...THE MANUFACTURE OF POLYETHYLENE Three classes of polyethylene are imported into New Zealand for extruding into a wide variety of products. These are low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Pellets of these plastics are either imported or bought from local recycling companies, and are then extruded and blown to produce film. This film is used for packaging and making plastic bags. INTRODUCTION Polyethylene is derived from either modifying natural gas (a methane, ethane, propane mix) or from the catalytic cracking of crude oil into gasoline. In a highly purified form, it is piped directly from the refinery to a separate polymerisation plant. Here, under the right conditions of temperature, pressure and catalysis, the double bond of the ethylene monomer opens up and many monomers link up to form long chains. In commercial polyethylene, the number of monomer repeat units ranges from 1000 to 10 000 (molecular weight ranges from 28 000 to 280 000). THE POLYETHYLENE MANUFACTURING PROCESS Today, polyethylene manufacturing processes are usually categorized into "high pressure" and "low pressure" operations. The former is generally recognized as producing conventional low density polyethylene (LDPE) while the latter makes high density (HDPE) and linear low density (LLDPE) polyethylenes. The difference between these polyethylene processes and types is outlined below. High pressure Polyethylene was first produced by the...
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...electricity for an average sized city. One of mans greatest inventions was plastic, its invention back in 1855 called Parkesine has developed into mans most widely used products. Its invention has made man’s life not only easier but safer as well and is even used in the effort to keep people alive. However, as with all of man’s greatest inventions it has a dark side. Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC has phthalates that leech out of the PVC and into our bodies ("Life less plastic," 2007). Polycarbonates contains a chemical called biophenol A that leeches into food and then into us ("Life less plastic," 2007). There are 4 types of plastic used in the industry today, HDPE High Density Polyethylene, MDPE Medium Density Polyethylene, LDPE Low Density Polyethylene, and LLDPE Linear Low Density Polyethylene. HDPE is used in plastic grocery bags type products, MDPE is used in the...
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... Lecturer’s name | Dr. Chee Swee Yong | Date | 28th June 2013 | Table contents 1. Background…………………………………………….pg.1 2. Resin identification coding system…………………….pg.2 3. Symbols and polymer names…………………………..pg.2 4. Classification of polymer type…………………………pg.2 5. Applications before and after recycling……………..pg.3-5 6. Molecular formula and hazards……………………...pg.3-5 7. Conclusion……………………………………………pg.5 8. References……………………………………………pg.6 Background In modern science and technology, most of the plastic packaging is made with different codes of resin. The Resin Identification Codes assigns these resins with a number from 1 to 6, which are polyethylene terephthalate (PETE); high density polyethylene (HDPE); polyvinyl chloride (PVC or vinyl); low density polyethylene (LDPE); polypropylene (PP); or polystyrene (PS). The coding system also includes a seventh code which is labeled as "other." The principal roles of coding system for these resins are to provide a consistent national system to help consumers and manufacturers efficiently identify and sort plastics for recycling. The coding system is also enable individuals to maintain and perform quality control before recycling, which help to make sure the recycled plastic is as homogenous as possible. Hence, all these seven codes indicate the product possesses various properties, while for the seventh code was developed to address legislative demands in some states for fulfilling certain size and...
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...* Type 1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET, PETE) Uses: Soft drink, water and salad dressing bottles; peanut butter, and jam jars. * Type 2 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Uses: Water pipes; Hula-Hoop (children’s game) rings; milk, juice, and water bottles; the occasional shampoo / toiletry bottle. * Type 3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Uses: Juice bottles; cling films; PVC piping. * Type 4 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Frozen food bags; squeezable bottles, e.g. honey, mustard; cling films; flexible container lids. * Type 5 Polypropylene (PP) Uses: Reusable microwaveable ware; kitchenware; yogurt containers; margarine tubs; microwaveable disposable take-away containers; disposable cups; Legos, and plates. * Type 6 Polystyrene (PS) Uses: Egg cartons; packing peanuts; disposable cups, plates, trays, and cutlery; disposable take-away containers. * Type 7 Other (often polycarbonate or ABS) Uses: Beverage bottles; baby milk bottles; electronic casing. The Process of Recycling Plastics There are three prevalent techniques used in the process of recycling plastics. These techniques vary because of the complexity involved in making and recycling plastics. * Monomer Recycling The monomer recycling is the most used technique. The process takes advantage of the prior categorization and sorting of plastic products. Once the plastics are separated by type, different chemicals are used to break the plastic down to its base compounds, eventually reaching...
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...elongation characteristic of the plastic is particularly important, as if the elongation is too low, the plastic sample will break due to the sudden imbalance that occurred during the unwinding process. Besides, elongation is related to the flexibility of one plastic film too. Some errors happened during the test, which may influence or affecting the result. First, during the marking of the plastic film by using pen, some pressure had been exerted onto some of the plastic sample, which could affect the results afterwards. Secondly, the clip which was used to position the plastic film is sometime being not properly clipped, so it could affect the result...
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...Interim-results: Getting a foothold in the plastic’s market as a green ( see background on plastics, they use oil derivatives as a source ), easy to use and at a fair price ( equal to plastics, is this doable? ) To achieve this early investments in to more R&D have to be done to improve/optimise and finalise the product (also to be used in the existing molds used for plastics). It is hard to impossible to sell our product if it is not finished. Investments in marketing, in our already existing network/advertisements/approaching new customers, will have to be done. Offering the same price as normal plastics, together with R&D and marketing investments will lead to a loss at start. This has to be done to enter this new market, we are already established in the Velastine market to cover these costs. Initiative: Velastine granules + Egal to create a new greener plastics to obtain the largest market share in plastics and be profitable. Definition: Creating a easy to use/mold plastic which is strong (like Velastine). So that every customer can find or we can create needs for it. Design: Solid Velastine granules and Liquid (packed under Argon) Egal, to be delivered separately to the customers used in the customers already existing molds. Preparation: R&D towards the design mentioned above. Realisation: Time line? Follow-up: To be decided on?? Analysis of the product: Pro’s: Biodegradable, Non oil source, price?, Con’s: Biodegradable?, Egal has to...
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...today, plastic bags have secured more than 80% of the grocery and convenience store market. When Exxon Mobile introduced these bags to the U.S. in the late 1970’s they were immediately met with controversy. Not only were people worried about the environmental impact of the plastic, but suburban shoppers preferred paper bags that would stand upright in the trunks of their cars, while city folk liked the handles on the plastic bags to carry on their walk home. Plastic bags won the minds and hearts of business owners worried about their bottom line. (Petru) Plastic bags are much cheaper to purchase than paper by up to 4 times. The plastic is also waterproof and can hold up to 1000 times its own weight. These bags are made from High Density Polyethylene or type 2 plastic (the same type used for plastic bottles and plastic lumber). To produce these single use shopping bags fossil fuels are used. Petroleum and natural gas are...
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...cellulose nitrate were clamped between two female mold halves. Steam injected between the sheets softened the material, sealed the edges, and expanded the heated sheets to form the inside shape of the two female mold halves. The high flammability of cellulose nitrate, however, limited the usefulness of this technique. In the early 1930s, more suitable materials, such as cellulose acetate and polystyrene (PS), were developed; these led to the introduction, by Plax Corp. and Owens-Illinois, of automated equipment based on glass-blowing techniques. Unfortunately, the high cost and poor performance of these materials discouraged rapid development; they offered no advantage over the glass bottles. Finally, the introduction of low density polyethylene (LDPE) in the mid-1940s provided the advantage of squeezability, which glass could not...
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...INTRODUCTION Company profile NS Plastic & Metal Trading Sdn Bhd (933699-P) is a locally incorporated company under the companies act 1965 section 16(4) of the Malaysian Law. NS Plastic & Metal Trading Sdn Bhd (933699-P) was established in 24th February 2011 but NS Plastic & Metal Trading (001317810-P) was established in 2nd of October 2001 in response to high growing demand for recycling industry needs and the wholesale market for industrial waste products. They have developed strategic alliance with leading suppliers and buyers and gone through intensive industrial research. NS Plastic & Metal Trading Sdn Bhd understand the industrial needs for proper waste disposal and with the acquired knowledge from local industrial attachment; they are confident and able to meet customer needs. NS Plastic & Metal Trading Sdn Bhd (933699-P) is fully committed in recycling plastic wastes into resins. Resins are used to manufacture plastic bags, household bags, plantation poly bags, agriculture bags, construction layers and etc.Their current facilities which are located strategically in the new Seremban Selatan Industry Area is adequate to facilitate the growing and challenging recycling industry for this new millennium. About The Company NS PLASTIC & METAL TRADING SDN BHD ( 933699-P), is situated in a very strategic location in Bandar Seremban Selatan Industrial Area. The location at Lot 23138,Jalan BBS 1/2 ,Kawasan Perindustrian, Bandar Seremban Selatan, 71450...
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...Table of Contents Executive Summary 1.0 Company Description 1.1 Company History 1.2 Missions Statement 1.3 Products 1.4 Current Status 1.5 Legal Status and Ownership 2.0 Industry Analysis 2.1 Industry Size Growth Rate and Sales Projections 2.2 Industry Structure 2.3 Nature of Participants 2.4 Key Success Factors 2.5 Industry Trends 2.6 Long Term Prospective 3.0 Market Analysis 3.1 Market Segmentation 3.2 Buyer Behavior 3.3 Total Market Demand 3.4 Competitors Analysis 3.5 Market Share 3.6 Sales Forecasting 4.0Marketing Plan 4.1Overall Marketing Strategy 4.2Product Price Place Promotion 4.3Marketing Expense 5.0 Production Plan 5.1 General Approach to Production 5.2 Fixed Asset Requirement 5.3 Life of Fixed Assets 5.4 Planned Capacity and Future Capacity 5.5 Factory Location and Layout 5.6 Raw Material Requirement and cost 5.7 Labor Requirement and Cost 5.8 Labor Motivation 5.9 Indirect Factory Overhead 5.10 Per Unit Cost of Production 6.0 Product Design and Development Plan 6.1 Development Stats and Tasks 6.2Challenges and Risks 6.3 Intellectual Property 7.0 Management Team and Company Structure 7.1Management Team 7.2Company Structure 7.3Preoperatibng Activities and Cost 7.4 Fixed Asset Requirement 7.5Administrative Office 8.0 Financial Plan and Projections 8.1 Assumptions Sheet 8.2 Sources and Uses of Funds Statement 8.2.1.0Total Capital Requirement 8.2.1.1Fixed Capital 8.2.1.2Working Capital 8.2.1.3Preoperating...
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...Starch polymer pellets 4.1.2 Starch polymer loose fills 4.1.3 Starch polymer films and bags 4.1.4 Starch nanoparticles as fillers in tyres 4.2 POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (PHA) 4.3 POLYLACTIDES (PLA) 4.4 OTHER POLYMERS BASED ON RENEWABLE RESOURCES 4.5 NATURAL FIBRES 5. SUMMARISING COMPARISON 6. DISCUSSION 7. CONCLUSIONS 7.1 7.2 SUMMARY AND FURTHER ELABORATION OF FINDINGS OUTLOOK AND PERSPECTIVES 8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 9. REFERENCES ANNEX 1: OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE COMPARISONS FOR BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW ANNEX 2: CHECKLIST FOR THE PREPARATION OF AN LCA FOR BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS a ABS CH4 cm CO2 CR pallet d ECCP EPS eq. g GF pallet GHG GJ ha HDPE kg l LCA LDPE LLDPE MJ m3 MSWI N2O PCL PE PET PHA PHB PLA PVOH PWB PO4 PP PS PVOH PE R&D SO2 TPS year acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene methane centimetre carbon dioxide pallet made of chinareed as reinforcement...
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...The International Journal Of Science & Technoledge (ISSN 2321 – 919X) www.theijst.com THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLEDGE Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Polyamide-Egg Shell Powder Composite Materials Challa Ramesh Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India M. Vamsi Krishna Assistant Professor, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India Sreenivasulu Bezawada Assistant Professor, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract: A composite is a structural material which consists of two or more constituents. The constituents are combined at a macroscopic level and are not soluble in each other. One constituent is called the Reinforcing Phase and the one in which it is embedded is called the Matrix Phase. The reinforcing material may be in the form of fibers, particles or flakes. The matrix phase materials are generally continuous. Fibers are used to carry the load and matrix is used to bind and transmit the load to fibers. Fibers can be produced with various materials, such as metals, glass and plastics etc. Now a day’s natural fibers like animal feathers, plant fibers are used to produce the composites. In the present work polyamide is used as a matrix materials, the egg shell particles are used as reinforced material to produce the composites. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength...
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...Wood VS. High density polyethylene (HDPE) Plastic Lumber. This paper is not to persuade the use of either Conventional, or “Green” building materials it is simply a comparison of the pros and cons of your design choices. Wood has been a standard building material for centuries. Craftsmen, suppliers and manufacturers always want to see more wood used in materials and goods. The high market value of a real wood floors, furniture, accents and finishes will always be a selling point in any big purchase. There is something wood; unlike other materials, brings that warm, rich inviting look no matter the application it has been implicated in. Even with the pride of ownership and demand for high price; Wood is also the highly coveted material of choice in the cooking profession when it comes to choosing utensils. Wood of course is an essential material in manufacturing instruments, wither it be jamming on a guitar or playing a musical-toon on an oboe. Also let us not forget all those number 2 pencils destroyed during ones educational career. Even with all these wonderful applications for wood just mentioned in this paragraph and the many more items wood can and still is used for; still cannot help it over-come its true fate in nature. Wood deteriorates. It cracks, it rots, its splinters, it is prone to mildew and mold, the list goes on. Of course one would argue that not all of these negative aspects of wood pertain to all of said items, sure it depends on where, what and...
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...CHG 8187 Introduction to Polymer Reaction Engineering Part 1: Basic Concepts 1 2 Outline What is a polymer? •Nomenclature Polymer microstructure/properties •Chemical composition/sequence distribution •Molecular weight and distribution •Polymer architecture •Chain configuration •Morphology •Mechanical properties •Rheological properties •Glass transition temperature •Polymer modification/processing/additives 3 Outline Polymer classification •Step vs. Chain Growth Polymerization techniques •Bulk •Solution •Suspension •Emulsion •Gas-phase •Slurry Applications – Main commercial polymers •Polyolefins •Styrenic polymers •PVC •Waterborne dispersed polymers •Polyesters and polyamides •Thermosets Polymer history/timeline CHG 8187 Introduction to Polymer Reaction Engineering Part 1: Basic Concepts What is a polymer? 4 5 What is a polymer? Polymers are large molecular chains made of many monomers. Several structural units bound together by covalent bonds. 6 What is a polymer? 7 Nomenclature 1. Conventional: prefix “poly” followed by monomer name (e.g., poly(styrene), poly(methyl methacrylate)); condensation polymers from two monomers use name of repeat unit (e.g., poly(ethylene terephthalate). 8 Nomenclature 2. IUPAC* structure-based: similar to conventional but more powerful and general see text by Odian note also rules for copolymers. 3. Trade names (e.g., nylon, Kevlar, plexiglas, teflon...
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...Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Biotechnology Advances 26 (2008) 246 – 265 www.elsevier.com/locate/biotechadv Research review paper Biological degradation of plastics: A comprehensive review Aamer Ali Shah ⁎, Fariha Hasan, Abdul Hameed, Safia Ahmed Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Received 22 November 2007; received in revised form 31 December 2007; accepted 31 December 2007 Available online 26 January 2008 Abstract Lack of degradability and the closing of landfill sites as well as growing water and land pollution problems have led to concern about plastics. With the excessive use of plastics and increasing pressure being placed on capacities available for plastic waste disposal, the need for biodegradable plastics and biodegradation of plastic wastes has assumed increasing importance in the last few years. Awareness of the waste problem and its impact on the environment has awakened new interest in the area of degradable polymers. The interest in environmental issues is growing and there are increasing demands to develop material which do not burden the environment significantly. Biodegradation is necessary for water-soluble or water-immiscible polymers because they eventually enter streams which can neither be recycled nor incinerated. It is important to consider the microbial degradation of natural and synthetic polymers in order to understand what is necessary for biodegradation and the mechanisms involved. This...
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