...Cheryl Meaux Chronic Bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation, or irritation, of the airways in the lungs. Airways are the tubes in your lungs that air passes through. They are also called bronchial tubes. When the airways are irritated, thick mucus forms in them. The mucus plugs up the airways and makes it hard for you to get air into your lungs. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include a cough that produces mucus or sputum, trouble breathing and the feeling of tightness in your chest (FamilyDoctor.org, 2014). This form of bronchitis is considered chronic because it can last for a long time. Cigarette smoking is most likely the reason for you getting chronic bronchitis also if you have been exposed for a long time to other things that irritate their lungs, such as chemical fumes, dust and other substances, can also develop chronic bronchitis (FamilyDoctor.org, 2014). If chronic bronchitis does not get the treatment needed it can turn into emphysema and the two diseases form together to be called Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD. It is common that the signs of Chronic Bronchitis can be ignored and most likely recognized when it worsens. The longer you wait to get treatment, the worse your lungs are get. After doing research, I found that Chronic Bronchitis alone is neither primary, secondary, nor tertiary but is actually described in each form. Primary prevention is accomplished by elimination of exposures that cause these diseases. Secondary prevention...
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...Chapter 2 Restrictive Resp. Disorders * Resulting from basically a collapsed lung - Alterations in lung parenchyma, pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular function * Decrease in vital capacity (VC), lung capacity (TLC), functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV) * The greater the decrease in lung volume, greater the severity of disease Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease * Immune reaction * Begins with injury to alveolar epithelial or capillary endothelial cells * Interstitial and alveolar wall thickening * Increased collagen bundles in interstitium * lung tissue becomes infiltrated * Persistent alveolitis leads to obliteration of alveolar capillaries, reorganization of lung parenchyma, irreversible fibrosis * Lead to large air-filled sacs (cysts) with dilated terminal and respiratory bronchioles * Occurs early, reversible * Triggering event leads to inflammatory response and increased inflammatory cells * Injury leads to increased membrane permeability and movement of fluid/debris into alveoli * Fibroblastic proliferation and deposition of large amount of collagen * Caused by increased mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts in interstitium * Alveolar walls become thickened with increased amounts of fibrous tissue * Progressive dyspnea with exercise with desaturation * Rapid-shallow breathing * Irritating, nonproductive cough * Clubbing of nail beds (40%-80%) * Bibasilar end-expiratory...
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...planet. Certain forms of air pollution are the cause for some of our existing health problems. One such form of air pollution is vehicle exhaustion. Inhaling fumes produced by motor vehicles could cause detrimental health problems if inhaled too frequently and in a worst case scenario death. Smog and carbon monoxide are two of the worst types of air pollution right now. Every type of car releases these pollutants.. So what does this pollutant cause? Pollution can actually make pre-existing illnesses worse. A main ingredient in smog, ground level-ozone, is dangerous to inhale because it can cause lung damage and upper respiratory problems. This ingredient is made from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide function with light from the sun and warm weather that creates this ground level-ozone. A car releases emission even if it is standing still (Motor Vehicle Pollution) The problem is more prominent in children and older people. Children are exposed to this danger every day and even worse when they go to school. Since their bodies immune system is not fully developed their exposure to this air pollution is more severe. For many children, getting on a school bus is the highest exposure to air pollution in there. While they are sitting there on the bus in highway they are inhaling large amounts of fuel combustion from all the other cars around them. Since children spend more time outdoors than adults they are exposed more to these toxins which can cause permanent lung damage, reproductive...
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...Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis disease is a type of pneumoconiosis. According to CDC, "pneumoconioses are a group of interstitial lung diseases caused by the inhalation of certain dusts and the lung tissue’s reaction to the dust" (Unknown, 2012). Coal worker's pneumoconiosis(CWP) is one of the common pneumoconioses diseases. CWP is not ethical, sexual, racial, or nutritional related. Instead it is environmental related. This type of pneumoconiosis can happen to anyone, it all depends on how long and how severe the exposure to coal dust is. How is CWP diagnosed? Different signs and symptoms of CWP include, cough, chest pain, breathlessness, impaired lung function, difficulty breathing, and progressive lung stiffening. There is only one true way to tell if someone has CWP and that is a chest X-ray and pulmonary function testing to see the lungs. These diagnostic studies found that once CWP was diagnosed it was too late to treat. This was due to no early signs. Instead of treating it there were ways that came to prevent it. Due to it being left untreated causes complications like lung cancer, respiratory and heart failure,...
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...Assignment 1 1. (a) Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura. The pleura are two large, thin layers of tissue. One layer envelops the outside of the lungs; the other lines the inside of the chest cavity. (“About Pleurisy”. Pleurisy. National Institute of Health. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380). (b) The pleura’s role in the body is to protect and cushion the lungs. The lungs move smoothly in the chest cavity while breathing because of secretions of small amounts of fluids from the tissues that make up the pleura. (Pleura. National Institute of Health. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321/). (c) Pleurisy can cause sharp chest pains and coughing. This pain is a result of the two layers of the pleura rubbing together without...
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...| Pulmonary Fibrosis | University of South Dakota NursingPathophysiology 351 | | Amanda J Neugebauer | 10/21/2013 | | Abstract Diseases of the lung are an increasing problem in today’s population. The likely hood that healthcare professional will deal with lung disease in their practice setting is very possible. Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that can present as many different health problems and affect multiple systems of the body. Through this reviewed of pulmonary fibrosis, I will discuss the epidemiology, genetic and cultural component, pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, and current research for pulmonary fibrosis. Epidemiology In the United States 132,000 to 200,000 people are affected by pulmonary fibrosis. It’s estimated that over 50,000 pulmonary fibrosis patients are diagnosed in one year, at the same time 40,000 patients are dying from the disease in the United States. The researchers cannot develop a good profile for pulmonary fibrosis, but found equal in the urban and rural areas of the United States. As the population lives longer researchers believe that the population of the pulmonary fibrosis patients will increase ("Pulmonary fibrosis foundation:," 2013). Genetic and Cultural Component Pulmonary fibrosis effects are most commonly men between ages of fifty to seventy. This population group is even at higher risk if they have a history of smoking. The medial age of survival is three years after diagnosis...
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...SMOKING KILLS! Contents of a cigarette What are the effects of smoking on the lungs? Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer caused by smoking. More than 80% of cases of lung cancer are due to smoking. Cigarette smoke contains many chemicals that interfere with the body's method of filtering air and cleaning out the lungs. The smoke irritates the lungs and leads to overproduction of mucus. It also paralyses the cilia - tiny hair-like structures that line the airways and clean out dust and dirt. Paralysis of the cilia means mucus and toxic substances accumulate, resulting in congestion of the lungs. This extra mucus means smokers are more likely to suffer from chronic bronchitis and what is known as 'smoker's cough'. Cigarette smoke is one of the best known triggers of asthma. When people suffer from asthma their inflamed air passages, which are very sensitive, narrow when exposed to cigarette smoke. This causes an asthma attack. Long term exposure of the lungs to the irritants in tobacco smoke destroys the normal lung structure. The elastic walls of the small airways within the lungs are broken down. This reduces the amount of lung tissue available for the transfer of oxygen from the air to the blood. This condition is called emphysema. Some degree of emphysema is found in almost all people who are long-term smokers; however the severity will...
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...obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. It is a common and serious chronic lung disease (2014, April 26). Over time, it gets worse due to the lack of air going into the lungs (2014, April 26). It makes it hard to breath. Smokers have a high risk of getting COPD. Other factors that lead to lung irritation are air pollution, chemicals fumes, smoke, or dust (2014, April 26). COPD has two main forms. COPD can generate from chronic bronchitis. It is a long term caught with mucous (2014, April 26). The second form is emphysema, which involves damage to the lungs over time (2014, April 26). COPD Symptoms: Symptoms typically worsen within time. Daily cough and sputum is one of the main symptoms. Other symptoms are shortness of breath, especially during physical activity. Wheezing, chest tightness, lack of energy, weight loss, frequent repertory infections, blueness of the lips or...
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...Patho 370 Signature Assignment 1. What clinical findings are likely in R.S. as a consequence of his COPD? Clinical findings in R.S. as a consequence of COPD, would be difficulty breathing (dyspnea), chronic cough, excessive sputum production. R.S. has chronic bronchitis, or Type-B COPD, in which “…The inflamed bronchi produce a lot of mucus. This leads to cough and difficulty getting air in and out of the lungs. Cigarette smoking is the most common cause. Breathing in other fumes and dusts over a long period of time may also cause chronic bronchitis. Treatment will help your symptoms, but chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition that keeps coming back or never goes away completely. (Chronic Bronchitis 2015) In fact, one of the signs of chronic bronchitis is a chronic cough that lasts anywhere from three months to two or more years....
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...Slow red white new false backward above rapid above inside one double/two different same outside vessel appendix heart brain/head intestine blood larynx pharynx bone foot bone marrow/spinal cord diaphragm lung pylorus skin spherical bacterium surgical removal producing/beginning inflammation tendency toward fear protection flow/discharge hardening contraction a sudden, transient constriction of a blood vessel formation of new blood vessels bacteria in grapelike clusters a rare disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally epithelial cell that lines the gut a disease where bone becomes porous cells with foot-like projections in kidneys heart beats very slowly heart beats very rapidly An adjectives to describe uniform solution An adjectives to describe solution with many visibly different substances organelle in the cells that forms an interconnected network Inner layer of the three primary germ layers in human embryo Middle layer of the three primary germ layers in human embryo Outer layer of the three primary germ layers in human embryo Inflammation of heart muscle A band of smooth muscle at the junction between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction Fibrous...
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...foundLines heart, blood vessels, epithelial layer of serous membranes, air sacs of lungs, glomerular, of kidneys, surface of eardrum | | What is the function of this tissueWhere can this tissue be located | Secretion and absorptionCuboidal epithelium can be found surface of ovary, kidney tubules, posterior surface of retina and eye lens, smaller ducts of some glands, | | What is the function of this tissueWhere can this tissue be located | Cilia move mucus and foreign particlesColumnar epithelial can be found in bronchioles, , fallopian tubes, spinal cord, brain ventricles, sinuses | | What is the function of this tissueWhere can this tissue be located | Allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining while holding fluids without rupturingTransitional epithelium can be foundUrinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra | | Where is the function of this tissueWhere can this tissue be located | Strength and elasticity, supportAreolar connective is found inHypodermis in skin, around every body structure | | What is the function of this tissueWhere can this tissue be located | Reduces heat loss through the skin, energy reserve, supports and protects organAdipose connective tissue can be foundSubcutaneous layer around heart, kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding around joints, behind eye ball socket | | What is the function of this tissueWhere can this tissue be located | Forms stroma of organs, filters and removes worn out blood cells in spleen and microbes...
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...left. A.W. is stuporous, tachycardic, and cyanotic. The paramedics inform the physician that it was difï¬cult to ventilate A.W. A STAT portable chest x-ray (CXR) and arterial blood gases (ABGs) are obtained. A.W. has an 80% pneumothorax on the right, and her ABGs on 100% oxygen are pH 7.18, PaCO2 92 mm Hg, PaO2 32 mm Hg, HCO3 27 mmol/L, base excess (BE) -5 mmol/L, SaO2 53%. 1) Given the diagnosis of pneumothorax, explain why the paramedic had difï¬culty ventilating A.W. The paramedics couldn’t ventilate C.W. because the pleural space is full of air, which then forces pressure on the lungs which doesn’t allow the lungs to inflate when air is inhaled in. 2) Interpret A.W.’s ABGs. [c] PH 7.18 acidotic PaCO2 92 mm Hg PaO2 32 HCO3 27 Respiratory Acidosis 3) What is the reason for A.W.’s ABG results? [c] Because oxygen exchange isn’t occurring and CO2 is being trapped in the lungs. 4) What kind of pneumothorax does A.W. have? Explain. It is a closed pneumothorax because there isn’t any associated external wound and it just randomly happened. 5) The physician needs to insert a chest tube. Your responsibilities as the nurse include...
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...Karlberg August 01, 2013 Adult Client with Childhood Disease-Cystic Fibrosis CLC GROUP ASSIGNMENT-SPEAKER NOTES Candace Tiley #1- A clinical description and definition of the disease Definition: Cystic Fibrosis is one of the major life-threatening disorders that affect vital organs such as the lungs, pancreas, liver, and intestines. It is a genetic disorder of the exocrine glands, also called the secretory glands, which are the glands that produce and secrete mucus and sweat. CF affects all races but primarily affects Caucasians of European descent. This disease affects about 30,000 people in the United States and 70,000 people worldwide. In the U.S. nearly 5% of the population carries the defective CFTR gene. There are a high number of asymptomatic carriers. (Scott, 2013) Cystic Fibrosis causes severe damages to cells of the body that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. Under normal conditions, these secretions from the body are usually thin and slippery. However, in people diagnosed with CF, the defective gene causes the secretions to become thicker and stickier. This leads to a plugging up of tubes, ducts and passageways, particularly in the lungs, sinuses, pancreas, intestines, hepato-biliary tree, and the vas deferens. (Hopkin, 2009) Cystic Fibrosis is characterized by abnormal movement of chloride and sodium ions across the epithelial membrane. This leads to the formation of thick, viscous secretions along the tubes and passageways leading...
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...of the effects of cigarette smoking in the respiratory system. Normal Functioning of Organ Systems Cigarette smoking causes several different type of cancer. These include cancer of the mouth, nasal cavity, throat, stomach, kidney, bladder, and acute myeloid leukemia. Cigarette smoking has caused an estimated 443,000 deaths per year along with an estimated 49,000 deaths due to second hand smoke. (CDC 2012). Along with all these deaths, the estimated cost to the United States $96 billion in medical bills and $97 billion in lost productivity per year. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute people that smoke are six times more likely to suffer from heart attacks. Smoking can also cause cases of chronic obstructive lung disease which includes emphysema and bronchitis. Smoking also put people at a greater risk for having a stroke. Cigarettes that offer low-tar and low-nicotine are not a safe alternative to smoking and have the same effects as normal cigarettes. According to the World Health Organization, reconstituted tobacco is the main ingredient of modern cigarettes. This is referred to as sheet and is made up of recycled stems, dust, stalks, scraps, and floor sweepings. These materials are ground up and nicotine is extracted and chemicals, glue and other fillers are added. Cigarette smoking causes Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)...
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...McClellen The Dangers of Gastric Bypass and Lap-Band Procedures As with any surgery, gastric bypass and lap-band procedures pose potential health risks. One danger with the gastric bypass procedure is a condition known as “dumping syndrome”, this is where ingested foods bypass the stomach too rapidly and enter the small intestine largely undigested. This undigested food draws excessive fluid into the small intestine causing nausea, cramping, diarrhea, sweating, feeling faint and fast heart rate. In addition people with this syndrome often suffer from low blood sugar or hypoglycemia. Blood clots in the legs can be another danger: In some cases they travel to the lungs and lodge in the arteries which could cause a pulmonary embolism, a serious condition that damages lung tissues and can even lead to death.(“Gastric Bypass Surgery” ,2007) The lap-band procedure also has dangerous risks, one being: Infection of Surgical wounds, or deep abdominal infections because of manipulation of the bowel and organs with the added potential of damaging of bowels and releasing contaminated contents into the stomach. Another risk is the slipping of the band from its original position, if this were to occur then the surgical procedure would be necessary to be performed again. (Chrisholm, 2011) 2 References Mayo Clinic (2007, Oct 5). Gastric Bypass Surgery: What to expect? Retrieved July 17, 2013 from CNN Health website: http://www.cnn.com/health/library/gastric ...
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