...society. Nowadays, these electronics are powered from Lithium-ion batteries. Lithium is extracted from two sources: ores and salt brines - in the chemical production, lithium minerals are transformed into basic chemicals such as lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, and lithium chloride, which are used to produce many derivatives (Sun et al., 2017, p. 51-52; Wanger, 2010; USGS, 2018). The major processes throughout the lithium life cycle can be divided into five stages: resource mining, chemical production, product manufacture, product use and waste management (Sun et al., 2017). The majority of lithium, originally, was produced from mineral...
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...Lithium is used in many items we use daily, but the using of lithium has good and bad effects (Wanger 202-206). Lithium’s effects can be sorted into the categories; political, economic, environmental, social, and technological. Of these the economic and environmental are the most important to understand. Lithium mining can be done by either pumping brine in rivers or hardrock mining ("Lithium Mining"). People involved in this process are the mining companies and the U.S, government. The U.S. government payed a multibillion dollar investment in 2009 for an industry that satisfies the future demands for lithium vehicle batteries (Wanger 202-206). Lithium mining began in 1817 when it was discovered by scientist, Johann August Arfvedson in Sweden...
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...Austin Maaddi Mr. Waters Honors Chemistry 9 December 2014 Lithium Lithium is a soft, silver-colored element found in group 1 of the periodic table. It is an alkali metal with a mass of 6.941 and the atomic number 3. It is a solid at room temperature with a melting point of 180.5 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 1342 degrees Celsius (Lithium). Lithium's properties make it a highly reactive element when it comes in contact with multiple substances. However, the element has been found to be extremely useful, especially in modern day society. Over the years, scientists have discovered a variety of uses for lithium and it has become a necessary element in every day lives. The history of lithium dates back to the 19th century....
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...Georgia State University International Business Term Paper Chile International Term Paper: Chile Country Background * Name of country: Chile * Neighboring countries: Argentina, Bolivia and Peru * Territorial size of the country: 291,930 sq. miles (756,096 km²) * Size of the population: 17.46 million (2012) * Type of political system: Unitary state, Presidential system, Democratic republic, Constitutional republic * Who is the Prime Minister, President? Sebastián Piñera * What political party is in power? Democratic * Derivation of the form of law: based on the civil law model followed by Europe and Latin America * How would you classify its economic system? Most efficient economic system in Latin America * What are the GNI and the GNI per capita PPP? * GNI: 372.1 billion PPP dollars (2012) * GNI per capita PPP: 21,310 PPP dollars (2012) * Major Natural Resources: copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower * What major products are exported and to which countries? * Export- Agricultural, Mining and Industrial goods. (U.S, Japan, China and others) * What are the major imports and from which countries? * Import- Petroleum oils, refined & crude and Cars. (US, China, Argentina…) * Member of what economic integration organizations: Andean Community (CAN), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear...
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...Lithium should not be continued to be mined to be used as a primary power source. Lithium has become the staple ingredient for the creation of modern-day technology. It has many different uses that have made it a valuable element to mine. More importantly, at this rate of use, it is estimated that by 2025 the reserves will run out (Wanger, "The Lithium Future-resources, Recycling, and the Environment" 202-206). And as supply decreases, the price for lithium can be expected to increase. This would heavily impact lithium mining. Lithium mining is an important issue to understand. Lithium is the third element on the periodic table and is the lightest metal (Shriver, "Lithium"). It is an alkaline metal and has one valence electron. Therefore it...
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...Chilean Economic Structure An analysis of the Chilean economic structure reveals that this country has overcome the 1970’s Marxist economic rule, austerity and mass privatization to obtain the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. Under the rule of socialist President Salvador Allende from 1970 to 1973, Chile experienced civil unrest and the county spun out of control as President Allende’s economic policies polarized an already fragile nation. During President Allende’s brief tenure, the astronomical rise in the prices of goods and services coincided with a plummeting consumer purchase power rate cased massive inflation that plunged the country into a huge recession. The following details the Chilean economic structure and the role the government played during its pedestrian growth in the 1950’s, its fall in the 1970’s and its current day resurrection. During the 1950’s to 1970, Chile had the poorest economic performance among Latin America’s large and medium-sized countries. This pedestrian growth was attributed to the government and its overvaluation of the domestic currency. The government continually resorted to controlling agricultural prices in order to subsidize the urban and middle classes. This subsidy caused a lag in the growth of the agricultural sector, was one of the most glaring symptoms of Chile’s economic woes during the 1950’s. At the beginning of the 1950’s, inflation, which had already and economic problem and been since the 1880’s, became...
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...A Short History and Summary of the Current Conditions in Chile and Its Geographical Situation Stephanie McFearin HUMN 305-Q3WW A Short History and Summary of the Current Conditions in Chile and Its Geographical Situation Geography and Background Chile is a country situated on the west coast of South America. It is also known as The Republic of Chile. The size of Chile is 289,112 square miles with a width of less than 100 miles. It is basically a little larger than Texas. Chile is divided into three main parts, mainland and two territorial islands named Isla Sala y Gomez and Easter. Chile has an interesting history and it has seen many ups and downs in its economic development (Hudson, 1994). A description of the history of the 20th century of Chile and its current economic and political situation is presented below. The history of the 20th century of Chile is mainly focused on its entrance to the parliamentary system and thus it saw the changes in its political situation. In the beginning of the 20th century, Chile was stable despite of having lesser power in the hands of presidents. During this time, congress selected the president for the country. The presidents of this century mainly includes: Germán Riesco Errazuriz, Pedro Montt, Ramón Barros Luco, and Juan Luis Sanfuentes. During the 1920’s, there was an increasing gap between the middle class and lower class of society (Bizzarro, 1987). Due to this gap, the masses were dissatisfied and they called a new leader...
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...Chile’s Business Environment Charlene Bittick Colorado Technical University Online Emerging Markets EMBA650-1201B-01 Phase 1 – Individual Project Professor: Emmanuel Chebe February 24, 2013 Abstract The following report is in reference to the country of Chile and their business environment. It is necessary to include the target market for Chile as it refers to the economy, people and the government. The following topics will be included in the report: total population, population growth rates, ethnic and religious makeup, per capita GDP, income disparity, unemployment rate, educational levels and literacy rates, key industries, economic output, inflation and national debt. This information will be gathered and then compared to possible differences Chile has with the United States market. This report will include to charts that will depict the differences in the data requested from the manager (Task List, 2013). Chile’s Business Environment Most consider Brazil as Latin America’s favorite, but Chile is the country that possesses the best business environment; which is according to the Latin Business Index (2011). This index measures eighteen countries business climates within Latin America. This index’s data is focused on five categories with sub-components. The components and categories are: * Macro environment: Percent GDP growth and percent inflation from 2009 – 2011 and a forecast for 2012 * Globalization and Competitiveness: Globalization ...
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...Chile Compared to the United States United States Chile Location: Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru. Total Land: 756,102 sq. km Coastline: 6,435 km Terrain: Low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east Climate: Temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south. Border Countries: Argentina 5,308 km, Bolivia 860 km, Peru 171 km Notes: * the longest north-south trending country in the world. * Atacama Desert - the driest desert in the world - spreads across the northern part of the country. * The crater lake of Ojos del Salado is the world's highest lake (at 6,390 m). Natural Advantages: Natural Disadvantages: Severe earthquakes; Active volcanism; Tsunamis * Volcanism - significant volcanic activity due to more than three-dozen active volcanoes along the Andes Mountains; Lascar (elev. 5,592 m), which last erupted in 2007, is the most active volcano in the northern Chilean Andes; Llaima (elev. 3,125 m) in central Chile, which last erupted in 2009, is another of the country's most active; Chaiten's 2008 eruption forced major evacuations. Population Ethnicity * Total Population: 17, 067,369 (July ’12 est.) Religion Age Structure Notes * Literacy Rate: 95.7% * Average Life Expectancy:...
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...Channel and Pricing Strategies By Learning Team C: Monalisa Swain, Kristi Pierre, Aaron Jenkins, Gokul Purushothaman University of Phoenix MKT 571 Professor Siegal November 22, 2010 Channel and Pricing Strategies Team C’s objective is to state the channel and pricing strategies of Thermo Express. Our team has decided to have our home country as Chile and our international market country as the United States. We considered the population as well as the potential that our product “Thermal Express,” in order for the launching of the product to take place. We have also realized that the challenges and opportunity will accompany it. In order for the company to develop and launch, we had to develop pricing strategies in both the domestic and international markets. We will also provide justifications for our choice for acquiring the United States as our international market. The two advantages in this product are that it is green, meaning it is good for the environment and will eliminates the excessive use of cups and perishable items. Second because of the economic state, people can save money by using this and not constantly buying coffee or tea bags. Justification for Thermo Express Our organization has selected the United States has our international market to sell our product Thermo Express. Although the opportunities for companies to enter and compete in foreign markets are significant, the risks also can be high. Companies...
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...Global Immersion Trip Chile A Report by Vinod Jayakumar Traditional MBA 2013 Pre-trip Excited about visiting a South American country for the first time, I started my journey to Santiago De Chile from Miami on March 2nd, 2012. To start with, I was skeptical about the quality of a Chile based airline. But, I was amazed by the excellent service provided by LAN airlines. My perception about a Chilean company changed then and there. Also, prior to my flight I doubted whether the officials in the flight will understand English (even though we were assured by the Professor that there wouldn’t be language problems during the travel) and my doubts didn’t fructify. In fact, the quality of the food given to us in the plane set up a high expectation for my one-week long stay at Santiago. Day One After watching the Pirates of the Caribbean – At World’s end, a movie which I have been craving to watch for a long time, and a couple of hours of pleasant flight, we landed in Santiago on time. As soon as the automatic door swung open letting me in to the airport, I noticed a group of people standing before a counter that was used to collect a reciprocity fee. The notice board before the counter showed “US - $140”. As I didn’t fully understand what a reciprocity fee is and since I was coming in to the country from US, I stood at the back of a very short line counting my $140. When my turn came, I was pleasantly surprised to find out that it applies only to US Citizens and that it...
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...Is a Green World A Safer World? Not Necessarily Rhonda Watson SOC 300 March 18, 2013 Prof. M. Mena Is a Green World A Safer World? Not Necessarily In this article the author discusses the possibility that a green world will be a better habitat for humanity. The author is doubtful and looks over the world to find out why. In a series of talking points the author examines a number of issues that will serve to disrupt those dwelling in an environmentally sound world. These include the possibility of green protectionism in the western world, the condition of oil producing countries and the water shortage that already exists and will increase in the future. The US was blessed with some pretty massive oil fields, like the East Texas fields. The main problem was that once the domestic supply of oil began running down, and it became cheaper to import it than make the efforts to get more oil from remaining sources in the US, we decided to simply go with the flow and join Great Britain and others in the Oil Power Politics game rather than seriously shifting away from oil consumption. However, two real issues emerge. One is how to safely dispose of spent fuel, a dilemma still fervently debated by environmentalists. Another is how to safeguard the security of the fuel at every other stage of its life cycle, particularly in comparatively cash-strapped emerging countries, which are often in regions scarred by instability and home to terrorist organizations with their own nuclear...
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...Assess the significance of three factors which might limit economic development in the developing countries. Economic development can be defined generally as involving an improvement in economic welfare, measured using a variety of indices, such as the Human Development Index (HDI). A developing country is described as a nation with a lower standard of living, underdeveloped industrial base, and a low HDI relative to other countries. There are several factors which may have the effect of limiting economic development in such countries. Factors such as these include: primary product dependency, the savings gap and political instability. Primary product dependency occurs where production of primary products accounts for a large proportion of a country’s GDP. This can have a particularly limiting effect on economic development when a country’s primary product is what may be classified as a “soft commodity”, that is to say, agricultural goods mainly such as wheat, rice, palm oil etc. For example, Kenya has a high dependency on tea and horticulture. This may limit economic development for several reasons. Both supply and demand for primary products tend to be elastic thus and demand or supply-side shock would cause a relatively large price change, meaning that primary products are likely to experience extreme price fluctuations. These price fluctuations will cause fluctuations in producers’ income as demand is price inelastic. Therefore, a fall in price would cause a fall in total...
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...Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade Working Paper Series, No. 99, April 2011 Utility of Regional Trade Agreements: Experience from India’s Regionalism by Sejuti Jha* * PhD Scholar, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi. The author is grateful to Biswajit Nag, Rajan Sudesh Ratna and Mia Mikic for valuable comments. The paper benefited from the comments received from the participants at the second Empirical Issues in International Trade and Finance conference, organized by IIFT at New Delhi, 16-17 December 2010. The opinion, figures and estimates are the sole responsibility of the author and should not be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the approval of the United Nations, ARTNeT and the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade. Any errors are the responsibility of the author, who can be contacted at sejuti.jha@gmail.com. The Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT) is aimed at building regional trade policy and facilitation research capacity in developing countries. The ARTNeT Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about trade issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. ARTNeT working papers are available online at www.artnetontrade.org. All material in the working papers may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgment is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing...
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...Lecture 1 Yellow stone hot spot Great Valley Questions to consider throughout the course: Boundary layer of clay Will California fall into the sea? What regulates climate? etc. (see lecture notes) THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Observe Generalize and/ make a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Revise hypothesis if necessary - hypothesis has to be falsify able, com Lecture 2 Electromagnetic between positive charges of the nucleus and negative charges of the electrons FUNDAMENTAL FORCES REVIEW Gravity - depends on mass and distance Electromagnetic - depends on charge, distance Strong Force - between hadrons Weak Force - between hadrons and some leptons Protons and neutrons (hardrons) are made out of smaller particles called quarks Leptons: includes electrons (mass & charge), neutrinos (mass, no charge) and their antiparticles Field particles: transmit fundamental forces Conservation Laws - Quantities conserved Energy-Mass Momentum (oriented) *Angular momentum (oriented) Charge Spin (oriented) # of Hadrons (number conserved) # of Leptons (number conserved) FORMS OF ENERGY Kinetic Potential Heat Chemical Mass Electromagnetic radiation Changes in volume When a thing is dropped and stopped by an object, electromagnetic force is overcoming the gravity force overlap of electron clouds of two objects First law of Thermodynamics Energy may be converted from one form to another, but the total must be conceived in any interactions. (Energy...
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