...Long-term Investment Decisions Introduction Investment is the process of creating or purchasing possessions with the aim of gaining benefits in future. Therefore, making long-term objectives or decisions is necessary for any business that relates to investment. For the organization to yield returns and gain good performance in the market it must make good use of the financial resources available to acquire buildings, machines, or other assets that will enable smooth operation within the organization for a long period. A planning that the management needs to consider involves accessing many issues that face the business, and finally decide which issue to invest on depending on its urgency in the business. The issues that are encountered in the business vary depending on attitude, circumstances to risk, and particular age. Therefore, the management must take time to think about the issues before making decisions to avoid possibly costly mistakes. A Plan Used By Managers When Selecting Pricing Strategies In Order To Attain Inelastic In Their Products. It’s very crucial for managers to price their product in order to attain the potential or current customers in the market. As a result, the decision made by the management will determine the future progress or success of the business. For that reason, major strategies like employing pricing, safeguarding inelasticity in products, and many other strategies need to be established to ensure that products are retained by customers...
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...Long-Term Investment Decisions Government Regulations Government regulation borders within the mandated needs in the economy to strike a balance between the market activities and social welfare of the people. The role of government in the market has been seen as one that is indispensable in an economy where this balance is needful. Contrary to this argument, it has also been observed that government involvement in the market economy can to a large extent lead to sub-optimal results. It is agreeable however, that government intervention guarantee the social welfare and production of public goods. These are aspects that are not possible to achieve through the market system (Smith, 2012). The main reasons for government regulation are to provide public goods such as security and public health and lighting. The production of certain necessary goods in the economy cannot be achieved through the market system owing to lack of a proper measure for payment. Some public necessary goods have a feature of non-excludability. It is impossible to provide these goods excluding those who have not paid from using them. The government regulation mechanism comes in to collectively provide the goods and create a payment mechanism that market cannot sustain (Eidenmüller, 2011). Redistribution of income in the economy is also a function achieved through government intervention. The national role of the government is to ensure welfare to all and, where there is an imbalance, the government...
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...Outline a plan that managers in the low-calories, frozen microwaveable food company could follow in anticipation of raising prices when selecting pricing strategies for making their products response to a change in price less elastic. Provide a rationale for your response. To outline a plan that managers in the low-calories, frozen microwaveable food company could follow in anticipation of raising prices when selecting pricing strategies for making their products response to a change in price less elastic would detail a pricing strategy that would have no impact on the way consumers perceive and buy these products. Generally we see such demand only in situations in which the good or services are indispensable and the consumers cannot do without those, but not in the case of the microwaveable food products. The demand function for low calorie microwaveable food largely depends on the price of the product, its relative (substitute) product, advertisement overheads and consumer income. From the demand function and the elasticity considered, it is established that the market for the low calorie microwaveable foodstuff fit in to a market of monopolistic competitive manner. A monopolistic competitive is distinguished by a reasonable number of buyers and sellers. As a result people can change to another brand if a specific brand charges a soaring price. However monopolistic competitive suppliers carry out product differentiation. Profit (NP) = Total Revenue (TR) Total Cost...
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...LONG TERM INVESTMENT DECISION BY A COMPANY The producers of low calorie microwavable food have been expecting a change in price and they want to choose the price strategy which would make their product less elastic and responsive to changes in the prices, then the company should make careful analysis of the entire market situation. The company should look for the substitute goods in the market and their pricing strategy. Higher the number of substitutes are available, higher will be the chance of rise in elasticity of our low calorie microwavable food. The buyers should not have many options to buy from the market. However, if there are only few substitutes available, then the producers may keep the price high in the market of their product. It is also determined by the market power of the producer. Market power is determined by the elasticity of demand of the product. The firm can set higher mark-up over their marginal cost if they know that customers will not shift to another product in case of price increase. Hence, the firm or the producer should consider the cross price elasticity of demand of their product. Another factor to be considered while setting up prices of their product in the market is that of government policies in the economy. Fiscal policy would determine the taxes and other components of aggregate demand. If the firms have set higher taxes, then people would have less disposable income available with them and they would like to spend less on such less calorie...
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...Assignment 3: Long-Term Investment Decisions-Low Calorie Microwavable Food Company Name: Professor: Course title: Institution: Date: Outline of plan for pricing strategies to reduce products price elasticity Low calorie Microwavable Food Company should consider the following pricing strategies to reduce price elasticity to achieve maximum profits. 1. Branding: This strategy involves creating a unique product identity, which customers can easily relate with and attach high quality. Branding is the process of creating an image or idea of a product or service in the market arena, which increases the demand for such product. It may include changing the packaging, creating brand names and improving the quality of a product. Once a brand is build, a firm succeeds in creating a major difference in the minds of customers between their product and those of competitors. Once a product attains a positive outlook in the mindset of consumers, the organization attains brand equity, which brings competitive advantage for the firm as customers view the products as unique or superior, which effectively reduces the pricing elasticity as substitute products become less close to their product. 2. Product differentiation: In this pricing strategy, the firm should seek to identify and highlight the differences between its products and those of competitors. This allows the firm to make their product unique and more attractive to customers, contrasting...
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...Assignment 2: Operations and Long –Term Investment Decision Joanne T. Johnson Eco 550 March 20, 2014 Professor Jae – Kwang Hwang Operations and Long –Term Investment Decision Introduction The grocery market is filled with various options for microwavable food depending on the preferences of the consumers. Instead of the traditional use of the oven many families now use the microwave because of their busy lifestyles. The variety of healthy low calorie -microwave food has made shopping much easier for today’s busy consumer. Low calorie labels are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and require food “labels claiming low-calories must not have more than 40 calories for a given reference amount (except sugar substitutes)”. (The Calorie Control Council, 2014) Healthy low-calorie microwave foods have come a long way since the first Swanson pre-packaged TV dinner in the 1950’s. The meal tray was heated in the oven and consisted of a small portion of meat, two vegetables and dessert. The top two competing manufacturers of microwavable low-calorie foods are Lean Cuisine owned by Nestle and Healthy Choice owned by ConAgra. Both leaders in the frozen food market began in the 80’s. Healthy Choice works rigorously with the FDA to assure foods qualify under government health standards for healthy low calorie foods. Like all businesses these two businesses need a financial business plan that allows them to assess the company’s results and set targets for future...
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...Confidence in the external environment in which businesses operate can have a significant effect on their success. To what extent do you think the UK’s potential exit from the EU is the main factor delaying business’ long term investment decisions? Justify your answers with reference to external factors and/or businesses that you know. (40 marks) The external environment is a factor that businesses need to consider before making long term investment decisions. They need to consider the current and future economic state, competitor’s decisions and legal and political issues that may concern them e.g. a change in the minimum wage would affect businesses who have a large workforce. There are some external factors that may have a larger effect on delaying a business’s long term investment decisions than others. Factors related to the UK leaving the EU that will delay business investments are: exporting goods to the EU that may have tariffs imposed (terms of trade changing) and a possible reduction in skilled labour. UK business who have high demand in other countries may have to delay their long term investments. If the UK left the EU imports and exports would no longer be free and a common external tariff could be charged on all goods. This would increase costs for these business which would inevitably reduce their profits as they would either have to absorb the extra costs, or pass them on to customers which may reduce the demand, especially on elastic products. Masters Pharmaceuticals...
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...property rights (such as accounts receivable, notes, stocks, and bonds). When we refer to capital investment, we are referring to the firm's investment in its assets. The term "capital" also has come to mean the funds used to finance the firm's assets. In this sense, capital consists of notes, bonds, stock, and short-term financing. We use the term "capital structure" to refer to the mix of these different sources of capital used to finance a firm's assets. The term "capital" in financial management, a firm's resources and the funds committed to these resources, does not mean the same thing in other fields. In accounting, the term "capital" means the owners' equity, the difference between the amount of a firm's assets and its liabilities. In economics, the term "capital" means the physical (real) of the firm, and therefore excludes the assets that represent property rights. In law the term "capital" refers to the amount of owners' equity required by statute for the protection of creditors. This amounts to the "stated capital", which often is the par value of the firm's stock. The firm's capital investment decision may be comprised of a number of distinct decisions, each referred to as a project. A capital project is a set of assets that are contingent on one another and are considered together. Suppose a firm is considering the production of a new product. It must make a decision of whether or not to produce this new product. This...
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...intermediate term funds and long-term funds are pooled and made available to business, the government & individuals. In a wider sense, stock markets includes all organized market and institutions such as commercial banks, discount houses, stock exchanges, investment corporations etc dealing in long-term loans, mortgages and time and savings deposits. Stock exchange is an independent company formed by shareholders members. It can take various decisions. But decision is taken by ex x of institutions and whereby intermediate term funds and long-term funds are pooled and made available to business, the government & individuals. In a wider sense, stock markets includes all organized market and institutions such as commercial banks, discount houses, stock exchanges, investment corporations etc dealing in long-term loans, mortgages and time and savings deposits. Stock exchange is an independent company formed by shareholders members. It can take various decisions. But decision is taken by exx of institutions and whereby intermediate term funds and long-term funds are pooled and made available to business, the government & individuals. In a wider sense, stock markets includes all organized market and institutions such as commercial banks, discount houses, stock exchanges, investment corporations etc dealing in long-term loans, mortgages and time and savings deposits. Stock exchange is an independent company formed by shareholders members. It can take various decisions. But decision is...
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...CAPITAL STRUCTURES DECISIONS Dividends, Capital Structures Decisions Ma. Cesarlita G. Josol MBA - Acquisitions Strayer University 1 DIVIDENDS, CAPITAL STRUCTURES DECISIONS 2 Use the following information for Questions 1 through 3: Boehm Corporation has had stable earnings growth of 8% a year for the past 10 years and in 2013 Boehm paid dividends of $2.6 million on net income of $9.8 million. However, in 2014 earnings are expected to jump to $12.6 million, and Boehm plans to invest $7.3 million in a plant expansion. This one- time unusual earnings growth won’t be maintained, though, and after 2014 Boehm will return to its previous 8% earnings growth rate. Its target debt ratio is 35%. Calculate Boehm’s total dividends for 2014 under each of the following policies: Growth rate Net Income Dividend Dividend/Net Income Ratio Dividend/Net Income % 8% 2013 $9.8 $2.6 0.265306 26.5306% 2014 $10.584 $2.808 2014 $12.600 $3.34 QUESTION #1: Calculate Boehm’s total dividends for 2014 if its 2014 dividend payment is set to force dividends to grow at the long-run growth rate in earnings. Step 1: Find the dividend / net income ratio for 2013 Dividend/ Net Income Ratio = Dividend 2013 / Net Income2013 = $2.6 million / $9.8 million = 0.265306 Dividend/Net Income Ratio = 26.5306 % **The dividend/net income ratio will be used as the rate for the projection of dividends Step 2: Calculate the 2014 projected net income using the long-run growth rate...
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...select capital projects (long-term investments) that will increase the value of the company. Managers use the company’s capital, including long-term funds to invest in assets to generate future cash flows. They involve substantial cash outlays. As the capital budgeting investments involve long term investments, once the decision is made it cannot be easily reversed without incurring considerable costs. The decisions help management to systematically analyse potential business opportunities in order to decide which are worth undertaking. Capital budgeting allows a company to control and influence its long-term economic stability and financial profitability, with the goal of maximising shareholder wealth. Often business’s will incur capital rationing, which implies that funding needs exceed funding resources and thus, the available capital will be allocated to the projects that will benefit the company and its shareholders the most. Capital budgeting concerns the investment decision and the financing decision, and is therefore one of the most challenging decisions made by management. Capital budgeting involves the investment of resources into proposed projects, the knowledge of the risks and returns of each project are imperative in making a decision on which project to invest in. In order for the company to survive, it must be able to measure the effectiveness and profitability of each possible investment project. Making capital budgeting decisions is critical to the finance...
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...budgeting is the process by which firms determine how to invest their capital. Included in this process are the decisions to invest in new projects, reassess the amount of capital already invested in existing projects, allocate and ration capital across divisions, and acquire other firms. In essence, the capital budgeting process defines the set and size of a firm’s real assets, which in turn generate the cash flows that ultimately determine its profitability, value and viability. In principle, a firm’s decision to invest in a new project should be made according to whether the project increases the wealth of the firm’s shareholders. For example, the Net Present Value (NPV) rule specifies an objective process by which firms can assess the value that new capital investments are expected to create. As Graham and Harvey (2001) document this rule has steadily gained in popularity since Dean (1951) formally introduced it, but its widespread use has not eliminated the human element in capital budgeting. Because the estimation of a project’s future cash flows and the rate at which they should be discounted is still a relatively subjective process, the behavioural traits of managers still affect this process. Capital budgeting is a process that is used to determine whether or not certain projects are worthwhile investments. Another term for capital budgeting is called an “investment appraisal.” Every firm has both a limited amount of capital available and a desire to deploy that capital in...
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...the long-term goals of a corporation. Their main goal is to maximize the value of stock shares. Stockholder wealth maximization is the appropriate goal for management decisions. The risk and timing associated with expected earnings per share and cash flows are considered in order to maximize the price of the firm’s common stock. Maximizing shareholder wealth is maximizing purchasing power or maximizing the flow of discounted cash flow to shareholders over a long term period. This is because under wealth maximization, more importance is given to cash flows rather than profitability. A basic principle is that ultimately wealth maximization should be discovered in increased net worth or value of business. So, to measure the same, value of business is said to be a function of two factors – earnings per share and capitalization rate. For a business, it is not necessary that profit maximization should be the only objective; it may concentrate on various other aspects like increasing sales, capturing more market share etc, which will take care of profitability. Some factors in profit comparison does not allow for are: (a) Future prospects; (b) Risk; and (c) Accounting problems. Q2: A financial manager is expected to maximize the value of a firm to shareholders. The financial manager is an intermediary between capital markets and the firm’s operations, responsible for both financing decisions (decisions that involve raising money) and investment decisions (decisions that...
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...Capital budgeting (or investment appraisal) is the planning process used to determine whether an organization's long term investments such as new machinery, replacement machinery, new plants, new products, and research development projects are worth pursuing. It is budget for major capital, or investment, expenditures.[1] Many formal methods are used in capital budgeting, including the techniques such as Accounting rate of return Payback period Net present value Profitability index Internal rate of return Modified internal rate of return Equivalent annuity Real options valuation These methods use the incremental cash flows from each potential investment, or project. Techniques based on accounting earnings and accounting rules are sometimes used - though economists consider this to be improper - such as the accounting rate of return, and "return on investment." Simplified and hybrid methods are used as well, such as payback period and discounted payback period. acoording to two Economist Khizar Hayyat And Saqlain Shah: capital budgeting is a long term economics decision making it is called capital budgiting Each potential project's value should be estimated using a discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation, to find its net present value (NPV). (First applied to Corporate Finance by Joel Dean in 1951; see also Fisher separation theorem, John Burr Williams: Theory.) This valuation requires estimating the size and timing of all the incremental cash flows from...
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...related with making profit. (According to the economics concept of factors of production, rent given to landlord, wage given to labour, interest given to capital and profit given to shareholders or proprietors), a business concern needs finance to meet all the requirements. Hence finance may be called as capital, investment, fund etc., but each term is having different meanings and unique characters. Increasing the profit is the main aim of any kind of economic activity. MEANING OF FINANCE: Finance may be defined as the art and science of managing money. It includes financial service and financial instruments. Finance also is referred as the provision of money at the time when it is needed. Finance function is the procurement of funds and their effective utilization in business concerns. DEFINITION OF FINANCE: According to Khan and Jain, “Finance is the art and science of managing money”. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary defines finance as “the Science on study of the management of funds’ and the management of fund as the system that includes the circulation of money, the granting of credit, the making of investments, and the provision of banking facilities. TYPES OF FINANCE: Finance is one of the important and integral part of business concerns, hence, it plays a...
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