...ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 77-80, January 2010 © 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.1.1.77-80 Brief Study on Domestication and Foreignization in Translation Wenfen Yang School of Foreign Languages, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China Email: wfyoung@163.com Abstract T his essay gives a brief study of Domestication and Foreignization and the disputes over these two basic translation strategies which provide both linguistic and cultural guidance. Domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers; while foreignization means a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. In the contemporary international translation field, E ugene Nida is regarded as the representative of those who favour domesticating translation, whereas the Italian scholar L aw rence Venuti is regarded to be the spokesman for those who favour foreignizing translation, who has also led the debate to a white-hot state. Index Terms domestication, foreignization, translation strategies I. OVERVIEW OF DOMESTICATION AND FOREIGNIZATION Domestication and foreignization are two basic translation strategies which provide both linguistic and cultural guidance. They are termed by American translation theorist...
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...KOREAN LITERATURE Korean literature is the body of literature produced by Koreans, mostly in the Korean language and sometimes in Classical Chinese. For much of Korea's 1,500 years of literary history, it was written in Hanja. It is commonly divided into classical and modern periods, although this distinction is sometimes unclear. Korea is home to the world's first metal and copper type, world's earliest known printed document and the world's first featural script. ------------------------------------------------- General overview In general, the written arts have a tradition in epigraphic inscriptions on stones, in early tombs, and on rarely found bamboo pieces that formed early books. Repeated invasions and sacking of the east and west capitals, as well as the difficulty in preserving written texts on bamboo, make works before 1000 rare. Those works were entirely written in Chinese characters, the language of scholars, but of course incorporated Korean words and mindset. Medieval scholars in Korea learned and employed written Chinese as western schoolmen learned Latin: as a lingua franca for the region. It helped cultural exchanges extensively. Notable examples of historical records are very well documented from early times, and as well Korean books with movable type, often imperial encyclopedias or historical records, were circulated as early as the 7th century during the Three Kingdoms era from printing wood-blocks; and in the Goryeo era the world's first metal type...
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...Чернышевского Literary Language Formation of English Literary Language Выполнила студентка 411 группы Журкина Дарья Саратов, 2012 1. Literary Language Literary language is a developed form of a national language, with norms fixed in writing to varying extents; the language of all manifestations of culture that are expressed in words. The concept of a “developed form” is historically variable (in different ages and with different peoples). In the age of feudalism many peoples of the world used foreign languages as their written literary languages. The Iranian and Turkish peoples used classical Arabic, the Japanese and Koreans used classical Chinese, the Germanic and West Slavic peoples used Latin, and the people in the Baltic region and the Czechs used German. The popular languages supplanted the foreign language in many functional spheres of communication during the 14th and 15th centuries in some states and in the 16th and 17th centuries in others. The literary language is always the result of collective creative activity. The notion that the norms of a literary language are “fixed” is somewhat relative (despite all the importance and stability of the norm, it changes in time). It is not possible to imagine a national culture that is rich and developed without a rich and developed literary language. This is why the problem of the literary language is very important for society. Linguists do not agree about the complex and multifaceted concept of the literary language...
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...thinking. I would describe myths as an unexplainable or unknown actual event created by individuals to make sense of the unknown such as creation of the universe. Cultures around the world have different myths that all share the basic human desire to understand life and its meaning. Creation is one of the most popular myths that these cultures share. The cultures utilize their surroundings and cultural backgrounds to help the citizens understand the unknown since we all have different backgrounds, it makes sense the stories would differ however, the premise of the story will remain the same. The most unusual creation myth I have come across is the Chinese legend of Pan Gu, Nü Wa and the cosmic egg. While the story is odd for me, it has the overall same purpose as the "big bang theory" or "God created the world in seven days" theory. They all share the same desire to explain the unexplainable. Belief, religion, knowledge, and mythology differ however, they have overlapping characteristics. Mythology is only one aspect of religion. Belief is directly related to religion and faith is the cornerstone of belief. The mythology of a culture originated as a means of recording what that culture thought to be the real and actual facts about the origin and existence of the cosmos around them. However, over time the word took up other meanings. So, to put it in a single sentence, a...
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...They came to trade and stayed. Not more than three years after the landing of Raffles, Singapore was a town with over 10,000 inhabitants (Chuan, 2003). That time the British presence came almost immediately for the language of trade and commerce developing. According to the big immigration after port setting in Singapore, the country today is a multi-ethnic country, which composed of Chinese (77%), Malay (15%), and Indians (8%). This made English serves as an inter-ethnic lingua franca (Harada, 2009). The first languages of most Singaporeans are Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil. Since they are educated in English, they can speak English fluently. Singlish is the English-based creole spoken and written colloquially in Singapore. Singlish has its unique slang and syntax, which are more pronounced in informal speech. Singlish vocabulary formally takes after British English (in terms of spelling and abbreviations), although naming conventions are in a mix of American and British ones (with American ones on the rise). In brief, Singlish contains loanwords borrowed from Chinese dialect and Malay. The grammars which are used in Singlish are quite different from SSE such as; copula deletion, generalized “is it” question tag, and use of particles like ah-la-lor (Tay, 1993). Foreigners who are fluent English speakers would find it difficult to understand when they communicate with Singlish speakers because of the different features. The project’s aim is to learn...
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...Course Title Course Code Pre- requisite Credits : : : : World Literature Lit 02 Lit 01 3 Units Vision-Mission Statement : Instructor : Email : Office : Consultation Hours: MWF Venue : Consultation Rm. I. Course Description: Socorro D. De Jesus, Ph.D. Associate Professor 1 socorro_dejesus@hotmail.com General Education Faculty Rm, 2 nd floor, St. Anselm's Building 1 The course will introduce students to the writings of persons from selected countries across the different continents of the world. Students will gain an understanding of literary concepts to be able to interpret, analyze and evaluate various genres. Furthermore, students will have the opportunity to learn and appreciate the cultural heritage that is articulated from each literary text. II. Course Objectives: At the end of the semester, the students should be able to : 1. read and understand representative literary texts from various continents in the world. 2. analyze literary texts using the various approaches in literature. 3. employ critical thinking skills. 4. appreciate the...
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...occurred like this too. A perfect example of the domino effect is the Communist split from the Nationalists, commonly known as the White Terror. This sudden purge only lasted around three nights, but the effects of the split would last for many decades in the future. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) split from the Chinese Nationalists in 1927 affected both China itself and other foreign nations through the triggering of major wars, changes in international relations, and the formation of modern China- one of the world’s leading economies. The effects of the split, both positive and negative, would last for many years to come. After splitting from the Nationalists, Mao Zedong led the legendary Long March- a campaign that would garner support for him and split the country into two parties. Although the route was extremely long and dangerous, the popularity gained along the way sustained the marchers. As Mao Zedong wrote in his 1935 poem The Long March, “the Red Army fears not the trials of the Long March, holding light ten thousand crags and torrents ... Min Mountain's thousand li of snow joyously crossed, the three Armies march on, each face glowing” (Johnson). The Long March mainly crossed the Chinese countryside, a greatly beneficial move, as this is where the Communists were greeted with newfound supporters ready to be enlisted into the Red Army. After Mao took the lead from Otto Braun, a Russian agent sent to...
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...Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism Introduction A very basic way of thinking about literary theory is that these ideas act as different lenses critics use to view and talk about art, literature, and even culture. These different lenses allow critics to consider works of art based on certain assumptions within that school of theory. The different lenses also allow critics to focus on particular aspects of a work they consider important. For example, if a critic is working with certain Marxist theories, s/he might focus on how the characters in a story interact based on their economic situation. If a critic is working with post-colonial theories, s/he might consider the same story but look at how characters from colonial powers (Britain, France, and even America) treat characters from, say, Africa or the Caribbean. Hopefully, after reading through and working with the resources in this area of the OWL, literary theory will become a little easier to understand and use. Disclaimer Please note that the schools of literary criticism and their explanations included here are by no means the only ways of distinguishing these separate areas of theory. Indeed, many critics use tools from two or more schools in their work. Some would define differently or greatly expand the (very) general statements given here. Our explanations are meant only as starting places for your own investigation into literary theory. We encourage you to use the list of scholars and works provided for each...
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...used to entice amaterasu out.)and the jewel yasakani no magatama (八尺优勾玉),which represented the three primary virtues: Valor, wisdom and benevolence, as well as the legitimacy of Japanese imperial heritage Jomon period(绳文时代): The time in prehistoric japan from about 12000 bc to 200 bc, during this period, japan experienced the agricultural revolution and developed a highly organized sophisticated social organization. It also give birth to Kaenodoki(火焰土器), Dogu(土偶) Kaenodoki: flame wares, inpractical vessel that indicate its function as a religious tool Dogu(土偶): Dogu are small humanoid and animal figurines made during the late jomon period. It is come exclusively from the jomon period. Its use is still unknown. But there are multiple theory that indicate they are talisman for good health or socery Kanamara(matsuri, 铁男根祭):It means phallus, which is a tradition festival in japan that centered...
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...Employment News 11 - 17 February 2012 www.employmentnews.gov.in 21 Union Public Service Commission EXAMINATION NOTICE NO. 04/2012-CSP DATED 11.02.2012 (LAST DATE FOR RECEIPT OF APPLICATIONS : 05.03.2012) CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2012 (Commission's website - http://www.upsc.gov.in) F. No. 1/4/2011-E.I(B) : Preliminary Examination of the Civil Services Examination for recruitment to the Services and Posts mentioned below will be held by the Union Public Service Commission on 20th May, 2012 in accordance with the Rules published by the Department of Personnel & Training in the Gazette of India Extraordinary dated 4th February, 2012. (i) Indian Administrative Service. (ii) Indian Foreign Service. (iii) Indian Police Service. (iv) Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group ‘A’. (v) Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (vi) Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), Group ‘A’. (vii) Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (viii) Indian Revenue Service (I.T.), Group ‘A’. (ix) Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group ‘A’ (Assistant Works Manager, Administration). (x) Indian Postal Service, Group ‘A’. (xi) Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (xii) Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group ‘A’. (xiii) Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group 'A'. (xiv) Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group ‘A’. (xv) Post of Assistant Security Commissioner in Railway Protection Force, Group ‘A’ (xvi) Indian Defence Estates Service, Group ‘A’. (xvii) Indian Information...
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...Foundations of Mythology HUM105 Foundations of Mythology In the popular context, the word “myth” is generally used to describe urban legends. Urban legends are false stories, told as if they were true, and passed on to others. Myth, in this context, is defined as stories that undergo a series of events sharing characteristics of legends and folktales. These stories, present themselves in our everyday lives through fictional characters, such as Tooth Fairy or Cupid. In an academic setting, the word “myth” is used to describe ancient narratives that attempt to answer the enduring and fundamental human questions such as creation (Leonard & McClure, p. 1, 2004). The word mythology is derived from both Greek words mythos and logos. The academic study of mythology could be described as the logical thinking used to produce mythical thinking; hence mythos forms the structure in which logos is employed. I would describe myths as an unexplainable or unknown actual event created by individuals to make sense of the unknown. Creation is a perfect example of this. Cultures around the world have different Myths. They all share the basic human desire to understand life and its meaning. Claude Lévi-Strauss expresses similar sentiments about myth’s functions when he postulates that myths serve to mediate conflicting or dualistic elements of society and life and conflicting nature of human beings are same around the world. (Leonard & McClure, p. 18, 2004). ...
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...considers health as a balanced state versus disease as an unbalanced state. The Western approach tends to change the environment and the Eastern way is to prefer to adapt to the environment. There are numerous difficulties in comparing these two approaches. The same terminology may apply to entirely different facts, the teaching and learning methods are quite different, and the evaluation of the treatment is almost not comparable. In order to help understand the Eastern approach better, an understanding is needed of the basic Chinese concepts: the concept of a small universe living in a large universe; the duality concept of yin and yang; the concept of anatomy; the concept of physiology in Chinese medicine-the state of equilibrium expressed by the five elements; the concept of pathophysiology expressed by the external and internal insults; the concept of maintaining and promoting health expressed by the circulation of chi and hsieh; the therapeutic concept in Chinese medicine-the normalization or reestablishment of balance of the body function; the concept of preventive medicine. Two WESTERN STATES in the United States, Nevada and Hawaii, have regulated acupuncture as an independent practice not requiring medical referral or supervision.' Two other states have ruled that...
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...Salu Singh Independent Study/Phil Requirement of PPE: Aesthetics Professor Geneviève Gamache May 10, 2015 Essentials of Japanese Aesthetics Japanese aesthetics that existed since very long in the history of Japan, had flourished in the larger world as a philosophical discipline "aesthetics" in the nineteenth century (Parkes). West have been admiring Japanese aesthetics for it has "distinctive principles of aesthetic understanding and art appreciation" (Andrijauskas). Japanese art provides "a glimpse into a world often construed as inscrutable and mysterious", which makes it more interesting for the West (Low).Unlike other western disciplines,Japanese aesthetics is not only limited to fine arts. Traditionally, Japanese aesthetics existed in different art forms such as tea garden, tea ceremony, Noh theatre. Today, itis widely practiced in daily activities such as cooking, packaging, behaviors and etiquette (Encyclopedia).As Japanese aesthetics is firmly rooted in everyday life, it is very unique to the world. The ideals and philosophies of Japanese aesthetics are highly influenced by Shinto, Zen Buddhism and China (Walkup). Japanese aesthetics has a wide range of philosophies, which are narrowed down to two main ideas: acknowledging the basic reality of constant change and connecting it to the practices of self-cultivation experienced in daily life (Parkes). Influence of Shinto, Zen Buddhism and China Japanese aesthetics understanding is developed by indigenous Japanese...
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...A stark difference is apparent for those who grew up on the narrow Chinese streets called hutong. Few historic hutong are protected by The People’s Republic of China (PRC) to attract tourists, but most have evolved into quiet and organized walkways, like the one above. This is partly because the acceptance of a market economy transformed roadside markets into convenient supermarkets. No more haggling for prices over the noise of 20 others doing the same, or dodging children when settling your mobile market. Instead, responsible citizens, like the man in the picture to the right, can spend time recycling household waste in an effort to care for their neighborhood (Nuo). This coordinated and desirable lifestyle is made possible by domestic and foreign businesses that enter the market with permission of the government. Wal-Mart (WMT), an American business, abides by national and international law to assist those in China with their own development goals. WMT claims to conduct more annual internal audits than any other company, at 13,600 reviews. When violations are detected WMT does not hesitate to take harsh measures (Sweatshops). WMT seams its corporate policy with international regulations to ensure their workers the rights they bear as participants in a market economy. WMT labor practices in China promote free market-enterprise. In order to understand how WMT promotes free market-enterprise through its labor practices, first I will define the key terms, such as labor practices...
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...• The intellectual propriety refers to the creations of mind such as names, inventions, artworks, literary works, music compositions, and commercial designs. There are two major categories of Intellectual Propriety (IP): 1. Industrial Propriety: trademarks, inventions (patents), and designs, etc. 2. Copyrights: musical works, novels and books, photographs, movies, etc. Intellectual propriety rights (IPR) grant the holders to exercise a monopoly on the use of product/creation/idea for a limited period of time. For most of companies, IPR is the only way to protect their products and compete in the worldwide market. Same as the companies, IPR encourage inventors to develop new technologies and ideas. • IPR infringement has reached a critical level in many countries. The sectors mostly hit by this phenomenon are software houses, luxury companies, music/movie industries, and pharmaceutical products. Illegal downloading of software, music, movies, and imitations & counterfeit products became one of the biggest problems for all these sectors which lead to large loses in terms of income. • The countries most affected by IPR infringements are China, North Korea, Russia, Brazil, and India. According to the Business Software Alliance, in China, 79% of the software and 85-90% of music records have been pirated. Issues: • There are two major problems related to IPR infringements for the companies: the loss in income and the loss of reputation/image. • The piracy market...
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