Free Essay

Literary Theories ( in Chinese)

In:

Submitted By catyu1008
Words 936
Pages 4
文学理论
1、把握文艺学概念以及构成部门:
文艺学是主要研究文学的性质和特点及其发生、发展的规律的科学,属于人文科学范畴。“文艺学”一词来源于苏联,如果将俄语词直接翻译的话,应该是“文学学”,但是为了符合汉语习惯就叫作“文艺学”。
一般都把文艺学内部划分为:文学理论、文学批评和文学史(相互渗透、相互作用)
文学史:将文学看作是一种具体的历史发展,不断追溯这种历史发展的具体脉络与详细 状况
文学批评:具体研究某部文学艺术作品或者某类文学艺术作品
文学理论:对于文学的性质、范畴以及判断标准的研究

文学活动的四要素:世界、作品、艺术家 、读者
第一,文学是一种整体的活动,无论单单是作者还是读者或者是作品都不能构成文学,文学是由一系列的活动构成的,并且这些活动在不同的历史阶段有不同的特点,例如本来是一个小便池,但是在特定的历史语境中,小便池也成为一件艺术作品。这也就是“文学活动发展论”。
第二,与社会生活中的其他各种活动相比,文学活动有着不同的性质和特点,否则文学活动就与其他活动没有差别了。这种从总体上来研究文学活动区别于其他活动的特殊性质,就构成了“文学活动本质论”。
第三,四要素中的“世界“这一要素就是社会生活,社会生活是一切文学艺术的源泉,但是社会生活与文学艺术之间是,文学艺术来源于生活却高于生活,这种高于生活的过程就是作家的艺术创造活动,而研究作家如何根据生活进行艺术创造的过程和规律,就成为“文学创作论”。
第四,文学作品本身就非常复杂,尽管通常说文学是语言的艺术,但是这种语言艺术包含着题材、形象、语言、结构、类型、风格等作品构成中的重要问题,而研究作品的构成因素及其相互关系,这就形成了“作品构成论”。
第五,作家创作出作品之后如果不能与读者见面,而是被束之高阁,那这部作品还不能称其为一部真正的文学作品,因为文学作品的基本审美价值并没有被体现出来。相反,文本一定要经过读者的阅读、鉴赏、批评,才能成为审美对象,成为一部真正意义上的作品,而研究读者的接受过程和规律,就成为了“文学接受论”。
一切文学作品都有源泉,这就是生活,即“世界”,生活要经过作家的艺术加工改造,才能创造出具有意义的文本,即“作品”。

简要回答理论的内涵,谈谈你对理论的看法
理论是跨学科的——是一种具有超出某一原始学科的作用的话语。
理论是分析和话语——它试图找出我们称为性,或者语言,或文字,或意义,或主体中包含了些什么。
.理论是对常识的批评,是对被认定为自然的观念的批评。
理论具有反射性,是关于思维的思维,我们用它向文学和其他话语实践中创造意义的范畴提出质疑。

思考对文学艺术双重性质的理解:
如何说明艺术中 “基础”与“上层建筑”的关系,即作为生产的艺术与作为意识形态的艺术之间的关系,依我看来,是马克思主义批评当前面临的最重要的问题之一。” ——特里·伊格尔顿《马克思主义与文学批评》
简要回答新批评的特点
第一,极端的文本中心主义,彻底割裂了文学研究与社会历史和文化、与作者和读者、与社会效果等等的联系。
第二,对文学作品结构的分析较为深入细致,常常包含了某些辩证法的因素。
第三,以语义学分析作为文学研究的基本方法,并高度重视对于文学语言的研究。
第四,理论与实践的结合较为紧密,他们的理论一般都能在文学批评实践中自觉地运用。

6、20世纪西方思想中占统治地位的四种深度模式:
1)、马克思主义:马克思主义的最重要的概念是意识形态。简单地说,它认为我们根本看不到我们周围的世界的真实面目,而只是看到那些我们被教导着要看的世界。
2)、精神分析:弗洛伊德的理论以意识和无意识之间的区分为基础,由此无意识被看作是处于歪曲的表象之后或之下的真实,而这种表象就是我们所谓的意识。
3)、存在主义:各种形式的存在主义都建立在本真存在与非本真相区别的基础上:本真是一种位于为非本真所扭曲的状况之下的自我的真实。
4)、符号学:我们已经看到的,索绪尔的语言概念以能指和所指的区别为前提。语词或声音-意象代表着潜藏其下的理念或精神观念。

结构主义的内涵:
结构主义批评是一种以文本为中心的各叙事要素及其整体的研究,属于广义的形式主义范畴。它一方面认为文学意义就在于文学的语言结构自身,因而致力于对文本的叙事与结构要素进行分析,另一方面又对作品的原始模型或结构模式情有独钟。

研究文学起源的意义所在:
概括来讲,研究文学艺术的起源主要有两方面的意义:
首先,研究文学起源不仅能够说明原始社会的文学环境,而且也说明文学在这些环境中所承担的功能。
其次,对文学艺术起源的追溯和探寻不仅在于分析现今的历史语境,更重要的是,它也是对现今文学所匮乏的维度进行反思,从而在古老的源头中重新发现再生的资源。
文学起源与发展的根本动力仍然是生产劳动

把握劳动说:
文学起源劳动说认为,艺术活动也是人类的一种特殊的生产活动,艺术生产同人类的其他生产活动一样,必须具备社会物质条件和人的意识条件,而劳动对社会意识的产生,对于表现这种意识的物质媒介符号——即语言——产生,具有决定性的意义 。
首先,劳动提供了文学活动的前提条件
其次,劳动产生了文学活动的需要
再次,劳动构成了文学描写的主要内容
最后,劳动制约了早期文学的形式

物质生产与艺术生产发展的“不平衡关系”:
“物质生产的发展例如同艺术生产的不平衡关系……关于艺术,大家知道,它的一定的繁盛时期决不是同社会的一般发展成比例的,因而也决不是同仿佛是社会组织的骨骼的物质基础的一般发展成比例的。” ——马克思
文学随着生产劳动而产生,随其发展而发展,但文学进程也有其特殊情况,它同经济发展不同步,时快时慢,甚至与生产成反比关系。马克思指出的是两者不平衡关系体现在,一、某些文艺类型只能兴盛在生产相对低阶段;二、不成正比例,经济落后的国家或地区反而在艺术上领先。

《毛诗序》中,诗发生了什么变化
(1)在《毛诗序》中,“诗”从文献名称的《诗》(即《诗三百》)变成了文体名称,“诗”就此有了文学概念的含义:“诗者,志之所之也,在心为志,发言为诗。情动于中而形于言,言之不足故嗟叹之,嗟叹之不足故永歌之,永歌之不足,不知手之舞之,足之蹈之也。”
(2)《毛诗大序》还全面总结了《诗经》艺术经验,把《周礼·春官·大师》中的“六诗”说发展为“六义”说,其云:“故诗有六义焉:一曰风,二曰赋,三曰比,四曰兴,五曰雅,六曰颂。

列举西方关于文学概念的早期表述:
(1)文学是模仿
“从荷马起,一切诗人都只是模仿者,无论是模仿德行,或是模仿他们所写的一切题材,都只得到影象,并不曾抓住真理。” ——柏拉图 柏拉图和亚里士多德都提出模仿,但是模仿的本源是不同的
(2)文学是修辞:修辞学(rhetoric)在古希腊语中指与政治雄辩术有关的口头言辞技巧,亚里士多德《修辞学》指出:“恰当的演说方法”“在悲剧和史诗朗诵的艺术中,早已就用上了”。除了声音、节奏,还包括“避免粗俗”、“具有积极的修饰意义”的词汇。词汇的变化“可以使语言显得格外堂皇美丽”,“给平常的语言赋予一种不平常的气氛”。
(3)文学是虚构与想像:亚里士多德深刻地指出:“诗人的职责不在于描述已发生的事,而在于描述可能发生的事,即按照可然律或必然律可能发生的事。”就提示了虚构与想象的倾向和原则。亚里士多德又说:“为了获得诗的效果,一桩不可能发生而可能成为可信的事,比一桩可能发生而不可能成为可信的事更为可取。”在“可然律或必然律”的前提下进行创造性的虚构是文学艺术应有的特点。

意识形态的含义是什么
错误意识
2、领导权或阶级合法化
3、物化
4、日常生活的意识形态
5、意识形态国家机器的理论
6、支配权的意识形态
7、语言上的异化

简述话语及其作用:
话语不只是一个狭义的作为文本单位的语言学概念,话语建构了我们谈论的话题,界定了我们的认识对象,规定了我们有意义地谈论话题的规则。一言以蔽之,话语乃是一种我们知识和认识的建构。
话语的作用:首先,把语言活动和人密切关联起来。其次,将历史维度引入对文学的考量。
什么是含蓄
含蓄是文本的话语蕴藉的典范形态之一,指在有限的话语中隐含或蕴蓄仿佛无限的意味,使读者从有限中体味无限。

什么是含混
含混(也称歧义、复义或多义),是文本的话语蕴藉的典范形态之一,指看似单义而确定的话语蕴蓄多重不确定意义,令读者回味无穷。

语言的内涵:
是人类最重要的社会交际工具。
广义的语言可以有三个层面:语言、言语、话语。狭义的语言指,包括语言系统的各种一般规则和信码,这是其所有使用者都必须共享的,只要它被作为传播手段而使用。那些规则就是我们学一种语言时所学会的各种原则,它们使我们得以用语言说出我们想说的。

言语的内涵:
是指包括说、写或描绘的各种行为,它们使用语言的结构和各种规则、是由实际的说者和作者生产出来的。

符号结构的三个层面:声音层面、意义单元、世界层面

简述“符号结构”的表现:
1)审美性
通过对文学语言同科学语言及日常语言的对比,韦勒克深入揭示了文学文本的符号结构所具有的审美性特征。
首先,他将文学语言同科学语言进行了比较。
其次,文学的审美性也表现在与日常语言的比较上。
(2)虚构性
虚构性来自于文学的“语言结构”性质,它使文学艺术与现实生活区别开来。韦勒克指出,虚构性是用以区分艺术与生活的新术语,它只不过是一种“让人信以为真”的手段。
首先,小说中的陈述并非是真实的,不是逻辑上的命题
其次,小说中的人物、事件无论多么鲜明、生动,也都是作家根据某些艺术规律虚构的,没有历史性
最后,小说中的时空也并非是现实生活中的时空
(3)想象性
在韦勒克的文学本质论中,与虚构性并行的是想象性。文学作品一方面作为一个客观的符号结构而存在,另一方面它也是一个经验的存在,在接受的过程中离不开读者的具体化,而具体化的过程就是一个充满了想象的心理过程。想象性是以虚构性为前提的。
(4)三者间的相互关系
文学的本质是韦勒克文学理论中的一个重要问题,文学的审美性、虚构性和想象性都是建立在作品存在方式论基础之上的。韦勒克认为文学作品是基于想象性和虚构性的艺术,而审美性具有最根本的性质。文学必须以审美功能作为决定性的因素,也是虚构与想象两者水乳交融的产物。虚构是超越现实和把握想象的关键所在,想象通过虚构化行为与文本反映的世界联系了起来。虚构充当了想象的媒介角色,想象通过虚构获得了具体形态并以虚构的方式对文本施加影响。
后现代的五个主题:批判在场概念、否定本原概念、拒斥统一性、拒绝任何先验标准、后现代的基本方法论

从结构化角度,列举六种文学观念:
1.模仿论:模仿论重视文学的社会历史属性,重视作者的意图及理性力量的作用,重视对超个人的社会现实的表征,这都有其合理性方面,但若以此来概括文学活动的全部则是远远不够的。
2.实用论:实用论主要强调文学对现实世界的作用,这是一种强调文学对社会的功能和效用的理论体系。实用论关注文学的道德感化与社会功用,有可取之处,但又有忽视文学审美愉悦功能之嫌。
3.表现论:表现论并不排除文学对外界对象的描写,但认为这些外界事物只有经过作家的自我与情感的过滤之后才具有意义。表现论强调文学表现自我情感,突出情感、想象和天才的地位,有其合理之处,但过于重视情感无疑以偏概全。
4.客体论:客体论的特点是突出语言在文学创作、语言建构、文学解读中的地位,使文学语言以及作为语言系统的文学成为文学理论的焦点,但有脱离作者、读者和社会历史,对文学进行孤立化研究的倾向。
5.游戏论:游戏论本身并不是一个统一的理论,这里的游戏实际上涵盖了两种性质不同的游戏:一是看重文学的非功利性与超越性的严肃的游戏,一是偏向文学的消闲性与娱乐性的轻松的游戏,也就是自由的游戏与工具的游戏,如何将两种游戏协调起来是游戏论面临的一个问题。
6.文化论:文学文化论留意到新的文学经验与文学变异形态,有助于从多方面看待和理解文学在文化活动中的地位,也有助于观察文学与社会文化的多重关系,但它又有模糊文学与一般文化、文学与非文学边界的危险。

文学性研究概论的主要内容:
“文学性”是文学批评中一个十分重要的理论术语,是能够“使一部作品成为文学作品的东西”。换言之,“文学性”的问题实际上就是,使某一作品成为文学作品的标准有哪些的问题,而这一问题也正是从本质上将文学活动区别于其他活动。归根结底,“文学性”是一个关涉文学本质的问题,对“文学性”的追问最终都将落脚于“什么是文学?”这一文学研究的基本问题和文学理论应当解决的首要问题之上。虽然“文学性”问题“似乎是文学研究的核心问题”,但是我们也“应当承认,关于文学性,我们尚未得到令人满意的定义,”而从历来对它的关注和研究上来看,都是建立作品本体论之上的,因为那些“依然如故”的东西大多隐藏在文学文本的背后。

简要列举建国以来的几种马克思主义文学基本概念
文学活动论、文学反映论、艺术生产论、审美意识形态论、艺术交往论

把握艺术交往论的内涵: 文学作为一种语言符合的艺术,更是主体与主体之间对话与交往的理想之域。这里以作品为中心构成了作家与作家、作家与此岸世界、作家与读者等的交往关系。文学就成为四要素的一个交往结构。

韦勒克、沃伦的文学观念
认为文学史符号体系或符号结构,提出“文学研究应该是绝对‘文学的’”。文学不能代替社会学或政治学,它有它自己的存在理由和目的。“文学研究的合情合理的出发点是解释和分析作品本身。”他围绕文学作品划定了一个封闭的界限。文学和作家传记、创作心理学、社会思想及其他艺术的关系的研究被视为“外部”的,也就是“非文学”的。文学始终应该有自身的“文学性”,文学作品是一个“交织着多层意义和关系的复杂的”艺术整体。这样文学才有自身存在的价值,人们也该对它进行审美的评判。

把握作者之死的内涵和内容
(1)“作者之死”(the death of the author)并不是指一个特定的作者经验的或真实的死亡,而是指从极端意义上看,作者在文本中是缺席的。主要是由于后结构主义者罗兰·巴尔特1967年初次发表的一篇论文的标题,“作者之死”变成一句时髦的口号。在一定程度上,巴尔特向流行的作者形象的权威地位发起了挑战。
(2)基本内容
首先,作者是一个多维的空间。 我们现在知道文本不是一行释放单一的“神学”意义(从作者-上帝那里来的“信息”)的词,而是一个多维的空间,各种各样的写作在其中交织着、冲突着,没有一种是起源性的。文本是来自文化的无数中心的引语构成的交织物…作者一旦被驱逐,解释一个文本的主张就变得毫无益处。给文本一个作者,是给文本横加限制,是给文本以最后的所指,是封闭了写作。 ——罗兰·巴特
其次,作者的观念是不断变动的。
作者的观念并不是一个无时间性的永恒观念:作者的形象及其含义随着时间、文化传统、话语形态等等的改变而改变。 ——福柯《什么是作者》
再次,作者意图是阅读和意义构成的重要因素,但是阅读和意义构成不可避免地超越“纯粹的”(mere)作者意图。
与其说作者是“真实的”作者,不如说是你的个性的投射,是你的作者观念。它也说明作者不仅会死,而且甚至当他还活着的时候,他的某些方面就已经死了。
最后,不可能放弃作者这一观念,但是作者生平与作品之间的关系非常复杂,拥有许多中间环节,对作者生平的解答绝不等于对文学文本的解答。
我们可以揣摩、幻想并告诉我们自己关于作者的故事,但是作者只是一种虚幻的影子。坚持作者是一种仍然需要的幽灵观念,我们就能认为伟大的文学文本的确是那些作者的幽灵出没的作品。最有震撼力的文学作品,是那种既被认为是独一无二的,没有其他人能写出的作品,但是在不只一种意义上,它们的权威就是这幽灵性。

陌生化的内涵
对日常生活的感觉方式支持的习惯化过程的逆反,创造性地破坏了我们习以为常的东西,以便把一种童稚的、生机盎然的前景提供给我们。

艺术发现的内涵 艺术发现是作家在内心积累了相当多的感性材的基础上,无意识地依据自己认识生活和评价生活的思想原则和审美趋向,对外在事物进行观察和审视时所得到的一种独特的领悟。 首先,艺术发现名曰“发现”,其实不是外来的,而是由作家内心酝酿成的。 其次,艺术发现是作家被内在积累的材料所引发,并与主体当前由于某种“关注”而形成的心理趋向、优势兴奋中心相联系,突然间向外在事物、事件、现象的投射。

物化的概念
物化,即通过语言、文字、纸张等媒介,把精神性的艺术构思转化为物质性的文本。物化是文学创造过程的最后阶段。

把握艺术真实的定义内涵
.与生活真实不同,艺术真实以假定性情景表现对社会生活内蕴的认识和感悟
第一、艺术真实是假定的真实
第二、艺术真实是内蕴的真实
艺术真实不是生活真实的自然主义摹本,而是对它的反映。反映具有主观能动性,就是说,艺术真实是作家对社会生活的认识和感悟的产物。认识是理智的体察,感悟是直觉的把握。文学创造正是在既有理智体察又有直觉把握(对某些抒情诗来说可能只是一种直觉把握)的心理机制和思维活动中,以“历史理性”的眼光,透过生活真实的表层对社会生活的内蕴作出艺术的揭示
(2).与科学真实不同,艺术真实对客体世界的反映具有主观性和艺术性
A.主观性文学艺术创造是站在人的生命体验与审美感受以及对社会生活给予人文关怀的立场上,因而其对客体世界的认识、感悟与表现带有浓厚的主体性或主观性。
B.诗艺性艺术真实不同于科学真实还在于它的诗艺性,文学按照主观化方式把握客体世界以激发人们的审美情感为目的的价值取向,使它必然要讲究“诗艺”。
艺术真实的概念可以作如下表述:它是作家在假定性情境中,以主观性感知与诗艺性创造,达到对社会生活的内蕴,特别是那些规律性的东西的把握,体现着作家的认识和感悟。无疑,这是一种特殊的真实,是主体把自己的“内在的尺度”运用到对象上去而创造出来的审美化真实。它既不像生活真实那样与生活本身是同一的,也不像科学真实那样能够验证和还原。

把握艺术概括的定义
是作家依据自己的体验和认识,以主体的审美价值追求能动介入方式,对富有特征的事物给予独特艺术处理,从而在主体与客体相统一的基础上,创造既具有鲜明的独特个性又具有相当普遍意义、体现着一定审美价值取向的艺术形象之方法。

把握形式创造的内涵
从艺术构思到作品诞生的全过程,作家对内容的孕育创造本身也是对形式的孕育创造,两者完全是一体化过程或属一个过程的两个方面,其内在关系体现为内容形式化与形式内容化互动,从而构成形式创造的基本内涵。

知道有意味的形式的内容
艺术作品的基本性质就在于它是“有意味的形式”,作品的各个部分、各质素之间的独特方式的排列、组合起来的“形式”是“有意味”的,它主宰着作品,能够唤起人们的审美情感。

近代文学类型发展的三个阶段:浪漫主义----现实主义------象征主义

文学作品的四种基本体裁:诗、小说、剧本、散文和报告文学

文学文本的三个层次:文学言语层面、文学形象层面、文学意蕴层面

把握从作品到文本的全部内容
1.文本的内涵
从词源学上看,“它的词根texere表示编织的东西,如在纺织品(textile)一词中;还表示制造的东西,如在‘建筑师’(architect)一类的词中” (霍兰德)。
一般意义上认为“文本就是由书写而固定下来的语言”(利科)。
2.后现代的文本论
首先, 文本则属于一个“方法论的领域”,“维系在语言之中,它只存在于言说活动中。”
其次, 文本总是呈现为所指的无限延迟。
再次,文本把多元性分析的重心放在过程中而非结果上。
最后,读者不是被动的消费者,而是积极主动的“生产者”。
3.超文本
(1)所谓超文本(hypertext)就是指今天电脑网络和信息技术条件下借助各种技术手段形成的电子文本。
(2)超文本的特点
首先,链接是超文本的生产性所在。
其次,分叉选择强调读者在阅读过程中选择的多样性,是对读者主动性、生产性的进一步肯定和强化。
最后, “非顺序”特征,亦即超文本的“非线性的文本性”。
4.文本与作品的的差异
第一,相对来说,文本论强调能指,而作品论则重视所指。
其次,从作品论到文本论的另一个重要变化,是从“有机统一结构”向“网状结构”的转变。
从作品论到文本论的第三个方面的转变,涉及到两个转向。作品论完成了从作者中心到作品中心的转向,而文本论则实现了由作品中心向读者中心的范式转换。

把握文学意境的四个特征
(1)“境生象外”与意境的空间美
(2)意境的动态美与传神美
(3)意境的高度真实感与自然感
(4)意境的虚实结合

把握叙事构成
三分法:在热奈特看来,叙述实际上包括了三个不同的概念:一个是所讲述的故事内容,一个是讲述故事的语言组织,还有一个就是叙述行为。
第一方面是叙述内容,指构成一段叙述话语主题的故事内容,即被讲述的故事,包括事件、人物、场景等等。
第二方面是叙述话语,即叙事作品中讲述故事的语句。
第三方面是叙述动作,即产生出叙述话语的“叙述”活动本身。
二分法:叙事理论中一个最根本的区分是“故事”(story)与“话语”(discourse)之间的区分。
乔纳森·卡勒认为,叙事学的一个基本前提是叙事包含双重结构:被告知的层面(故事)与讲述层面(话语)。在这个意义上,“故事”指的是叙述者意欲使我们相信发生了的事件或行为,事件(明确或含蓄地)得到了呈现。另一方面,“话语”指这些事件被叙述的方式,它们如何被告知的方式,即讲述的组织形态。当然,这两个层面实际上不可能截然分开,更多的叙事理论已经注意到它们相互作用的方式。
知道叙事性作品的共时性向度和历史性向度
叙事作品是一种话语系统,它的内部结构可以从两个向度进行分析:首先是历时性向度,即根据叙述的前后顺序研究句子与句子、事件与事件之间的关系,一般文艺理论中所讲的结构主要是指这种历时性向度的结构关系;其次是共时性向度,研究内容各个要素与故事之外的文化背景之间的关系。前者我们称为表层结构,后者成为深层结构

把握文本时间的概念
文本时间 (也可以称为“叙事时间”),则是故事内容在叙事文本中具体呈现出来的时间状态,也就是是作者对故事内容进行创作加工后提供给读者的文本秩序。文本时间又分为叙述时间和阅读时间,前者是作品内部叙述时采用的时间,而后者则是读者阅读时所花费的时间。

把握作者与隐含作者的关系
作者与隐含的作者:作为现实的个人,作者从属于现实世界,无疑具有坚实的心理内容和社会属性;“隐含作者”则存在于文本世界内。隐含作者又常常被称为“作者的第二自我”,是作者在文本中代理人。这样,隐含作者立足于现实世界与文本世界的交叉点上,承担沟通二者的功能。

把握隐含作者和叙述者的关系
隐含作者和叙述者:如果借用结构层次的概念,隐含作者无疑位于话语行为的深层结构之中。相对而言,叙述者是承担话语陈述行为的主体,通常活跃于表层结构之中。叙述者和隐含作者一样从属于虚构的文本世界,但是,后者是更为隐蔽的幕后操纵者,前者则如同主持人一样和我们直接对话,或者提供旁白、幕后音。

把握诗歌对普通语言有组织的悖反的内容
诗歌是对普通语言有组织的悖反,具体表现在三个方面:一是在声音结构方面诗歌里的语词具有使发音受阻或停滞的功能;二是诗歌利用了韵律和普通句法之间的矛盾,形成了一种紧张关系;三是诗歌中的语义不同于普通语言中的语义。

什么是文学风格
文学风格是指作家的创作个性在文学作品的有机整体中通过言语结构所显示出来的、能引起读者持久审美享受的艺术独创性。此定义的要点是:1.创作个性是风格形成的内在根据;2.主体与对象、内容与形式的统一是风格存在的基本条件;3.文体和语言组织是风格呈现的外部特征。

什么是流派风格
是指一些在思想感情、文学观念、审美趣味、创作主张、取材范围、表现方法、语言格调方面相近的作家在创作上所形成的共同特色,是一种群体文化的表现

把握文学接受和文学消费的区别
首先,文学消费具有物质消费和精神消费的二重性,而文学接受则纯属一种精神文化范围内的活动。
其次,文学消费既包括阅读行为,也包括未含阅读活动的消费行为;而文学接受则一定是一种阅读或欣赏的精神活动
第三,文学消费与文学接受的主客观条件不同
第四,文学消费研究具有综合的多视角的特点,而文学接受研究则偏于审美经验或艺术心理这一独特视角。

把握读者理论出现的三个新发展
读者反应批评
解构主义读者理论与阅读理论
文化研究的读者理论

知道传媒变化与文学之间的关系 文学与生产工具和生产方式有着千丝万缕的联系。生产工具与生产方式的变革涉及文学艺术对自身形态的重新塑造以及文学生产者与文学消费者之间关系的调整,涉及文学与周边文化环境的一系列对话。自从印刷术出现之后,文学生产已经具有了愈来愈明显的经济意义。

把握隐含读者的概念
所谓“隐含的读者”,是相对于现实读者而言的,是指作家本人设定的能够把文本加以具体化的预想读者。也就是说,是作家预想出来的他的作品问世之后,可能出现的或应该出现的读者。这种预想有时是自觉的,有时可能是不自觉的。

把握期待视野的概念
在文学阅读之先及阅读过程中,作为接受主体的读者,基于个人与社会的复杂原因,心理上往往会有既成的思维指向与观念结构。读者的这种据以阅读文本的既成心理图式,叫作阅读经验期待视野,简称期待视野(expectation horizon)

把握异变与读者期待视野之间的关系
第一,某些政治观念会导致异变;
第二,某些预定文化观念会导致异变;
第三,文化视野会导致异变;
第四,个人经验会导致异变;
第五,文学欣赏能力会导致异变。

把握文学批评的概念
文学批评作为文学理论的重要内容和文学活动的重要组成部分,是批评主体按照一定的理论思想和批评标准,对批评对象进行分析鉴别、阐释、判断的心理活动,表达着批评主体的立场观念和价值取向。
文学批评包括理论与实践两大部分,实践部分是学生在教师指导下,进行文学批评的操作练习,在有条件的时候,直接参与社会文学批评活动,使大学的文学教学同变化中的文学实际发生天联,让学生对不断变化中的文学现象,对文学中的新生事物产生兴趣,并作出自己的独立判断;理论部分是讲解文学批评的性质、功能、标准、原则以及文学批评写作的方法、技巧。

把握文学批评的作用
(1)文学批评就是在理论的规范之下逐步地集中读者的思想。
(2)文学批评产生影响的另一个层面是介入文学的发展。

把握20世纪上半叶以前的六种文学批评模式
社会学批评 (2)心理学批评 (3)马克思主义批评
(4)语言学批评 (5)结构主义批评 (6)美学解释学

把握20世纪60年代以后文学研究的方法的新特点
20世纪60年代之后,随着后结构主义与解构主义的兴起,文学研究方法出现了新的特点。一是兼容性,一种方法常常包含其他方法的要素或步骤,二是研究的对象不局限于文学,而走向跨学科化、泛文本化的文化批评。学科与知识由分化走向综合,种族、宗教、性别等问题的凸显,大众文化的发展,解构主义的影响等。

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Domestication and Foreignizattion

...ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 77-80, January 2010 © 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.1.1.77-80 Brief Study on Domestication and Foreignization in Translation Wenfen Yang School of Foreign Languages, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China Email: wfyoung@163.com Abstract T his essay gives a brief study of Domestication and Foreignization and the disputes over these two basic translation strategies which provide both linguistic and cultural guidance. Domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers; while foreignization means a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. In the contemporary international translation field, E ugene Nida is regarded as the representative of those who favour domesticating translation, whereas the Italian scholar L aw rence Venuti is regarded to be the spokesman for those who favour foreignizing translation, who has also led the debate to a white-hot state. Index Terms domestication, foreignization, translation strategies I. OVERVIEW OF DOMESTICATION AND FOREIGNIZATION Domestication and foreignization are two basic translation strategies which provide both linguistic and cultural guidance. They are termed by American translation theorist...

Words: 2334 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Korean Literature

...KOREAN LITERATURE Korean literature is the body of literature produced by Koreans, mostly in the Korean language and sometimes in Classical Chinese. For much of Korea's 1,500 years of literary history, it was written in Hanja. It is commonly divided into classical and modern periods, although this distinction is sometimes unclear. Korea is home to the world's first metal and copper type, world's earliest known printed document and the world's first featural script. ------------------------------------------------- General overview In general, the written arts have a tradition in epigraphic inscriptions on stones, in early tombs, and on rarely found bamboo pieces that formed early books. Repeated invasions and sacking of the east and west capitals, as well as the difficulty in preserving written texts on bamboo, make works before 1000 rare. Those works were entirely written in Chinese characters, the language of scholars, but of course incorporated Korean words and mindset. Medieval scholars in Korea learned and employed written Chinese as western schoolmen learned Latin: as a lingua franca for the region. It helped cultural exchanges extensively. Notable examples of historical records are very well documented from early times, and as well Korean books with movable type, often imperial encyclopedias or historical records, were circulated as early as the 7th century during the Three Kingdoms era from printing wood-blocks; and in the Goryeo era the world's first metal type...

Words: 2248 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Formation of English Literary Language

...Чернышевского Literary Language Formation of English Literary Language Выполнила студентка 411 группы Журкина Дарья Саратов, 2012 1. Literary Language  Literary language is a developed form of a national language, with norms fixed in writing to varying extents; the language of all manifestations of culture that are expressed in words. The concept of a “developed form” is historically variable (in different ages and with different peoples). In the age of feudalism many peoples of the world used foreign languages as their written literary languages. The Iranian and Turkish peoples used classical Arabic, the Japanese and Koreans used classical Chinese, the Germanic and West Slavic peoples used Latin, and the people in the Baltic region and the Czechs used German. The popular languages supplanted the foreign language in many functional spheres of communication during the 14th and 15th centuries in some states and in the 16th and 17th centuries in others. The literary language is always the result of collective creative activity. The notion that the norms of a literary language are “fixed” is somewhat relative (despite all the importance and stability of the norm, it changes in time). It is not possible to imagine a national culture that is rich and developed without a rich and developed literary language. This is why the problem of the literary language is very important for society. Linguists do not agree about the complex and multifaceted concept of the literary language...

Words: 2366 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Foundations of Mythology

...thinking. I would describe myths as an unexplainable or unknown actual event created by individuals to make sense of the unknown such as creation of the universe. Cultures around the world have different myths that all share the basic human desire to understand life and its meaning. Creation is one of the most popular myths that these cultures share. The cultures utilize their surroundings and cultural backgrounds to help the citizens understand the unknown since we all have different backgrounds, it makes sense the stories would differ however, the premise of the story will remain the same. The most unusual creation myth I have come across is the Chinese legend of Pan Gu, Nü Wa and the cosmic egg. While the story is odd for me, it has the overall same purpose as the "big bang theory" or "God created the world in seven days" theory. They all share the same desire to explain the unexplainable. Belief, religion, knowledge, and mythology differ however, they have overlapping characteristics. Mythology is only one aspect of religion. Belief is directly related to religion and faith is the cornerstone of belief. The mythology of a culture originated as a means of recording what that culture thought to be the real and actual facts about the origin and existence of the cosmos around them. However, over time the word took up other meanings. So, to put it in a single sentence, a...

Words: 543 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Damnjiuis

...They came to trade and stayed. Not more than three years after the landing of Raffles, Singapore was a town with over 10,000 inhabitants (Chuan, 2003). That time the British presence came almost immediately for the language of trade and commerce developing. According to the big immigration after port setting in Singapore, the country today is a multi-ethnic country, which composed of Chinese (77%), Malay (15%), and Indians (8%). This made English serves as an inter-ethnic lingua franca (Harada, 2009). The first languages of most Singaporeans are Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil. Since they are educated in English, they can speak English fluently. Singlish is the English-based creole spoken and written colloquially in Singapore. Singlish has its unique slang and syntax, which are more pronounced in informal speech. Singlish vocabulary formally takes after British English (in terms of spelling and abbreviations), although naming conventions are in a mix of American and British ones (with American ones on the rise). In brief, Singlish contains loanwords borrowed from Chinese dialect and Malay. The grammars which are used in Singlish are quite different from SSE such as; copula deletion, generalized “is it” question tag, and use of particles like ah-la-lor (Tay, 1993). Foreigners who are fluent English speakers would find it difficult to understand when they communicate with Singlish speakers because of the different features. The project’s aim is to learn...

Words: 2781 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Yolo

...Course Title Course Code Pre- requisite Credits : : : : World Literature Lit 02 Lit 01 3 Units Vision-Mission Statement : Instructor : Email : Office : Consultation Hours: MWF Venue : Consultation Rm. I. Course Description: Socorro D. De Jesus, Ph.D. Associate Professor 1 socorro_dejesus@hotmail.com General Education Faculty Rm, 2 nd floor, St. Anselm's Building 1 The course will introduce students to the writings of persons from selected countries across the different continents of the world. Students will gain an understanding of literary concepts to be able to interpret, analyze and evaluate various genres. Furthermore, students will have the opportunity to learn and appreciate the cultural heritage that is articulated from each literary text. II. Course Objectives: At the end of the semester, the students should be able to : 1. read and understand representative literary texts from various continents in the world. 2. analyze literary texts using the various approaches in literature. 3. employ critical thinking skills. 4. appreciate the...

Words: 1595 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Nhd- the White Terror

...occurred like this too. A perfect example of the domino effect is the Communist split from the Nationalists, commonly known as the White Terror. This sudden purge only lasted around three nights, but the effects of the split would last for many decades in the future. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) split from the Chinese Nationalists in 1927 affected both China itself and other foreign nations through the triggering of major wars, changes in international relations, and the formation of modern China- one of the world’s leading economies. The effects of the split, both positive and negative, would last for many years to come. After splitting from the Nationalists, Mao Zedong led the legendary Long March- a campaign that would garner support for him and split the country into two parties. Although the route was extremely long and dangerous, the popularity gained along the way sustained the marchers. As Mao Zedong wrote in his 1935 poem The Long March, “the Red Army fears not the trials of the Long March, holding light ten thousand crags and torrents ... Min Mountain's thousand li of snow joyously crossed, the three Armies march on, each face glowing” (Johnson). The Long March mainly crossed the Chinese countryside, a greatly beneficial move, as this is where the Communists were greeted with newfound supporters ready to be enlisted into the Red Army. After Mao took the lead from Otto Braun, a Russian agent sent to...

Words: 4155 - Pages: 17

Premium Essay

Literary Theory

...Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism Introduction A very basic way of thinking about literary theory is that these ideas act as different lenses critics use to view and talk about art, literature, and even culture. These different lenses allow critics to consider works of art based on certain assumptions within that school of theory. The different lenses also allow critics to focus on particular aspects of a work they consider important. For example, if a critic is working with certain Marxist theories, s/he might focus on how the characters in a story interact based on their economic situation. If a critic is working with post-colonial theories, s/he might consider the same story but look at how characters from colonial powers (Britain, France, and even America) treat characters from, say, Africa or the Caribbean. Hopefully, after reading through and working with the resources in this area of the OWL, literary theory will become a little easier to understand and use. Disclaimer Please note that the schools of literary criticism and their explanations included here are by no means the only ways of distinguishing these separate areas of theory. Indeed, many critics use tools from two or more schools in their work. Some would define differently or greatly expand the (very) general statements given here. Our explanations are meant only as starting places for your own investigation into literary theory. We encourage you to use the list of scholars and works provided for each...

Words: 11786 - Pages: 48

Free Essay

Mid-Term Review of Art164

...used to entice amaterasu out.)and the jewel yasakani no magatama (八尺优勾玉),which represented the three primary virtues: Valor, wisdom and benevolence, as well as the legitimacy of Japanese imperial heritage Jomon period(绳文时代): The time in prehistoric japan from about 12000 bc to 200 bc, during this period, japan experienced the agricultural revolution and developed a highly organized sophisticated social organization. It also give birth to Kaenodoki(火焰土器), Dogu(土偶) Kaenodoki: flame wares, inpractical vessel that indicate its function as a religious tool Dogu(土偶): Dogu are small humanoid and animal figurines made during the late jomon period. It is come exclusively from the jomon period. Its use is still unknown. But there are multiple theory that indicate they are talisman for good health or socery Kanamara(matsuri, 铁男根祭):It means phallus, which is a tradition festival in japan that centered...

Words: 1642 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Whirlpool

...Employment News 11 - 17 February 2012 www.employmentnews.gov.in 21 Union Public Service Commission EXAMINATION NOTICE NO. 04/2012-CSP DATED 11.02.2012 (LAST DATE FOR RECEIPT OF APPLICATIONS : 05.03.2012) CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2012 (Commission's website - http://www.upsc.gov.in) F. No. 1/4/2011-E.I(B) : Preliminary Examination of the Civil Services Examination for recruitment to the Services and Posts mentioned below will be held by the Union Public Service Commission on 20th May, 2012 in accordance with the Rules published by the Department of Personnel & Training in the Gazette of India Extraordinary dated 4th February, 2012. (i) Indian Administrative Service. (ii) Indian Foreign Service. (iii) Indian Police Service. (iv) Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group ‘A’. (v) Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (vi) Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), Group ‘A’. (vii) Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (viii) Indian Revenue Service (I.T.), Group ‘A’. (ix) Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group ‘A’ (Assistant Works Manager, Administration). (x) Indian Postal Service, Group ‘A’. (xi) Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (xii) Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group ‘A’. (xiii) Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group 'A'. (xiv) Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group ‘A’. (xv) Post of Assistant Security Commissioner in Railway Protection Force, Group ‘A’ (xvi) Indian Defence Estates Service, Group ‘A’. (xvii) Indian Information...

Words: 50586 - Pages: 203

Free Essay

Foundations of Mythology

...Foundations of Mythology HUM105 Foundations of Mythology In the popular context, the word “myth” is generally used to describe urban legends. Urban legends are false stories, told as if they were true, and passed on to others. Myth, in this context, is defined as stories that undergo a series of events sharing characteristics of legends and folktales. These stories, present themselves in our everyday lives through fictional characters, such as Tooth Fairy or Cupid. In an academic setting, the word “myth” is used to describe ancient narratives that attempt to answer the enduring and fundamental human questions such as creation (Leonard & McClure, p. 1, 2004). The word mythology is derived from both Greek words mythos and logos. The academic study of mythology could be described as the logical thinking used to produce mythical thinking; hence mythos forms the structure in which logos is employed. I would describe myths as an unexplainable or unknown actual event created by individuals to make sense of the unknown. Creation is a perfect example of this. Cultures around the world have different Myths. They all share the basic human desire to understand life and its meaning. Claude Lévi-Strauss expresses similar sentiments about myth’s functions when he postulates that myths serve to mediate conflicting or dualistic elements of society and life and conflicting nature of human beings are same around the world. (Leonard & McClure, p. 18, 2004). ...

Words: 698 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Western Medicine

...considers health as a balanced state versus disease as an unbalanced state. The Western approach tends to change the environment and the Eastern way is to prefer to adapt to the environment. There are numerous difficulties in comparing these two approaches. The same terminology may apply to entirely different facts, the teaching and learning methods are quite different, and the evaluation of the treatment is almost not comparable. In order to help understand the Eastern approach better, an understanding is needed of the basic Chinese concepts: the concept of a small universe living in a large universe; the duality concept of yin and yang; the concept of anatomy; the concept of physiology in Chinese medicine-the state of equilibrium expressed by the five elements; the concept of pathophysiology expressed by the external and internal insults; the concept of maintaining and promoting health expressed by the circulation of chi and hsieh; the therapeutic concept in Chinese medicine-the normalization or reestablishment of balance of the body function; the concept of preventive medicine. Two WESTERN STATES in the United States, Nevada and Hawaii, have regulated acupuncture as an independent practice not requiring medical referral or supervision.' Two other states have ruled that...

Words: 5442 - Pages: 22

Free Essay

Essentials of Japanese Aesthetics

...Salu Singh Independent Study/Phil Requirement of PPE: Aesthetics Professor Geneviève Gamache May 10, 2015 Essentials of Japanese Aesthetics Japanese aesthetics that existed since very long in the history of Japan, had flourished in the larger world as a philosophical discipline "aesthetics" in the nineteenth century (Parkes). West have been admiring Japanese aesthetics for it has "distinctive principles of aesthetic understanding and art appreciation" (Andrijauskas). Japanese art provides "a glimpse into a world often construed as inscrutable and mysterious", which makes it more interesting for the West (Low).Unlike other western disciplines,Japanese aesthetics is not only limited to fine arts. Traditionally, Japanese aesthetics existed in different art forms such as tea garden, tea ceremony, Noh theatre. Today, itis widely practiced in daily activities such as cooking, packaging, behaviors and etiquette (Encyclopedia).As Japanese aesthetics is firmly rooted in everyday life, it is very unique to the world. The ideals and philosophies of Japanese aesthetics are highly influenced by Shinto, Zen Buddhism and China (Walkup). Japanese aesthetics has a wide range of philosophies, which are narrowed down to two main ideas: acknowledging the basic reality of constant change and connecting it to the practices of self-cultivation experienced in daily life (Parkes). Influence of Shinto, Zen Buddhism and China Japanese aesthetics understanding is developed by indigenous Japanese...

Words: 1629 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

An Ideological Argument for Free Market-Enterprise

...A stark difference is apparent for those who grew up on the narrow Chinese streets called hutong. Few historic hutong are protected by The People’s Republic of China (PRC) to attract tourists, but most have evolved into quiet and organized walkways, like the one above. This is partly because the acceptance of a market economy transformed roadside markets into convenient supermarkets. No more haggling for prices over the noise of 20 others doing the same, or dodging children when settling your mobile market. Instead, responsible citizens, like the man in the picture to the right, can spend time recycling household waste in an effort to care for their neighborhood (Nuo). This coordinated and desirable lifestyle is made possible by domestic and foreign businesses that enter the market with permission of the government. Wal-Mart (WMT), an American business, abides by national and international law to assist those in China with their own development goals. WMT claims to conduct more annual internal audits than any other company, at 13,600 reviews. When violations are detected WMT does not hesitate to take harsh measures (Sweatshops). WMT seams its corporate policy with international regulations to ensure their workers the rights they bear as participants in a market economy. WMT labor practices in China promote free market-enterprise. In order to understand how WMT promotes free market-enterprise through its labor practices, first I will define the key terms, such as labor practices...

Words: 2373 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Intellectual Properties

...• The intellectual propriety refers to the creations of mind such as names, inventions, artworks, literary works, music compositions, and commercial designs. There are two major categories of Intellectual Propriety (IP): 1. Industrial Propriety: trademarks, inventions (patents), and designs, etc. 2. Copyrights: musical works, novels and books, photographs, movies, etc. Intellectual propriety rights (IPR) grant the holders to exercise a monopoly on the use of product/creation/idea for a limited period of time. For most of companies, IPR is the only way to protect their products and compete in the worldwide market. Same as the companies, IPR encourage inventors to develop new technologies and ideas. • IPR infringement has reached a critical level in many countries. The sectors mostly hit by this phenomenon are software houses, luxury companies, music/movie industries, and pharmaceutical products. Illegal downloading of software, music, movies, and imitations & counterfeit products became one of the biggest problems for all these sectors which lead to large loses in terms of income. • The countries most affected by IPR infringements are China, North Korea, Russia, Brazil, and India. According to the Business Software Alliance, in China, 79% of the software and 85-90% of music records have been pirated. Issues: • There are two major problems related to IPR infringements for the companies: the loss in income and the loss of reputation/image. • The piracy market...

Words: 661 - Pages: 3