...world that are in need of life saving organs, specifically kidneys. The author goes on to describe the grueling dialysis treatments for patients suffering End Stage Renal Disease and the lengthy wait for a cadaver donation. Unhappy with these outcomes, patients start to look for other options, which leads them overseas into the pit of the black market. The reason? The United States government bans the selling of organs. MacKay’s argument is that the government should legalize and regulate the sale of kidneys because “lives should not be wasted, they should be saved” (97). Banning organ sales takes away every Americans personal liberty by not giving them that right. As long as they are not hurting anyone; and as long as they do not infringe upon someone else’s personal freedoms, it is their choice to make (269). Choosing to sell a kidney or to not sell a kidney is up to the donor...
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...people in the world that are in need of life saving organs, specifically kidneys. The author goes on to describe the grueling dialysis treatments for patients suffering End Stage Renal Disease and the lengthy wait for a cadaver donation. Unhappy with these outcomes patients start to look for other options, which leads them overseas into the pit of the black market (MacKay). The reason? The United States government bans the selling of organs. MacKay’s argument is that the government should legalize and...
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...Shortage of Kidneys for Transplantation Introduction As a health care provider, everyday I see patients presenting to the Emergency Department due to renal failure. For kidney failure patients, we at least have the technology to keep them alive using hemodialysis. For liver failure patients, they are often left without real recourse and their mortality is almost certain. While a more permanent solution in the form of organ transplant is technological feasible, few organs are available for needed patients. The inequality between supply and demand is both expensive and fatal. In this paper, I will focus on the problem with insufficient kidney available for transplant, analyze its social and economic effects in the United States and evaluate the problem and a possible solution using economic sociology principles. Social and Economic Costs Currently, there are over 100,000 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on the waiting list for a kidney transplant in the United States. (National Kidney Foundation, 2014) Patients have to wait anywhere between 5 to 10 years for a deceased organ. While they wait for available organs, most patients endure a four-hour session in a dialysis center three times per week. In 2009, the annual cost of taking care of an ESRD patient is around $70,000. The total cost was estimated to be over $40 billion. (USA Today, 2009) Because of Medicare rules written in the 1970’s, hemodialysis is a covered service, and no politician who desires to be...
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...TITLE: RENAL NURSING CONTENTS NO | TITLE | PAGES | 1 | INTRODUCTION * URINARY SYSTEM * WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? | 3 | 2 | RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY * HEAMODIALYSIS * PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 4 - 7 | 3 | RENAL TRANSPLANTATION * TRANSPLANT PROCEDURE * TISSUE TYPING * CONTRAINDICATION OF TRANSPLANTATION * TYPES OF TRANSPLANT * DONOR WORK UP * RECIPIENT WORK UP | 8 - 14 | 4 | PRE OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 14 - 15 | 5 | INTRA OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 | 6 | POST OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 - 17 | 7 | COMPLICATIONS OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT | 17 - 18 | 8 | NURSING PROCESS | 18 - 21 | 9 | HEALTH EDUCATION FOR PATIENT | 22 | 10 | CONCLUSION | 23 | 11 | REFERENCES | 24 | INTRODUCTION URINARY SYSTEM The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary blabber and urethra. The kidneys produce the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system. The ureters convey the urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body. WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? * Remove extra water. * Remove waste products. * Balance chemicals in the body. * Help control blood pressure. * Help make red blood cell. * Help build strong bones. When the kidneys no longer able to perform normal functions and starts to deteriorate, renal failure will occur, this condition may...
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...Decision Support for Adults Living with Chronic Kidney Disease Best Practice Guideline & AGREE Tool Application Jessica Cruz Nancie Moran Coleen Smart University of Hartford Decision Support for Adults Living with Chronic Kidney Disease Introduction The movement towards evidence-based healthcare has been gaining momentum quickly over the past few years, motivated by clinicians, management and politicians concerned about quality, consistency and costs. Best practice guidelines, or BPG’s, are systematically developed statements to assist practitioners and patients in decisions about appropriate health care for specific circumstances. They describe appropriate care based on the best available scientific evidence. BPG’s are developed and implemented to reduce inappropriate variation in practice; promote efficient use of resources; to act as guideline for quality control, highlight shortcomings of existing literature; suggest appropriate future research; and to provide a focus for continuing education. In 1999, the Registered Nurse Association Organization (RNAO) began its mission of advancing health public policy and promoting the full participation of registered nurses in improving health, and in shaping and delivering health care services. To date, the RNAO has implemented eight Healthy Work Environment Best Practice Guideline’s (BPG’S) and 44 Clinical Practice Guidelines. Each guideline undergoes rigorous, structured research by a panel of experts...
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...particular organ and rank them to see who is suitable to receive it. There is no number ranking with UNOS. The system will screen patients by using the following criteria to match the donor organ, survival benefit, blood type, height, weight and other medical factor as well as wait time on the transplant list, this system is used for all organs. The other factor that is taken into consideration is the size of the organ and if it will fit nicely in the patient. The patients who rank highest on this list are usually the ones that need it urgently. Pediatrics candidates usually do better with other children’s organs and they have a unique scoring system that it goes through to match the donor organ with the patient. Organs are always offered other children’s organs first, if they don’t find a child to match then they will look at adults. Each donated organ has their own special methods to keep them viable between the times the organ is taken to the actual transplantation time. Kidney has 24-36 hours, Pancreas has 12-18 hours, and Liver 8-12 hours, and Heart & Lung has 4-6 hours. With the varied time the system will also take into consideration the distance where the organ is at and where the...
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...regulations the donor market has become a competitive business especially Kidney donations and these are primarily funded trough 2 major charity organizations in Teheran. The donations of kidneys for a could lump sum has become drastically competitive where people are advertising the sale of their kidneys on posters and papers along with their blood type and other information that they believe will attract a buyer. The article also talks about how desperate people just opt for this option without understanding the risks simply because of the lack of regulations for such transplants. One incident in the article states that a mother was willing to sell her kidney just so that she would have a dowry to find her daughter a husband and fund her wedding as their culture say that those are the duties of a parent. The article also talks about how the lack of such regulation in Iran promotes international organ trafficking. 1) Is the ‘Business’ mentioned in your case ‘just like any other business’, or is it open to moral criticism? Think of individual and social rights of stakeholders involved, principles of equity, justice and respect for human dignity when defending your answer. The business mentioned in the case is open to moral criticism because it involves the lives of people; it involves people giving out part of their organs. Some argue whether it should be legal or not and whether people selling their kidneys are well informed of what they are undertaking or not. Speaking of...
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...Definition Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the person's own body, to replace the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the person's own cells (stem cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs). Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called auto grafts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allograft. Allograft can either be from a living or cadaveric source. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation...
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...its evolution. Personalized medicine refers to contemporary techno-scientific advantages in modern medicine, such as vitro fertilization technologies, organ transplantation, stem cell therapy, complex life support technologies, etc. The point here is that these and related developments not only continue to stretch and design life, and to boost life expectancy statistics, especially in advanced countries, but they also pose ethical challenges, disadvantages and support a dichotomous relationship between longevity and quality of life. For example, with hundreds of thousands of test tube babies living in the world, in vitro fertilization (IVF) has become much more common. IVF is usually reserved for instances in which a woman suffers from blocked or damaged fallopian tubes or a man has low sperm count. The typical IVF cycle begins with drug treatment designed to control ovulation. One common method is to take five days of nasally administered gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH) to shut down the ovaries, followed by then days of injections of follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) designed to spur the production of multiple eggs. Blood tests and ultrasound exams help determine the best time to remove the eggs from follicles in the ovaries, which is done surgically bout 36 hours after an injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The eggs are then mixed with sperm from the patient’s partner has been donated that same day, and the mixture is incubated in a glass...
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...only doctor and patient but also relations a third person-the organ donor. There are two ways of donation: after death and living donation. Organs and tissues that can be transplanted are heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas and eye tissue, heart valves, skin and bone tissue. Besides, blood, cord blood, bone marrow and kidney, which can be performed by a living donor. Some people think mandatory law is necessary because that can help people and reduce of black market, where sales illegal organs. However, some other ones disapprove that because of their rights be violated and their families want to keep the body completely. Both sides of this complex issue will be discussed in this essay. The most important reason of donation organs after die is that can help many people, even if maybe can save or improve their life. In 2013, 34 deceased South Australians donors, who contribute to the Australia wide total of 319 whose generosity benefited 1122 recipients, which means one donor can help not only one person but also several people. According to the Australia Advertise news, there are 1500 people are on Australian organ transplant waiting lists at any one time. Moreover, people have some milestone in transplantation. For examples, the first successful kidney transplant from a deceased donor at Queen Elizabeth hospital, Adelaide, Australia in 1985 and first living donor islet transplant in Japan in 2005,… In addition, organs donation can reduce the number of global body parts trade...
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...The Kidney and Pancreas Committee is charged with considering medical, scienti fic and ethical aspects related to kidney and pancreas organ procurement, distribution, and allocation. The committee considers both the implications and the specific member situation relating to kidney or pancreas issues and policies. The goal of the Kidney and Pancreas Committee is to develop evidence –based policies aimed at reducing the burden of renal disease in transplant patients (candidates and recipients), increasing kidney and pancreas utilization, improving access to kidney and pancreas as appropriate, improving the health outcomes of kidney and pancreas recipients, and fostering access to trans- plantation and good outcomes for...
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...they are what the article calls “master cells” which with the help of science, can be manipulated to become anything from brain cells to kidney cells. The article also revolves around the amount of controversy over the issue of cloning. The article mostly reviews the medical side of cloning rather than the reproduction side which can one day lead to the cloning of individual people. The article has high hopes for the potential use of cloning stating that “Down the road, scientists believe it will be possible to create complicated structures such as blood vessels, liver tissue, and whole kidneys. In fact, ACT scientists have already succeeded in building tiny cow kidneys that could be used for kidney transplants. It isn't hard to envision, Lanza says, a future where pretty much any kind of organ or tissue could be engineered to replace those damaged by age, injury, or disease.” Overall, this new study of cloning could help clone new body tissues which can help regulate, maintain and potentially replace importance body organs that could then lead to the salvation of millions of lives. According to an article by Norwegian University of Science and technology biology is “defined as the science of life and living organisms.” This article relates to this course because it identifies the importance of cloning live stem cells in order to create new living tissue through scientific advancement. Through this course I’ve learned that there are many biological concepts behind the complicated...
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...Organ Donation: Legalizing Human Kidney Sales The process of organ donation has existed for many years and throughout that time the system has endured controversies and changes. One of those changes occurred in the late 1960s when the development of immunosuppressive drugs made it possible for people to donate organs to patients who were not related to them (Fentiman 43). This discovery benefited many patients in need of a transplant, but also opened the door to controversies such as organ sales. The first proposal to sell organs came from Virginia physician Dr. H. Barry Jacobs in 1983. He suggested that whoever could afford to buy a kidney should be allowed to do so. As a result of Dr. Jacobs’s proposal, Congress banned the sale of organs in 1984, and that law still exists today (Meckler A.1). Another change in organ donation happened in 1968, when the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act was introduced. This tried to increase the donor pool and make donating a person’s organs at his or her time of death easier. The act, however, did not raise the donation pool enough to keep up with the organ transplant waiting list (Fentiman 43). The waiting list is the topic of another controversy that has been occurring for several years and still exists today. Currently, there are 98,010 people on the waiting list, and 74,260 of those people are waiting for a kidney transplant (Alexander A1; “Paying Donors . . . ” 8A). Chelsea Lopez is one of those patients hoping to receive that life-saving donation...
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... somewhere had selflessly volunteered to donate their organs upon their death to another human being living on borrowed time. That news never came and time ran out. Perfectly good organs were buried with another non-donor who had no use for them anyhow because that person was already dead, yet without agreeing to give up their organs upon their death another life will be lost. Everyone can help to save lives by donating your vital organs after you have passed away. You will have no further need for them and I promise, you won’t even notice they are gone. How do you feel when you have to wait for something you really, really want? What if it was something you couldn’t live without? Nearly 80,000 Americans are waiting for a lifesaving organ transplant. Hundreds of thousands more would benefit from a life enhancing tissue transplant. Each day, averages of 75 people receive organ transplants. However, averages of 20 people die each day waiting for transplants that can't take place because of the shortage of donated organs. Every eleven minutes another name is added to an organ donation list. One organ donor can save up to 8 lives. Well, my sister was ten years old when she found out she needed a new kidney. She went on the organ waiting list right away. She was called twice during a six month span that they had a kidney available only to find out that the kidney wasn’t a good match. She had to wait again. The third time was a charm. A small adult was in an...
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...The buying and selling of organs is a huge business for Europe's poorest country, Moldova. According to organ trafficking specialists, Moldova is one of the key suppliers to the world organ trade and Moldovan kidneys are the cheapest priced in Europe. The country is one of the top 3 suppliers in the thriving global black market in organ sales, according to a just-released report on organ trafficking. According to the report, a record rise in human organ-farming has made Moldova one of the leading source countries although with just over 3 million inhabitants it is much smaller in size than the world's two other organ trafficking centers, Brazil (184 million people) and India (1.12 billion people). The prominent position of Moldova in the illegal organ trade is because "this place is a black hole, no one cares about the population and government officials can just do what they want," in the words of a lawyer who recently left Moldova and today lives near Copenhagen, Denmark. Along with Brazil and India, Reuters has named Moldova is one of the top 3 source countries in the world for organs. Worldwide, the buying and selling of organs is a huge business, and the export of human raw material is bringing hard currency to Moldova. Officially listed as Europe's poorest country, Moldova is now the West's center for the illegal organ trade. The country shares a common border with the European Union, but is officially outside EU jurisdiction and not subject to international scrutiny...
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