...Liver: Organ Description Gina Skolosh Kaplan University General Biology 1: Human Perspectives SC235 Kathryn Gubista June 3, 2015 Liver: Organ Description A human body is made up of about 78 organs that are different in the harmony with their functions, actions, and sizes (Normann & Rehermann, 2004). An organ is a collection of numerous cells that work together to carry out an individual function in the human body. The body’s organs carry different cells, these cells are extremely focused and form for all the essential jobs at a particular time. The liver is made up of various types of cells, specifically the liver endothelial cells, hepatocytes, stellate cells, and other different cells. There is also inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells of the veins and arteries (Ireland, 2012). These various cells of the liver work individually and also together to make the liver function as it is supposed to. These cells also collaborate to let the liver be wildly involved in protein, fat, carbohydrate, and metabolism (Ireland, 2012). The liver also stores minerals and vitamins to form particular compounds like growth factors and clotting factors for our blood. Our liver cells also work as a blood filtering system that further helps in removing cellular remains and organic by-(Normann & Rehermann, 2004). The liver also performs another important function, and that is producing and discharging bile. Moreover, it also emits or detoxifies drugs and any other poisonous compounds...
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...The gallbladder is an organ that is a part of the digestive system and is located in the upper right quadrant under the liver. The pear-shaped organ is a hollow sac that stores the digestive element bile, which is produced by the liver. Bile moves from the liver into the gallbladder for storage. When food is eaten, the gallbladder contracts and pushes the stored bile into the cystic duct and down the common bile duct into the duodenum of the small intestine where bile will help to break down food. Typical symptoms of gallbladder conditions include epigastric pain, abdominal pain, right upper quadrant pain, and/or pain that radiates around the right rib cage and into the back. Some people with gallbladder conditions may have no symptoms or problems at all. However, in some cases, gallbladder conditions can result in serious, even life-threatening complications, such as pancreatitis, biliary cirrhosis, and jaundice. The most common complication of the gallbladder however is cholecystitis. Which is a condition when calcifications and stones build up in the gallbladder lumen potentially causing blockage at any point in the biliary tree. The rarest condition is carcinoma of the Gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer is known to be most common in women and in people who have had a history of gallstones or other gallbladder conditions. Early gallbladder cancer often causes no symptoms and is usually discovered unexpectedly when someone has surgery to remove gallstones. About 1 in 5 gallbladder...
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...Sentence/Thesis Statement (State disease/disorder) Hemochromatosis causes your body to absorb too much iron from the food you eat. The excess iron is then stored in your organs, mainly the liver. The excess iron then poisons the organ because there is a large quantity (Mayo Clinic). A. Hereditary hemochromatosis is caused by a mutation in a gene that controls the amount of iron the body absorbs from the food that is consumed (Mayo Clinic). B. Excess iron that is absorbed is stored in major organs, such as the liver. Too much of the iron is toxic, over time it can damage the organ. Damage to the organ leads to failure (Mayo Clinic). C. Healthy individuals absorb about 10 percent of the iron contained in the food they eat. People with hemochromatosis absorb about 30 percent of iron from the food consumed. Overtime, it’s about five to twenty times more iron then the body actually needs (NDDIC). II. Body A. Organ systems (Hemochromatosis affects the main organs of the body. There are quite a few methods for which how it can be diagnosed. 1. A liver biopsy can be done. This diagnosis consists of extracting a tiny piece of liver tissue and its then examined with a microscope. The biopsy will then demonstrate the amount of iron that has accumulated within and to determine if the liver has yet been damaged (NDDIC). 2. Another test that can be done is a total iron binding capacity test that allows you to find the total amount of iron that is in the...
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...The gallbladder is an organ that is a part of the digestive system and is located in the upper right quadrant under the liver. The pear-shaped organ is a hollow sac that stores the digestive element bile, which is produced by the liver. Bile moves from the liver into the gallbladder for storage. When food is eaten, the gallbladder contracts and pushes the stored bile into the cystic duct and down the common bile duct into the duodenum of the small intestine where bile will help to break down food. Typical symptoms of gallbladder conditions include epigastric pain, abdominal pain, right upper quadrant pain, and/or pain that radiates around the right rib cage and into the back. Some people with gallbladder conditions may have no symptoms or problems at all. However, in some cases, gallbladder conditions can result in serious, even life-threatening complications, such as pancreatitis, biliary cirrhosis, and jaundice. The most common complication of the gallbladder however is cholecystitis. Which is a condition when calcifications and stones build up in the gallbladder lumen potentially causing blockage at any point in the biliary tree. The rarest condition is carcinoma of the Gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer is known to be most common in women and in people who have had a history of gallstones or other gallbladder conditions. Early gallbladder cancer often causes no symptoms and is usually discovered unexpectedly when someone has surgery to remove gallstones. About 1 in 5 gallbladder...
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...I. Understanding the Disease and Pathophysiology 1. The liver is an extremely complex organ that has a particularly important role in nutrient metabolism. Identify three functions of the liver for each of the following: • Carbohydrate Metabolism Glucogensis, gluconeogensis, oxidation via TCA cycle, glycogenolysis, glycolysis • Protein Metabolism Synthesis of serum proteins, synthesis of prothrombin, globin of hemoglobin, apoferritin, nucleoproteins and serum mucoprotein, degradation of some proteins to peptides and amino acids, synthesis of urea • Lipid Metabolism Lipogensis, lipolysis, saturation/desaturation, ketogenesis, esterification of fatty acids, fatty acid oxidation, uptake/formation/breakdown/esterification/excretion of cholesterol. Formation of lipoproteins • Vitamin and Mineral Metabolism Formation of acetyl CoA from pantothenic acid, hydroxylation of vitamin D to 25‐OH D3, formation of 5‐methyl tetrahydrofolic acid, methylation of niacinamide, phosphorylation of pyridoxine, dephospsorylation of thiamin, formation of coenzyme B12 2. The CT scan and liver biopsy confirm the diagnosis of cirrhosis. What is cirrhosis? • Cirrhosis is any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue replaces healthy tissue in an organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. 3. The most common cause of cirrhosis is alcohol ingestion. What are additional causes of cirrhosis? What is the cause of this patient’s cirrhosis? • Other causes of cirrhosis...
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...Liver Cirrhosis Your Name HCS 245 April 16, 2014 University of Phoenix Dr. Tobey Tam Liver Cirrhosis As the Directors at the Sharp Rees Medical Facility, we will be talking about the liver. The liver is a very important organ in the human body as it does not just perform one function but is involved in multiple tasks. Some interesting facts about the liver; it weighs under five pounds, it has a shape like a half football and everyone is born with one. Just like most other disease or disorder, if the liver has not been taken care of properly there are many negative outcomes that can affect and destroy the liver. There are many complications when the liver is abused or damage for example cancer, hemochromatosis, gallbladder or even liver cirrhosis (Lee, 2014). We will be focusing more about liver cirrhosis. Liver cirrhosis has been the 12th leading cause of death in the United States in 2010 (Murphy, Xu, & Kochenek, 2013). We will primarily focus on liver cirrhosis also known as Hepatitis C, provide you with general information as well as the possible solutions, data regarding the infected population and giving some resources/awareness about this disease. To start is to give information about liver cirrhosis. This disease causes the liver to be scarred and damaged. The liver is damaged with scar tissue in and around the liver as new cells are trying to restructure but instead they turn into regenerated nodules (Lee, 2014). The redeveloped nodules are what give...
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...types of molluscs, land and marine molluscs. The purpose of this paper is to identify how molluscs evolve physiologically to become suited to its environment. Molluscs are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell (Dr. Anthoni, 2007). Some molluscs have internal shells that are internal that eventually fall off during the evolution process. One thing that seemed to intrigue me was how snails eat and survive. Snails, like many other molluscs have an organ call radula used to scoop up food. Snails use the radula to cut food into smaller pieces before eating it. In the diagram, the main organs shown are the heart, kidney, lung, genitals, stomach and the liver. One of three main parts of molluscs is the visceral mass which is where most of the internal organs are located. A snail falls under one of three major groups of a mollusc called gastropods. Most of these animals have a protected shell. A snail’s internal organs include the following: lung, digestive organs, a kidney, liver and reproductive organs which most were shown in the diagram of a mollusc. It can be very dangerous for a snail in terms of surviving and evolving. Due to their small size and slow mobility, they have to constantly protect themselves which is why they have the outer shell. Since the rest of the body is very soft and slimy, they must have a hard shell if they are going to survive the elements in the world around them (snail-world.com, 2012) The shell is also used to protect them from being...
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...I. INTRODUCTION A. OVERVIEW Gallstones are collection of one or more stones in the gallbladder, which is the hollow organ under the liver that stores bile. Cholecystolithiasis is the fifth leading cause of hospitalization among adults. The disease may also be occurring in persons who are obese, who have high cholesterol, or who are on cholesterol lowering drugs. In most cases, gallbladder and bile duct diseases occur during middle age. Between ages 20 and 50, they're six times more common in women, but incidence in men and women becomes equal after age 50. Incidence rises with each succeeding decade. Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract are common and painful conditions that may be life threatening and mostly require surgery. They are generally associated with deposition of calculi and inflammation. B. CLIENT CENTERED Patient R.D. is a 24 year old female, was admitted at Candelaria District Hospital on 17th of August, 2011 with a reported history of recurring right upper quadrant pain for the past 4 months and complaining of severe RUQ abdominal pain that radiates to her back. She nauseated and has had a few episodes of vomiting at home. The pain is less intensed if she walks around bent forward. An ultrasound revealed stones in the gallbladder. She was admitted for the gallbladder stone removal. C. STUDENT CENTERED We, group 2, students of Columban College would like to thank Candelaria District Hospital, and also our Clinical...
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...Death Cap Mushrooms A look into the hepatoxic effect of the Deathcap Mushroom. Okey dokey then... ● So, yeah...hepato-toxic. Kills the liver. – I suppose one could stop there and call it good, but that really wouldn't suffice to tell the tale and the more I dug into it the more interesting it was. The Deathcap mushroom produce two major toxin groups – amatoxins and phallotoxins (yeah, that did make me giggle, I admit it). ● – The Amatoxin being the key component we'll examine here... (Lee, MD 2012) (Santini, 2012) Now then... ● Since I like to mix it up a bit...first a few thoughts about DNA and RNA. – DNA can be described as the master blue print of a house or the initial code of a computer program; that first set of instructions, if you will. RNA is the copy, the working script as it were; now then...one step deeper in the gene pool (oh, I have ALWAYS wanted to say that!) - there is an essential enzyme called RNA polymerase that will bind to the DNA strand allowing it unwind (during the transcription phase), thus giving it a base from which to build a template for the copy that'll follow. This way, a single gene can be copied into hundred, thousands...millions...eh, you get the idea. Works sort of like PK-Unzip, just WAY more efficient (and to think that nature came up with the idea first...). – So? ● Wanna take a stab at what the amatoxin does? – DING DING – DING! THAT'S RIGHT! IT'S FIBRINOLYTIC AND STOPS BLOOD FROM...
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...Hutchinsons disease or Boecks disease. Sarcoidosis is the most misdiagnosed illness and is the least understood. It can occur in anybody organ, but mostly found in the lungs or lymph nodes. This disease can appear suddenly and disappear just as fast. It can also develop gradually and produce symptoms that come and go. No one yet, since it was first discovered over 100 years ago, knows what causes sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis is a common disease, but there are many unanswered questions about it. Identifying what causes the illness, along with the inflammatory mechanisms that set the stage for alveolitis, granuloma formation, and fibrosis that characterize the disease, is the main aim of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI) program on sarcoidosis. The ultimate goal is to develop a reliable method of diagnosis, treatment, and the prevention. Since there is not a lot known about the disease, what we do know will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Description Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that can affect almost any organ in the body. It is most commonly found in the lungs, lymph nodes, eyes and skin (Table 1). The classic feature of sarcoidosis is the formation of granulomas, microcopy clumps of inflamed cells that are grouped together. These clumps are what can interfere with how the infected organ will function. Causes Since no one knows exactly what causes sarcoidosis, it is believed to be the result from an abnormal immune...
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...Oncology Pancreatic Cancer The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. It produces juices that help break down food and hormones that help control blood sugar levels. The most common type of pancreatic cancer arises from the exocrine glands and is called adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The endocrine glands of the pancreas can give rise to a completely different type of cancer, referred to as pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma or islet cell tumor. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is among the most aggressive of all cancers. By the time that pancreatic cancer is diagnosed, most people already have disease that has spread to distant sites in the body. Risk Factors: * Smoking * Long-term diabetes * Chronic pancreatitis * Certain hereditary disorders * Being male * Over 60 * African American, * Eating a diet high in red meat and low in fruits and vegetables, * Being obese. Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms * Pain in the abdomen, the back, or both * * Weight loss, often associated with the following: * Loss of appetite (anorexia) * Bloating * Diarrhea or fatty bowel movements that float in water (steatorrhea) * Rarely may present with new diabetes in a person with weight loss and nausea * Jaundice (yellowing of the skin) The symptoms of pancreatic cancer are generally vague and can easily be attributed to other less serious and more common conditions. This lack of specific...
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...E.J.S. BIO 235L: Anatomy & Physiology II Lab The Digestive System and its Accessory Organs 1. Parotid Gland 2. Sublingual Gland 3. Submandibular Gland 4. Liver 5. Gallbladder 6. Duodenum 7. Pancreas 8. Hepatic Flexure 9. Ascending Colon 10. Ileum 11. Cecum 12. Appendix 13. Sigmoid Flexure 14. Anus 15. Rectum 16. Sigmoid Colon 17. Descending Colon 18. Jejunum 19. Transverse Colon 20. Splenic Flexure of Transverse Colon 21. Spleen 22. Stomach 23. Esophagus 1. Parotid Gland 2. Sublingual Gland 3. Submandibular Gland 4. Liver 5. Gallbladder 6. Duodenum 7. Pancreas 8. Hepatic Flexure 9. Ascending Colon 10. Ileum 11. Cecum 12. Appendix 13. Sigmoid Flexure 14. Anus 15. Rectum 16. Sigmoid Colon 17. Descending Colon 18. Jejunum 19. Transverse Colon 20. Splenic Flexure of Transverse Colon 21. Spleen 22. Stomach 23. Esophagus The Digestive Pathway Mechanical Digestion begins in the mouth from the moment that a food bolus enters the oral cavity. Mastication, the mechanical breakdown of the food bolus by chewing occurs here. Chemical Digestion begins when the Salivary Glands (Parotid, Sublingual and Submandibular Glands) release saliva into the oral cavity. Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates. After bolus has been broken down adequately, swallowing occurs. The food bolus will move through the pharynx and enter the esophagus continuing its journey via peristalsis (rhythmic contractions of the...
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...In the textbook of Diagnostic Ultrasonography, Hagen-Ansert states that the kidney is 9 to 12 cm long in length and 5 to 2.5 cm thick. (Ch.10 page 292) The liver may be measured from the tip of the liver to the diaphragm. The measurement is less than 15 cm, with 15 to 20 cm representing the upper limits of normal. (Ch.6 page165) The normal bile duct has a length of up to 6 mm. (Ch.7 page 204) The spleen is of variable size and shape. It is normally measures 8 to 13 cm in an adult. (Ch.11 page 358) The normal length of the pancreas is about 15 cm, from head to tail, with the range extending between 12 and 18 cm. The head is the thickest part of the gland, and it measures 2.0 to 3.0 cm. (Ch.8 page 238) The adrenal gland size is usually smaller than 3 cm. It is 3 to 6 cm long and 3 to 6 mm thick and 2 to 4 cm wide. (Ch.12 page 380) The abdominal aorta measures 2 to 3 cm. After it proceeds inferiorly to the bifurcation into the iliac arteries, it will measure 1.0 to 1.5 cm. (Ch.5 page 104) Textbook of Diagnostic Ultrasonography. Sixth Edition. Sanda L. Hagen-Ansert. Volume One. In Clinical Guide to Ultrasonography, Charlotte Henningsen states that the normal size of the liver is 15 to 20 cm in length. (Ch.2 page 21) The kidneys are bean-shaped organs which measure 11 x 7 x 3 cm. (Ch.5 page 60) The spleen is normally less than 13 cm in length. [Ch.8 page 105) The pancreas is 12 to 15 cm in length. (Ch.4 page 51] There are no measurements for adrenal glands in this book. Lastly...
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...The pancreas is a very important organ in our body, and Weird Al seems to agree since he wrote a whole song about it. The pancreas performs many necessary functions that the body needs to keep the cycle of life going. This organ is considered both endocrine and exocrine because it performs different functions pertaining to each category. The song refers to the pancreas as secreting enzymes and hormones, and metabolizing carbohydrates, both which are endocrine and exocrine functions respectively. First we will discuss the endocrine function of the pancreas and why it is important. This function is carried out by the islets of Langerhans (Chapter 18, Figure 18.27a). These groups of cells secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood to maintain...
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...they apparently taste really good. But you only need one cap to kill an adult; they are pretty nasty things to eat.’ After someone has eaten the deadly mushrooms, ‘there’s usually a delay between six to 30 hours from ingestion before the symptoms start to present themselves,’ explains Kibby. ‘Typically the person will experience food poisoning-type symptoms: severe abdominal pain, sickness and diarrhea, briefly followed by a day or so of apparent recovery,’ he says. ‘However, the patient Lunette Russell Death cap Mushroom will then relapse and deteriorate quite rapidly due to severe renal and liver failure’ often leading to death. The less-harmful phallotoxins are responsible for the initial gastrointestinal symptoms, but it is the amatoxins that cause the most damage internally. In particular, α-amanitin has a high specificity for RNA polymerase II in the liver. By inhibiting this enzyme it...
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