anamnastic reaction” ) Transmitted via contaminated food Milk products not from human to human : can be killed at high temperature: - tantalization : 50º - Pasteurization: 70 º - Sterilization : 100 º Treatment: - Tetracyclin - Doxycyclin - Rifampin - For 6 weeks and more - Vaccine is available for animals. Vibrio V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus Features: - Gram negative - Fermenter bacilli - Facultative anaerobes - Live in halophilic places Identification: - Enrichment medium - alkaline peptone broth Vibrios survive and replicate at high pH - Other organisms are killed or do not multiply - Selective/differential culture medium - TCBS agar - V. cholerae grow as yellow colonies - Biochemical and serological tests Pathogenesis and treatment: Rehydration & supportive therapy Oral Intravenous (IV): - Doxycycline or tetracycline (Test resistance may be developing) of secondary...
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...AIR POLLUTION Name Name of institution Describing the extent of PM2.5 in Indiana is problematic since the PM2.5 monitors are located in cities which make it rather problematic to know the concentration of PM2.5 in rural areas. Children are at grander risk from exposure to air pollution than grown-ups because their bodies are still growing. In relation to PM2.5 and air pollution in Indiana, children have elevated the level of absenteeism in school, asthma exacerbation and new on set asthma (Kunzli et al, 2003). My area of residence is Illinois, Chicago. The ambient airborne particulate matter concentration for Chicago is PM2.5 36 µg/m3. The Air Quality Index as of July 12, 2013 for Chicago was 58 and 42 on the thirteenth with the critical pollutant being the Ozone. The ambient air particulate Matter for Beijing china for PM10 is approximately 55µg m-3 and for PM2.5 is 152 µg m-3. The particulate matter between Chicago and Beijing has a huge significant difference. The PM2.5 of the city of Beijing is extremely higher than that of Chicago. The U.S. National ambient air quality standard for PM2.5 is 12.0µg m-3. The particulate matter level for the two cities is very high above the ambient air quality standard for US. The current air quality index of Beijing is at 152 while in Chicago is currently at 42. The air quality index of Beijing is very unhealthy in comparison to the standard air quality index figures. Also in comparison to Chicago, Beijing’s air quality index is on the extreme...
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...because our kids accidently bumped into it while playing tag with their brother or sister. At our workplace the maintenance forgot to put a wet floor sign out as they mopped the floor and a tenant happens to be in a hurry and slips on the wet floor. Anywhere in our everyday lives an accident can happen from something light to severe. To prevent such incidents to happen risk assessment take places to try not for these situations not to happen or be prepared on how to handle it if it does. “Regarding the action plan, Dr. [Rhona Applebaum] noted that "NFPA endorses the plan's emphasis on enhanced education of both consumers and health care providers, particularly to reach targeted subpopulations most impacted by listeriosis. NFPA looks forward to reviewing both the draft risk assessment and the action plan, and we will continue to work closely with FDA and USDA on addressing this issue(PR Newswire)." In my workplace, it involves trying to make the difficult happen. Lately, there has been a lot of jobs that is requiring using scaffolding, boomlift, or a scissor lift to get to higher places or areas to get the project done. In the beginning we would just jump up on these machinery and lift up to certain heights without considering our safety. “In July OSHA took the first step toward revising its construction safety standards for cranes and derricks (29 CFR 1926.550). The agency announced it would begin accepting nominations for a negotiated...
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...Thévenot et al used a benchmark of 1000 CFU g-1 of listeria in food as likely to cause listeriosis outbreaks based on previous modelling experiments [13]. Based on this standard, they found on review of multiple studies that Listeria contamination may be caused or increased during post-slaughter processing of pork [14]. Closer examination of these studies, though, shows some possible area for alternative interpretation of this report. Kanuganti et al., for example, surveyed 300 hogs before and after slaughter in Alabama and found that 45% of ground pork (final product) samples were positive for Listeria, in contrast to 0.8-2.4% of tonsil samples just post-slaughter [15]. However, this was likely affected by the fact that the authors obtained specimens from different parts of the hog at these different time points, given the variance...
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...preventions and the list goes endless. In this paper the writer will review and summarize governmental health agency websites. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a national organization that provides information about outbreaks, diseases, preventions and more to the public. In this website a person can find the latest information about recent outbreaks in the community. This website also provides tips about prevention and what to do if a person becomes exposed to an outbreak. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently updated their website to inform the community about certain outbreaks in multistate of fungal meningitis, Salmonella bredeney infections linked to peanut butter manufactured by Sunland and Listeriosis linked to imported frescolina ricotta cheese (CDC, 2012). Public Health is a global organization that provides information to the public about disease prevention, healthy lifestyles practice, disease education and researches for the prevention of injuries. Public health’s primary concern is to protect a population by preventing diseases. The population can be a small town or an entire country. Public health’s main function is to prevent health issues from happening within a population or prevent the re-occurrence of diseases by “implementing educational programs, developing policies, administering services, regulating...
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...those genes into various species of bacteria and viruses that are currently non-pathogenic or have relatively low virulence to create a new repertoire of pathogens. Despite the scare, there are some difficulties that lie in transferring pathogenic attributes of one species or strain to another. Adding a certain pathogenic factor from a pathogenic microbe may not actually have the potential to be expressed in other species because there may be other factors within the original pathogen that the transfected microbe may not have to make pathogenicity effective. To test the proficiency of pathogenicity transference, in 1990 a study was conducted see if a gene encoding for a toxin produced from Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis, could be expressed in Bacillus subtilis, a non-pathogenic bacterium. In vitro, B. subtilis was able to produce the toxin in mammalian cells but in vivo in mice, B. subtilis was not able to produce the toxin and was non-pathogenic (Bielecki et al., 1990). Nevertheless, other studies have shown that pathogenicity can be transferred from pathogens to non-pathogenic microbes. This is especially true with viruses because it’s much easier to insert genes into the virus genome (Falkow, 1989). In 1997, a lab in Russia managed to successfully transfer the genes encoding for the cereolysin toxin found in Bacillus cereus into actively pathogenic B. anthracis cells. The cereolysin toxin disintegrates cellular membranes destroying cells. This toxin...
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