...Introduction . what are the potential health issues associated with cellular telephone use? Whether it’s the increased use of cell phones by children, or the overall increase in cell phone use by adults, human exposure to electromagnetic radiation is happening in ways never dreamed of before. Very young children are using them, teenagers live on them—and some even sleep with them on their pillows, as cell phones are often used as alarm clocks. What do these exposures consist of and what do they mean for human health? Whether cell phone use affects the human nervous system and reproduction, causes DNA damage and behavioral changes, or creates addictive behavior, cell phones are now ubiquitous in our lives. Cell phone technology has changed quickly over time and continues to develop, which means that human exposures also change over time. This report explores what we know about cell phone use, exposures, and human health. Impact of mobile phone technology in environment: The Cell Phone Problem Electromagnetic Radiation _ All cell phones emit a type of radiation called an electromagnetic field (EMF), composed of waves of electric and magnetic energy moving together through space. Different types of electromagnetic energy are categorized by their wavelengths and frequencies and comprise the electromagnetic “spectrum” (see next page). _ Different radiation frequencies are used by different...
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...Paper Joshua Brechtel ENV/410 September 14, 2014 Jennifer Ott Environmental Toxicology Paper Environmental toxicology deals with the toxicology of environmental chemicals. This can relate to toxic chemicals found naturally but usually man-made chemicals are predominately studied. The effect of these chemicals on the environment and subsequent ecosystems are of great importance in understanding human impact on our planet. Ecotoxicology is a type of environmental toxicology that deals with the effects of environmental toxins on ecosystems, habitats and the organisms that live in those ecosystems. The wide range of organisms and environmental factors requires detailed analysis from multiple scientific disciplines. Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics Toxicokinetics is a branch of toxicology that can be viewed as the study of how the body deals with toxicants at different stages after exposure. These stages are absorption, distribution, and elimination. Toxicokinetics studies the ever changing processes that occur within the body during and after absorption of a toxicant. This includes where and how absorption takes place, how the body distributes the toxicant, the effects of metabolism, the toxic effects rendered and the excretion of the toxicant. “In other words, toxicokinetics is a reflection of how the body handles toxicants as indicated by the plasma concentration of that xenobiotic at various time points.” (Michael A. Trush, 2008, p. 1) Toxicodynamics describes...
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...Optimal Health and Wellness Aaron-John P McDonald COM/172 February 21, 2014 Robert Eakins Optimal Health and Wellness . A better understanding about how our bodies and minds function has been better observed by scientists and brought to the attention of the general public. Research has introduced three elements of health and wellness and how nutrition and fitness as active parts of our lives. Research has also discovered ways for preventing major diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Preventing awful effects in our environment and protecting the immune system is part of action plans researchers have discovered to play an important role in improved physical health and wellness. Physical Health It is important to get enough rest and sleep our body needs to rest to be able to function properly. Exercise is essential because it gives us strength, endurance, and a healthy body. That is why we should maintain a healthy weight so our body can fight other risk factors. Physical Health helps control weight and reduces the risk of Cardio-Vascular Disease (CVD) CVD disease (Donatelle, 2011). With exercise we can also reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and some cancers. But most of all it increase our chances of living longer and having better emotional health. Emotional Health People who are emotionally healthy are able to handle life's challenges, build strong relationships, and recover from setbacks from life. It requires effort stability to build and maintain emotional health...
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...HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV, is a virus that attacks specific cells in the human immune system weakening the body so it cannot fight off infection. HIV is a major public health concern in the United States with an estimated 1.1 million Americans infected, and 1 out of 5 people don’t even know they have it (www.healthypeople.gov). The virus is transmitted by blood or certain body fluids, which must come in contact with mucous membranes of another person for transmission to occur. Currently no cure exists, but with effective interventions the risk of transmission is greatly decreased (www.cdc.gov). HIV affects the CD4, or T cells of the immune system. The disease uses these cells to replicate itself, and in the process destroying the T cells. In turn, the body cannot fight off infections, and AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome manifests (www.cdc.gov). It is believed that the virus originally was present in chimpanzees in West Africa, and transmitted to humans when the chimpanzees were hunted for their meat as far back as the 1800’s (www.cdc.gov). The early signs of the virus are like many other viruses, fever, swollen glands, sore throat, rash, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, and headache (www.aids.gov).Testing is the only way to know for sure if you have the virus. Home testing kits are now available as well. The onset of the acute infection is 2 to 4 weeks from initial exposure and some people have no symptoms at this stage. Large amounts of the virus...
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...Impact of Cell Phone’s Radio Frequency in Children Herzing University Saugat Basnet The development and use of mobile device services in the last decade have hugely increased the amount of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave (RF-EMW). High exposures towards radio frequency (RF) in our daily lives have raised concerns regarding the harmful effects on human health especially on children. Children with cell phone exposure have higher odds of migraines and headache-related symptoms than the one with no exposure. A great deal of scientific and public interest have focused on radio frequencies that alter the brain, somatic and germinal cells in children. Children should be very careful and guided by elders while using cell phones that produce a lot of harmful radio frequencies. Today cell phone is one of the inseparable parts of modern life. Each and every daily activity today is possibly accomplished by the aid of the cell phone. With its reference, we can say that cell phone directly and regularly comes in contact with the vital body parts like head and sense organs. As it comes in contact with vital organs, not immediately but after some long term exposure, it causes severe health problems and in children, it’s even more serious. Children are still developing mentally; therefore, radio frequency from cell phones has a greater effect on them than on adults. It is because children have growing body parts where cell multiplication is active. According to a study conducted by Sudan...
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...another through blood (including menstrual blood), semen, vaginal secretions and/or breast milk. The mode of transmission can be unprotected sexual contact, direct blood contact, including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, accidents in health care settings or certain blood products, and/or mother to baby (before or during birth, or through breast milk). It is not transmitted by saliva, tears, sweat, feces and/or urine. Mr. Thomas can prevent the transmission to his wife or others by either abstaining from sex or wearing a condom. 2. HIV is the name of the virus which infects our immune system and damages it severely over a period of time. Over time, HIV disease infects and kills white blood cells called CD4 lymphocytes (or “T cells”) and can leave the body unable to fight off certain kinds of infections and cancers. When the CD4 count drops below 200, a person's immune system is severely weakened, and that person is then diagnosed with AIDS, even if he or she has not become sick from other infections. 3. The ethical dilemmas in this case are that first, Mr. Thomas had an affair and never told his wife. This affair happened 3 years ago, and he could have infected his wife by not protecting himself. Another dilemma is that he does not want his wife to know he is HIV positive unless she herself begins to present symptoms. 4. The health care professional has a legal obligation to report that Mr. Thomas is HIV positive to state Department of Health. It is important...
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...Optimal Health and Wellness Aaron-John P McDonald COM/172 February 21, 2014 Robert Eakins Optimal Health and Wellness . A better understanding about how our bodies and minds function has been better observed by scientists and brought to the attention of the general public. Research has introduced three elements of health and wellness and how nutrition and fitness as active parts of our lives. Research has also discovered ways for preventing major diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Preventing awful effects in our environment and protecting the immune system is part of action plans researchers have discovered to play an important role in improved physical health and wellness. Physical Health It is important to get enough rest and sleep our body needs to rest to be able to function properly. Exercise is essential because it gives us strength, endurance, and a healthy body. That is why we should maintain a healthy weight so our body can fight other risk factors. Physical Health helps control weight and reduces the risk of Cardio-Vascular Disease (CVD) CVD disease (Donatelle, 2011). With exercise we can also reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and some cancers. But most of all it increase our chances of living longer and having better emotional health. Emotional Health People who are emotionally healthy are able to handle life's challenges, build strong relationships, and recover from setbacks from life. It requires effort stability to build and maintain emotional health...
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...Running head: THE RISKS AND BENEFITS OF SUN EXPOSURE 1 The Risks and Benefits of Sun Exposure An Informative Essay THE RISKS AND BENEFITS OF SUN EXPOSURE 2 The Risks and Benefits of Sun Exposure Tanned skin never used to be desirable. To look at people now one would never believe that statement. In the 1900s it was considered a sign of the lower class. Tanned skin was a direct result of manual labor, of having to work to provide either for ones’ family or their own livelihood. It could also be construed as a sign of poverty. Only the wealthy were untanned as they had servants or maids and work hands that did manual labor for them. In the 1920s tanning became popular with the wealthy, when Coco Chanel, the famous fashion designer, took a vacation to the Riviera. She returned with a deep tan. Tanning then became all the rage and became to be known as a symbol of wealth and leisure (Longe, J, 2011 p2160). Today, tanning is still considered fashionable. People pursue it for cosmetic reasons as well as for competitive reasons. Bodybuilders tan, as it defines the cut of muscles and makes them stand out. (All about Suntans and Tanning 2013). In beauty competitions contestants tan to look healthy. Skin is most associated with healthy outdoor activities and vacationing in sunny locations. The reality is that the tan color which results on the skin from exposure to the sun, is actually the skins’ reaction to damage ...
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...THE RESEARCH QUESTION The study should be based on finding out the effects of toxins on living organism. This research will try to find out the positive and negative effects of enzyme toxin in plants and animals. The excessive use of toxins can be harmful to the environment while the use of controlled amounts of this same enzyme can be useful to the environment. Toxins are said to be any poisonous substances that are produced in the living cells. Organic chemist Ludwig Brieger is said to be the first chemist to use the word toxins in the 19th century. Small molecules, proteins and peptides are all said to be toxins. These organisms are capable of causing diseases on the contact with any contact or absorption by body issues. Toxins greatly vary in the degree of severity from the minors such as bee stings to majors such as botulinum toxins Toxins are also constituents that are made by plants and are harmful to humans. But some toxins can be used in small doses and help in medication but become poisonous when used in large amounts DESCRIPTION OF IDENTIFIED PERSPECTIVE (natural sciences) In the natural science subjects such as biology and chemistry, toxins are well described and experimented on by scientists. In chemistry toxins are said to be chemical agent depending on their method of production. On the other hand, toxins that disturb organisms may be said to be biologically produced. Toxins can be either biologically or chemically produced depending on the mode of production...
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...technology and in personal use. Texting has now become the dominant means of communication and actual conversation skills are diminishing. Exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted from cellular devices has become a concern and is being studied from many various angles to determine actual health risks from cell phone use. Whether it is for personal or business use, the cell phone has become a permanent fixture in our lives, could have potential health risks, and can become an addiction if necessary steps are not taken to control use and dependency. Cellular Technology and Society Today At any store they are visible. They have their hand plastered to their ear or they are seemingly talking to no one. These are the cellphone users. Hayley Tsukayama, a writer for the Washington post asserts that according to the Pew Internet and Life Project only seventeen percent of Americans still have a land line and ninety percent own a cellphone. (Tsukayama, 2014) The largest contributor to this trend is convenience. Most cellular devices are small and easily portable, allowing the user to move around freely. The ability to be in contact on the road, at work, or out having fun has pushed the trend that the American consumer is converting to cellular devices. Adding to this trend is the ability of cellular devices to do more than just make a call. “Cell phones are not just about calling or texting – with expanding functionality, phones have become multimedia recording devices and pocket-sized...
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...correct. CTLA-4 expression on T cells stops activation of that T cell, which ends the cell signaling response. Treg also cells utilize high levels of CTLA-4 to stop the activation of cells. Answer A is incorrect because the cell-intrinsic pathway uses T cells, and the cell-extrinsic utilizes Tregs. B is incorrect because the cell-intrinsic pathway does not reduce the T cell expression of CTLA-4. C is incorrect because the B cells do not express CTLA-4, but instead express B7 that binds to CTLA-4 on T cells and Tregs. 4. An oncologist recommended that a patient with advanced melanoma begin a new treatment plan. After a few weeks, the treatment appears to be reducing the size of tumors. However, the patient has developed enlarged lymph nodes and pancreatitis. Which of the following is the most likely reason the new therapy is causing these symptoms? a. The patient being treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, and by blocking CTLA-4 the T cell activation in secondary lymphoid organs has been restricted, producing inflammation and an increase in expression of Tregs in the lymph nodes b. The patient is being treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, causing a rise in B cell count which leads to inflammation of endocrine...
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...SKIN CANCER & TANNING The idea of a “healthy tan” is a myth which must be corrected in order to reduce the increasing incidence of skin cancer in the world. An individual's skin color is determined by their genes and their environment. Our skin can change color in reaction to sun exposure. This is called the "tanning response." When skin absorbs UV radiation, melanin is produced and transferred to the keratinocytes cells within the skin thereby darkening the color of the skin. Melanin in the skin absorbs and scatters UV radiation entering the body and helps protect the skin from adverse reactions to radiation. Thus, the "tanning response" is really a defensive reaction by the body to the presence of damaging radiation, and an effort by the body to protect itself from the harmful affect of ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B (UVA and UVB) rays (“Anatomy”). A tan still remains in the minds of many as socially desirable. Each day we are confronted with images on television and in magazines of golden-brown models and celebrities. In addition, we are the targets of local advertising and promotion of tanning salons. People must understand that a tan is not necessary; and that in addition to the premature aging of the skin, there are serious and possibly deadly consequences from the overexposure of one’s body to UVA and/or UVB rays. The deadly consequence is skin cancer. When people think of cancer they relate to the threat of colon cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate...
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...Biology Sem3 Assignment – Blood Diseases Leukaemia is cancer of the body’s blood-forming tissues, containing the bone marrow and the lymphatic system (7). There are many types of leukaemia exist. Some forms of leukaemia occur commonly in adults, other forms of leukaemia are more usually in children. Leukaemia usually contains the white blood cells. Your white blood cells are powerful infection fighters. They normally grow and divide in a proper way as your body needs them. However, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells in people with leukaemia because it does not function properly (7). There are an estimated 327,520 people living with, or in remission from, leukaemia in the US (6). In 2014, 52,380 people are expected to be...
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...Introduction, Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Cancer is a life changer that can both positively and negatively affect a person’s life, family, and death all in one. Being that I come from a family who has cancer on both sides, I chose this topic to increase knowledge within myself and my family on the topic. With research from cancer organizations, general knowledge, and an open mind I was able to find out very interesting facts and take them back into my family. In all types of cancer, many of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and interact with close-by tissues. Being that Cancer can start almost anywhere in a person’s body, it seems to be easy develop cancer...
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