...the medical laboratory and often serve as the Lab Director. Contrary to popular depictions of this career, the task of performing autopsies constitutes just a small part of the typical pathologist’s practice. A clinical pathologist oversees lab tests conducted on body fluids. For instance, together with clinical lab technologists, pathologists work to ensure that blood and blood products are safe. In microbiology, pathologists identify microorganisms that can cause infections – bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites – so that the most effective treatment can be selected for each particular case. An anatomic pathologist assists surgeons during operations by providing immediate diagnoses on biopsies (specially treated tissues removed in surgery and rushed to the lab). A forensic pathologist uses lab science to answer questions about evidence collected for criminal and civil cases. Other pathologists conduct research in pathology, developing new tests and new instruments to better diagnose diseases. Some pathologists devote their careers to research in pathology, developing new tests and new instruments to better diagnose diseases. Pathologists often teach their specialty to medical students and those preparing for other laboratory professions, including clinical lab technology and cytotechnology, among others. Pathologists are problem-solvers, fascinated by the process of disease and eager to unlock medical mysteries, such as AIDS and diabetes, using the sophisticated...
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...One must be informed about the background of pancreatic cancer. There have been six different types of pancreatic cancer found. Each form of pancreatic cancer relies on the kind of cell that develops it. The two types of cells that involve the pancreas include the exocrine cell and the endocrine cell. The exocrine cells handle the production of digestive juices while the endocrine cells control the production of hormones. The six different type’s pancreatic cancer is adenocarcinoma, islet cell carcinoma, pancreaticoblastoma, isolated sarcomas and blastomas, pseudopapillary neoplasms, and ampullary cancer. Adenocarcinoma affects mainly the exocrine cells and is the primary form of pancreatic cancer. It accounts for up to 95% of all cases. Islet cell carcinoma is an endocrine cell cancer and is mostly malignant. The tumors involved with this form of cancer can be either functional and produce dangerously high levels of hormones or non-functional, producing no hormones. Pancreaticoblastoma is considered rare and is found in young children whereas isolated sarcomas and lymphomas may occur within the pancreas but are exceedingly rare. Pseudopapillary neoplasms occur mostly in younger women while ampullary cancer is a type of tumor that forms at the intersection of the bile duct and the pancreatic duct leading into the small intestine (MD Anderson Cancer...
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...back, or both * * Weight loss, often associated with the following: * Loss of appetite (anorexia) * Bloating * Diarrhea or fatty bowel movements that float in water (steatorrhea) * Rarely may present with new diabetes in a person with weight loss and nausea * Jaundice (yellowing of the skin) The symptoms of pancreatic cancer are generally vague and can easily be attributed to other less serious and more common conditions. This lack of specific symptoms explains the high number of people who have a more advanced stage of disease when pancreatic cancer is discovered. Diagnostic Procedure: * Abdominal ultrasound * Abdominal computed tomography (CT): * Percutaneous biopsy * Endoscopic biopsy * Blood test called CA 19-9 Medical Treatment * Chemotherapy and radiation therapy given simultaneously *...
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...Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Case Study Introduction The case study involves Andrew Lincoln who is a overweight 23 year old caucasian male, who has returned home over winter break after being away at college. While at school Mr. Lincoln works part-time at a pizza parlor to decrease his financial burden. During his free time while at college Andrew is minimally active and prefers to play video games over doing strenuous physical activities. Mr. Lincoln presents to his primary provider for an physical after a 4 years hiatus while being away at college. He has no significant past medical history and was only was hospitalized when he fell and broke his leg as a child. He currently has no physical complaints but has noticed over the last year his stool has become yellow tinged and his flatulence has become very...
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...BSBMED301B: Assignment 1 What you have to do Using the learning resource provided answer the following questions: Question 1 Using your knowledge of word components, give the correct medical term for each of the definitions below. Definition Medical Term 1. rectal hernia Rectocele 2. excision of the stomach Gastrectomy 3. inflammation of the kidney Nephritis 4. enlargement of the liver Hepatomegaly 5. incision to remove a stone Lithotomy 6. fixation of the intestine Enteropexy 7. artificial opening in the colon Colostomy 8. incision into the abdomen Laparotomy 9. absence of one or both testes Anarchism 10. rupture of the uterus Hysterorrhexis 11. excision of the prostate gland Prostatectomy 12. visual examination of the vagina Colposcopy 13. surgical repair of a testicle Orchiopexy 14. discharge of milk Galactorrhea 15. difficult labour or delivery Dystocia 16. suture of the tongue Glossorrhaphy 17. surgical puncture of the abdomen Abdominocentesis 18. pus in the urine Pyuria 19. pertaining to above the kidney Suprarenal 20. narrowing of the urethra Urethral Stricture Question 2 Give the meaning of each of the abbreviations below. Abbreviation Medical Meaning 1. LUQ Left upper quadrant 2. GI Gastrointestinal 3. OGD Oesophago-gastro duedenoscopy 4. CVS Chorionic villus sampling 5. STD Sexually transmitted disease 6. IUD Intrauterine device 7. TURP Transurethral resection of the prostate 8. DRE Digital rectal...
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...Liver Cirrhosis Jenna M. Keirn Institute of Technology Clovis Liver Cirrhosis What is liver cirrhosis? It is a chronic liver disease. By definition in Textbook of Basic Nursing ( Roshdal B. Caroline, Kowalski T. Mary) “ Cirrhosis is a chronic, degenerative disease of the parenchymal cells ( the normal architecture and functioning cells) of the liver.” When you have cirrhosis eventually it will get to the point where your liver can no longer do what it is supposed to do. If a patient has uncontrolled cirrhosis it can result in hepatorenal syndrome and hepatic coma. Eventually all body functions will deteriorate. According to Textbook of Basic Nursing (Roshdal B. Caroline, Kowalski T. Mary) “ Toxins absorbed by the GI tract...
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...Dyskeratosis congenita • Cartilage-hair hypoplasia • Pearson syndrome • Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (thrombocytopenia-absent radius [TAR] syndrome) • Shwachman-Diamond syndrome • Dubowitz syndrome • Diamond-Blackfan syndrome • Familial aplastic anemia Acquired causes Acquired causes of aplastic anemia (80%) include the following: • Idiopathic factors • Infectious causes, such as hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), parvovirus, and mycobacteria • Toxic exposure to radiation and chemicals, such as benzene • Transfusional GVHD • Orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis • Pregnancy • Eosinophilic fasciitis Drugs and elements, such as chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone, and gold, may cause aplasia of the marrow. Staging Staging of aplastic anemia is based on the criteria of the International Aplastic Anemia Study Group, as follows: • Blood - Neutrophils less than 0.5 X 109/L; platelets less than 20 X 109/L; reticulocytes less than 1% corrected (percentage of actual hematocrit [Hct] to normal Hct) • Marrow - Severe hypocellularity; Moderate hypocellularity, with hematopoietic cells representing less...
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...approximately 250 million people affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide (1). Although the primary factors causing this disease are unknown, it is clear that insulin resistance plays a major role in its development. Evidence for this comes from (a) the presence of insulin resistance 10–20 years before the onset of the disease (2, 3); (b) cross-sectional studies demonstrating that insulin resistance is a consistent finding in patients with type 2 diabetes (3–6); and (c) prospective studies demonstrating that insulin resistance is the best predictor of whether or not an individual will later become diabetic (2, 3). Here, I focus on some recent advances in our understanding of human insulin resistance that have been made using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This technique takes advantage of the spin properties of the nuclei of certain isotopes, such as 1H, 13C, and 31P, which endow the isotopes with a magnetic component that can be used to measure the concentration of intracellular metabolites noninvasively and to assess biochemical differences between normal and diabetic subjects. Drawing on NMR studies from my laboratory and others, I first consider the control of glucose phosphorylation and transport in regulating muscle...
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...(National Health Service) Cervical Screening Programme began in 1988. What is the cervix? The cervix, or the neck of the womb, and the womb are both parts of a female reproductive system. The female reproductive system consists of: Vagina Womb (uterus), which includes the cervix Ovaries Women have two ovaries, one on either side of the lower abdomen (pelvis). Each month one of the ovaries produces an egg. Each ovary is connected to the uterus by a tube called the Fallopian tube. In between each menstrual period an egg travels down one of the fallopian tubes and into the uterus. They alternate - one month may be the left side, and the next month the right side. When the egg enters the womb its lining thickens in preparation; in case the egg is fertilized...
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...Hyperammonemia Ammonia is a normal constituent of all body fluids. At physiologic pH, it exists mainly as ammonium ion. Reference serum levels are less than 35 µmol/L. Excess ammonia is excreted as urea, which is synthesized in the liver through the urea cycle. Sources of ammonia include bacterial hydrolysis of urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the intestine, the purine-nucleotide cycle and amino acid transamination in skeletal muscle, and other metabolic processes in the kidneys and liver. Increased entry of ammonia to the brain is a primary cause of neurological disorders associated with hyperammonemia, such as congenital deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes, hepatic encephalopathies, Reye syndrome, several other metabolic disorders, and some toxic encephalopathies. Ammonia is a productof the metabolismof proteinsand other compounds,and itis required for the synthesis of essential cellular compounds. However,a 5- to 10-fold increase in ammonia in the blood induces toxic effects in mostanimal species, withalterations in the functionof the central nervous system. Bothacuteand chronic hyperammonemia result inalterationsof the neurotransmitter system. Based onanimal study findings, the mechanismofammonia neurotoxicityat the molecular level has been proposed.Acuteammonia intoxication inananimal model leads to increased extracellular concentrationof glutamate in the brainand results inactivationof the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.Activationof this receptor mediatesATP...
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...The incidence and challenges of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 in Saudi Arabia Name Institution The incidence and challenges of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 in Saudi Arabia The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 cases in Saudi Arabia is currently estimated to stand at 17.7% for men and 16.4% for women. This constitutes about 33% in total. These records are according to the report of the International Diabetes Federation study done in the year 2015 (Afifi, et al. 2014). By the year 2015, there were 3.4 million people suffering diabetes from in Saudi Arabia. It happens to be amongst the leading 10 nations in the world in diabetes cases in general. It is projected that the prevalence for diabetes mellitus type 2 will be 20.8% for the whole population ("Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension And Hyperlipidemia Among Students And Employees In University Of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia," 2016). . The Saudi population is discovered very late because of the subtle nature of the disease. It does not have very clear symptoms from the beginning. Most of the people found with this type of diabetes are those with liver diseases and the cases are discovered during diagnosis of other sicknesses. The spread of the disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is attributed to two factors. The first is lifestyle, where people are reportedly engaged in smoking, poor eating habits leading to obesity, lack of physical exercise and negligence of medical checkups. The other factors that cause the spread...
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...complications. With an explosion of new knowledge over the span of two decades, our understanding of CD has changed dramatically. CD has gone from a rare condition causing gastrointestinal symptoms in children of European origin to a common disorder causing symptoms that affect multiple organ systems in all ages virtually worldwide.1 The overall prevalence of CD is similar in Europe and North America affecting up to 1% of the population.2,3 A large multicenter study in the United States, using serologic screening with biopsy confirmation to identify cases of CD, showed a prevalence of CD of 1:133 in individuals with no evident risk factors. Prevalence of CD in symptomatic patients was 1:56. The prevalence of diagnosed CD is much lower, especially in the United States. This reflects underrecognition and underdiagnosis related to the wide clinical spectrum of disease and the presence of silent disease.4 In the United States, the prevalence of CD in people of non-European descent is not known. Limited studies suggest that, in the United States, Hispanic and AfricanAmerican populations have a lower prevalence of CD than non-Hispanic...
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...------------------------------------------------- Peptic ulcer A peptic ulcer, also known as PUD or peptic ulcer disease,[1] is the most common ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. It is defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0.5 cm. As many as 70–90% of such ulcers are associated with Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the acidic environment of the stomach; however, only 40% of those cases go to a doctor. Ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs.[2] Four times as many peptic ulcers arise in the duodenum—the first part of the small intestine, just after the stomach—as in the stomach itself. About 4% of gastric ulcers are caused by a malignant tumor, so multiple biopsies are needed to exclude cancer. Duodenal ulcers are generally benign. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Classification By Region/Location * Duodenum (called duodenal ulcer) * Oesophagus (called esophageal ulcer) * Stomach (called gastric ulcer) * Meckel's diverticulum (called Meckel's diverticulum ulcer; is very tender with palpation) Modified Johnson Classification of peptic ulcers: * Type I: Ulcer along the body of the stomach, most often along the lesser curve at incisura angularis along the locus minoris resistantiae. * Type II: Ulcer in the body in combination...
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...diseases are caused by mutations in wither mtDNA or nuclear DNA (Overview of Mitochondrial Diseases). A male does not transmit the mtDNA pathogenic variant to his offspring. A female harboring a herteroplasmic mtDNA single nucleotide variant may transmit a variable amount of mutant mtDNA to her offspring, resulting in considerable clinical variability among sibs within the same family (Chinnery 2000). Depending on which cells are affected, symptoms may include loss of motor control, muscle weakness and pain, gastro-intestinal disorders and swallowing, poor growth, cardiac disease, liver disease, diabetes, respiratory complications, seizures, visual/hearing problems, lactic acidosis, developmental delays and susceptibility to infection (What is Mitochondrial...
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...Neuroblastomas are cancers that start in early nerve cells of the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic neuroblasts), so they can be found anywhere along this system. The sympathetic nervous system controls body functions, such as heart rate and blood pressure, digestion, and levels of certain hormones. According to www.americancancersociety.org 1 out of 3 neuroblastomas start in the adrenal glands, 1 out of 3 begins in sympathetic nerve ganglia in the abdomen, and most of the rest start in sympathetic ganglia near the spine in the chest or neck or in the pelvis. There is a wide spectrum of how neuroblastomas can behave. Sometimes, in very young children, the cancer cells die without any cause and the tumor goes away on its own. In other cases, the cells sometimes mature on their own into normal ganglion cells and stop dividing. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. Cancer cells can invade other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell. Cells become cancer cells because of damage to DNA. DNA is in every cell and directs all its actions. In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged...
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