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Louisiana Purchase-Fur Trader

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In 1803 President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from France. After the Louisiana Purchase Treaty was made, Jefferson decided an exploration of the newly purchased land and the territory beyond the "great rocky mountains" was needed. His reasons for the exploration were simple. He hoped to establish trade with the Native American people of the West. He also hoped to discover a water route to the Pacific Ocean. Jefferson also believed we could learn a lot about the geography of the West, the lives of the Native Americans, the plants and animals, the weather, and how they were different from the East. To lead this journey President Jefferson chose his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, a man who had previous skills as a frontiersman. Lewis then chose William Clark, who was known as a great draftsman and frontiersman. Lewis chose Clark as co-commanding captain of the Expedition, even though Clark was never recognized as such by the government. Together they collected a diverse military Corps of Discovery that would be able to undertake a two-year journey to the great ocean. A total of 33 men comprised this group of Explorers. Accompanying the men on this trip was also William Clark's personal slave, York and a female Indian named Sacagawea. The Lewis and Clark expedition started in St. Louis, Missouri. On May 14, 1804 they started up the Missouri River on the Corps of Discovery. They would travel up the river. Near Sioux City, Iowa, the expedition suffered their first and last death there. Charles Floyd died of appendicitis. On down the river they past cities such as Columbia, Jefferson City, and Kansas City. About 5 months later they built a block house, Fort Mandan, which was near the present sight of Bismark, North Dakota. They decided to spend the winter there to stock up on supplies. The spring of 1805 brought high water and favorable weather, the Lewis and Clark Expedition set out on the next leg of its journey. They traveled up the Missouri to present-day Three Forks, Montana, wisely choosing to follow the Jefferson River. This route delivered the explorers to the doorstep of the Shoshone Indians, who were skilled at traversing the great rock mountains with horses. In May of 1805 Lewis and Clark finally reached Montana. The land was filled with so many different animals like elk, deer, antelope, and grizzly bears as well. A boat accident almost ruined the expedition. A gust of wind came up and tipped the dugout over. The boat contained all of the papers, books, medicines, and scientific instruments. Fortunately the boat didn't sink. Sacagawea almost lost her life by saving most of the equipment. With the water finally running west, the explorers quickly traveled down the Clearwater, Snake, and Columbia Rivers, reaching the Pacific coastal area in early November, a year and a half after leaving St. Louis. They built Fort Clatsop, named after the neighboring Indian nation, on the south side Columbia River, near what is now Astoria, Oregon, and spent the winter in cold, wet, miserable weather, preparing for the trip back home. With journals in hand, Lewis, Clark, and the other members of the Expedition returned to St. Louis by September 1806 to report their findings to Jefferson. During their expedition, Lewis and Clark met different Indian tribes. They met so many tribes they decided that they would greet every Indian tribe the same way. Some of the tribes greeted them with gifts, while others greeted them with immediate violence. Lewis and Clark met with the Arikara Indians on October 8,1804. When they met the Arikara Indians, only a small population of their tribe had existed. They found three Arikara villages, where most of the people lived in earth lodges. Only about 2000 people actually lived in the villages. After meeting with the Arikara Indians They agreed to send a group east to meet with President Jefferson. However York, Clark’s slave, was most impressive because they had never seen a black man before. They thought he had special spiritual powers. The Mandan Indians lived along the Upper Missouri River in North Dakota. They lived in two villages: Matootonha and Rooptahee. They arrived at the villages in October and stayed there until the winter of 1804 where they stayed at Fort Mandan. On October 26, 1805, two Chinook chiefs and several men came to the Corp's camp to offer gifts of deer meat. The captains responded by presenting the chiefs with medals and trinkets. They lived next to the Columbia River in the northwestern part of Oregon. They mostly ate fish, rabbit, elk, bird eggs, and clams. For shelter they used houses made of cedar bark, teepees, and brush tents. Many of the families lived together in one house. To get around they used canoes that were hollowed out cedar trees. They also rode on horses or walked on foot. Many of the times during their encounter the Corps were stolen from and they were given unreasonable prices for food. Eight Blackfeet warriors encountered Lewis and a party of the Corps of Discovery in July 1806. The Blackfeet saw the Americans as a threat to their tribe. One night the Blackfeet tried to steal the guns, but failed and two of the tribes’ warriors were killed by Lewis . After that the whole tribe treated the Corps of Discovery with opposition. During the journey the Corps met many different tribes that each helped in different ways. Some supplied them with food, others with supplies and others with valuable information. They were able to see that all Indians were different and none were the same. They were also able to realize that Indians weren’t savages; just people who were trying to get by in life. The Expedition's significance was so important for the future of the country. Settlers would be able to go out West and make new lived for their families. Thanks to the documentation done by Lewis and Clark we now knew there were many different species of animals and plants we never knew existed. Another important factor is that it gave them a stepping stone to form relationships with the Native Americans.
Part 2 Thomas Jefferson gave America “one of it's greatest gifts” is what Stephen Ambrose pointed out. Jefferson knew in order for America to survive it needed to know what was west of the Mississippi. In the interviews both Ambrose and Duncan both agree the Jefferson was a man with a great mind and also very intelligent. Duncan even points out that Jefferson had more books about the West than anyone in the World. The men differed in the motive that led Jefferson to pursue the exploration so hard. Ambrose talks about how Jefferson wasn't pushing for exploration as a way to better things now he was looking to the future and the effects o the country as a whole if we didn't find out what awaited us out west. Duncan talks about how Jefferson tried 3 other times to get the funds approved for a similar trip before he even became President. For a man to not want it to happen in his life he was very persistent. Meriwether Lewis was a man described by Dayton Duncan as being “brash” and “impulsive”. William Moon mostly agreed that he dealt with most people in a “courtly manner”. Both men seemed to agree that Mr. Lewis more that likely suffered a mental condition. According to Moon, Lewis could “fall off the abyss of sane control”. Duncan believes Lewis was more that likely manic depressive. The men disagreed on what type of leader Lewis was. Moon talked about him being a great man of character and integrity. He said he had “insightly leadership abilities”. Ambrose disagreed he talked about what a terrible mistake was made in appointing him the governor of Louisiana. Ambrose, Duncan, Moon, and Allen all agreed with the choice Lewis made is picking Clark as his Co-captain. Moon pointed out how well Clark communicated with the other men. He was Lewis' “backbone” on the journey. Allen talks about how Clark excelled at his map-making abilities. The opinions on the importance of Sacagawea to the expedition vary greatly. Moon believed that most of the guiding that Sacagawea did was by accident and pure luck. However, Funkhouse believed Sacagawea was the intended guide all along when Lewis and Clark recruited Charbonneau's help. Sacagawea's knowledge of the land was invaluable and her relationship to the Shoshoni would help secure horses for the rest of the journey. York was a black man who was a slave that belonged to William Clark. Androse, Baker, and Ronda talked about how on the expedition York was treated just like any other man. We worked as an equal and relaxed as an equal. Baker and Ambrose both compared storied on how the Indians seemed to be amazed by York and the color of his skin. The Indians even tried to see if they could rub the black off of him. Gerard Baker believed the Lewis and Clark expedition was the beginning of the end for the Indian people. After their arrival the Native Americans saw that there were more things available than just what they could get from the Earth and environment. Duncan believes the expedition was important because everyone one can find a reason to enjoy the story whether its adventure they are looking for or interested in the scientific aspects of the journey.
Part 3 I believe overall it should be celebrated. So much was gained because 33 men decided they would persevere through a journey that in the end gave us so many things. This trip showed us that in perilous times you work as a team. You shouldn't care about the color of a man's skin. We gained scientific knowledge of over 120 animals and 180 plants. This expedition also opened up thousands of miles of land that our country could expand on.

Bibliography
Ambrose, Stephen E. Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of t he American West. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
Milner, Clyde A. II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha A. Sandweiss, eds. The Oxford History of the American West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia.Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2002. S.v. "Corps of Discovery," by Nathan R. Meyer.
The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC- CLIO, 2002. S.v. "Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)," by Junius P. Rodriguez.
Ronda, James P. Finding the West: Explorations with Lewis and Clark. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001.
Slaughter, Thomas P. Exploring Lewis and Clark: Reflections on Men and Wilderness. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003.

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