...Written Report MACRO COMPUTER SCIENCE What is a Macro Computer? A macro (short for "macroinstruction", from Greek μακρο- 'long') in computer science is a rule or pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence (often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to a replacement output sequence (also often a sequence of characters) according to a defined procedure. The mappings process that instantiates (transforms) a macro use into a specific sequence is known as macro expansion. A facility for writing macros may be provided as part of a software application or as a part of a programming language. In the former case, macros are used to make tasks using the application less repetitive. In the latter case, they are a tool that allows a programmer to enable code reuse or even to design domain-specific languages. Macros are used to make a sequence of computing instructions available to the programmer as a single program statement, making the programming task less tedious and less error-prone. (Thus, they are called "macros" because a big block of code can be expanded from a small sequence of characters). Macros often allow positional or keyword parameters that dictate what the conditional assembler program generates and have been used to create entire programs or program suites according to such variables as operating system, platform or other factors. The term derives from "macro instruction", and such expansions were originally used in generating assembly language code...
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...CMLab Graphics A Tutorial of Writing MASM with VC++ 2005 Express Presented by Ken-Yi Lee Assembly Language 2007 CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 MASM Microsoft Macro Assembler - MASM 8.0 included with Visual C++ 2005 - You can download MASM 8.0 and install it with Visual C++ 2005 Express by yourself 2 CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 What do you need ? helloworld.asm helloworld.obj Editor Assembler (ml.exe) Linker (link.exe) helloworld.exe Debugger 3 Include Files Where Which Object File Libraries Where Which CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 Visual C++ 2005 Express with MASM 8.0 Visual C++ 2005 Express - Editor, Linker, and Debugger • Custom build rules needed] • Set library paths and library dependencies [if • Select “console” as your subsystem MASM 8.0 - Assembler • Set include paths [if needed] 4 CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 Visual C++ 2005 Express with MASM 8.0 (contd.) Download and Install Visual C++ 2005 Express - http://0rz.tw/253mH Download and Install MASM 8.0 - http://0rz.tw/8d1Xn • You should install VC 2005 Express first 5 CMLab Graphics Hello MASM ! A simple example to set up the environment CMLab Graphics Assembly Language 2007 HelloMASM - My Settings: • Project Name: HelloMASM • Solution Name: HelloMASM • Source code filename: hellomasm.asm • Additional library dependencies: Irvine32.lib user32.lib • Used...
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...above publisher of this book. This is a work of fiction. All characters, organizations, and events portrayed in this novel are either products of the author’?s imagination or are used fictitiously. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-84887-912-6 (Hardback) ISBN: 978-1-84887-913-3 (Trade paperback) ISBN: 978-0-85789-676-6 (eBook) Printed in Great Britain. Corvus An imprint of Atlantic Books Ltd Ormond House 26-27 Boswell Street London WC1N 3JZ www.corvus-books.co.uk For my aunt Elisabeth Woodthorpe who has always been there for me. CONTENTS PROLOGUE PART I CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IIII PART II CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII PART III CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER VIIII PART IIII CHAPTER X...
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...Microsoft Support Services ========================== If you have a question about Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM), first look in the printed documentation, the online text files, or consult Help. If you cannot find the answer, contact the Microsoft Support Network. Outside the United States, contact Microsoft Product Support Services at the Microsoft subsidiary office that serves your area. For information about Microsoft subsidiary offices, see "Product Support Worldwide" later in this section. The Microsoft Support Network ============================= The Microsoft Support Network offers you a wide range of choices and access to high-quality, responsive technical support. Microsoft recognizes that support needs vary from user to user; the Microsoft Support Network allows you to choose the type of support that best meets your needs, with options ranging from electronic bulletin boards to annual support programs. If you have a question about MASM, first look in the product documentation or consult online Help. You can also find late-breaking updates and technical information in the README.TXT file and other text files that came with your MASM disks. Services vary outside the United States and Canada. In other locations, contact a local Microsoft subsidiary for information. The Microsoft ...
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...Banking Research & Writing Table of content Introduction 3 Structure and functioning of UK banking system: 3 Performance measurement system 5 Trading revenues and Value-at-Risk 7 Evaluation of Regulatory Challenges of UK Universal Banking Model 9 Micro and macro prudential regulation 9 Basel II, III regulation 10 Global Financial Crises in UK 12 Conclusion 13 References 14 Introduction The UK managing an account has experienced considerable change in the course of the most recent 20 years, essentially determined by local deregulation and different strengths that have changed supply and interest qualities of the money related administrations industry. Elaboration of structure and functioning of the UK banking industry, Evaluation of Regulatory Challenges of UK Universal Banking Model and Global Financial Crises in UK is discussed further in this paper. Structure and functioning of UK banking system: The UK banking system is regularly said to be very focused and subsequently deficiently aggressive. The UK banking sector contains one market and not many markets. The UK banking system is indeed a mix of numerous separate product markets with rivalry originating from distinctive regions and diverse contenders. The High Street banks are all sizeable members in each of the business sector fragments and giving administrations to the overall population, the leading bank in each one fragment has a tendency to appear as something else. Business banking...
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...known as "Basel – I". Since 1988, this framework has been progressively introduced not only in member countries but also virtually in all other countries. The "international convergence on capital measurement and capital standard -2004" is popularly known as Basel-II. It is a capital adequacy related standard framed by Basel committee. After the successful implementation of 1988 accord in more than 100 countries, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision reached an agreement on a number of important issues for promoting best and uniform banking practices as well as setting standards and guidelines for supervisory function. Following extensive interaction with banks, industry groups and supervisory authorities that are not members of the Committee, the revised framework was issued on 26 June 2004, which is being regularly revised and updated. The Basel-II aims to replace Basel I and to make the capital framework more risk sensitive. Basel II has recommended major revision on the international standard on bank's capital adequacy, which requires banks to implement risk management policies that closely align banks capital with its economic capital. The Basel II has been introduced basically for the protection of depositor's interest by preserving the integrity of capital in Banks. The Basel Committee formulated a set of new global regulatory...
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...Need and Analysis of LGD: Why is it important?? Literature Review I Submitted for the Research Paper at SIMSR On subject Risk Management By Manisha Jain (22) PGDM-FS Trimester IV To Professor A.K. Pradhan Year-2012-14 Literature Review * Introduction LGD (Loss Given Default) is the ratio of the losses to exposure to default for incurred by the bank when an obligor does not repay the debt back.LGD is the loss incurred after the default of an account i.e. when an account turns an NPA and the bank writes off the account the loss on that account is referred to as LGD. For calculation of LGD default is a must.LGD is a component of the Internal Rating Based approach given by Basel Norms 2 which allows the banks to calculate the credit risk capital requirements. IRB mainly has four components: probability of default (PD), Exposure at default (EAD), Maturity (M) and Loss Given Default (LGD). Researchers have deeply studied on the concept of LGD because NPA is great point of concern for the banks or the lending institutions these days. * Literature Review The Basel norms 2 were developed to better align regulatory capital with the underlying risk in a bank’s credit portfolio. It allows banks to compute their credit risk capital in two ways: a revised standardized approach based on the original 1988 Capital Accord, and two versions of an internal ratings based (IRB) approach whereby banks are permitted to develop and use their own internal...
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...surfaced since 2006 have highlighted this paradox to a number of central banks operating in different countries and RBI and Indian banking sector is no exception to this phenomenon. Basel framework has been drawn by Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in consultation with supervisory authorities of banking sector in fifteen emerging market countries with the basic objective of advocating codes of bank supervision and promoting financial stability amidst economic crises. This research paper is divided in three parts .The opening part attempts to briefly describe the changes in the banking scenario since 1991 reforms and the necessity of introducing Basel III to the Indian Banking sector. Part II presents the Basel standards framework and explains why the transition from Basel II to Basel III norms has become necessary to bring in measures and safety standards which would equip the banks to become more resilient during the financial crises and prevent the banks being subject to liquidations /closures. Part III brings out a discussion on the compliance process by the Indian banks to Basel standards in recent period and finally, the issues and challenges faced by the Indian Banking sector are posed in the conclusion. Keywords: Basel III guidelines, New Capital Adequacy requirement, Regulatory...
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...A MODEL FOR RISK BASED PRICING FOR INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING BY BANKS By Prof Ajay Pathak* Infrastructure development is the new buzzword for India Inc.Policy makers are putting emphasis on development of roads, ports, airports, and urban infrastructure to facilitate growth. The government is opening up private investment in the infrastructure through Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV). With the changing regulations, however, infrastructure finance so far has been untouched by the commercial banks. but this is the new avenue to gear up their fund based activities. With increased exposure in infrastructure, banks need to be cautious about the credit risks inherent in the projects with long gestation periods. It was found that infrastructure development has a high correlation with the macroeconomic factors like GDP growth rate of the country. Such macroeconomic trends actually influence income generation and timely recovery of the credit extended. So for greater risk sensitivity a model pricing mechanism has been developed to address the macroeconomic changes in the economy for better risk management. It is an obvious fact that risk is inherent in every action. In extending credit to other parties one of the main risks of the Bank is Credit Risk. The possibility of losses associated with diminution in the credit quality of borrowers/counter parties is called credit risk. In a simpler way, credit risk may be defined...
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...1/25/2016 Lessons of Financial Crisis – • Insufficient common equity, • Hybrid capital (Tier 2 and Tier 3) not sufficiently loss absorbent, • Insufficient capital buffers above minimum, • Inadequate risk capture (Securitizations, Trading and derivatives activities, Counterparty credit risk), • No constraint on leverage, • No recognition of greater risk posed by systemically important banks, • Insufficient liquidity and vulnerable structural liquidity profiles, • Weak governance resulting in poor underwriting and risk management, • Risk management/supervision overly focused at institutional level • Systemic risks: procyclicality and interconnectedness After the financial crisis, the Basel Committee has revised Basel II; Basel III introduced: Strengthening the global capital framework; Capital conservation buffer ; Countercyclical buffer. Leverage ratio; Global liquidity standard; Capital ● Pillar 1 Capital: Quality and level of capital (Going Concern Capital, Gone concern capital), Capital conservation buffer, Risk coverage: Securitizations, Trading book, Counterparty credit risk Containing leverage: Leverage ratio ● Pillar 2 Risk management and supervision: Supplemental Pillar 2 requirements. ● Pillar 3 Market discipline: Revised Pillar 3 disclosures requirements New Definition of Capital According to Basel III, bank capital will be divided into two tiers: – Tier 1 Capital (going-concern capital)- •...
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...CMYK CMYK Wo r k i n g P a p e r The Indian Journey to Basel II: Implementing Risk Management in Banks Dr. SS Satchidananda Sanjeev Shukla CBIT Centre of Banking and Information Technology Indian Institute of Information Technology 26/C, Electronic City, Bangalore And Oracle India Pvt. Ltd., DLF Corporate Park Block I DLF City Phase III Gurgaon 122002 CMYK CMYK CMYK CMYK CBIT Centre of Banking and Information Technology Indian Institute of Information Technology 26/C, Electronic City, Bangalore And Oracle India Pvt. Ltd., DLF Corporate Park Block I DLF City Phase III Gurgaon 122002 CMYK CMYK CMYK CMYK The Indian Journey to Basel II Implementing Risk Management in Banks ABSTRACT In this paper, we provide a perspective on the international regulatory framework for capital standards and its focus on implementation of risk management systems in banks with particular reference to the Indian scenario. We also discuss the Indian regulatory approach to this important challenge and the major issues involved in the Basel II implementation in the Indian context. We conclude with guidance for developing an implementation plan for ushering in effective and efficient risk management in banks. {SS Satchidananda1 Sanjeev Shukla2 } Banking in modern economies is all about risk management. The successful negotiation and implementation of Basel II Accord is likely to lead to an even sharper focus on the risk measurement and risk...
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...Definition of 'Accounting Standard's An accounting standard is a guideline for financial accounting, such as how a firm prepares and presents its business income and expense, assets and liabilities. The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is comprised of a large group of individual accounting standards. GAAP standards apply to financial reporting in the United States and may be eventually phased out in favor of the International Accounting Standards. 1. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) In the U.S., Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are accounting rules used to prepare, present, and report financial statements for a wide variety of entities, including publicly traded and privately held companies, non-profit organizations, and governments. The term is usually confined to the United States; hence it is commonly abbreviated as US GAAP or simply GAAP. However, in the theoretical sense, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles encompass the entire industry of accounting, and not only the United States. Outside the academic context, GAAP means US GAAP. Similar too many other countries practicing under the common law system, the United States government does not directly set accounting standards, in the belief that the private sector has better knowledge and resources. US GAAP is not written in law, although the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) require that it be followed in financial reporting by publicly traded companies. Currently,...
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...Basel II to Basel III: Changes and Requirements Hesham Hamdy Chief Risk Officer, Arab International Bank Nairobi, 7-8 March 2012 Basel; what is it? • A New Standard for the Measurement of Risks in Banks, and for the Allocation of Capital to cover those risks, published by the Basel Committee of G10 Central Banks. • What Does Basel Committee Do? - Acts as Think-Tank for banking regulators - Issues guidance on best practice for banks - Standards accepted worldwide - Generally incorporated in national banking regulations Basel I • Basel I was the round of deliberations by central banks from around the world, and in 1988, the Basel Committee (BCBS) in Basel, Switzerland, published a set of minimum capital requirements for banks. This was known as the 1988 Basel Accord, and was enforced by law in the Group of Ten (G-10) countries in 1992 . • Basel I primarily focused on credit risk. Assets of banks were classified and grouped in five categories according to credit risk, carrying risk weights of zero (for example home country sovereign debt), ten, twenty, fifty, and up to one hundred percent (this category has, as an example, most corporate debt). Basel I (continued) • Banks with international presence were required to hold capital equal to 8 % of the risk-weighted assets. • Basel I was then widely viewed as outmoded because the world has changed as financial corporations, financial innovation and risk management have developed. Therefore, a more comprehensive set of...
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...Evolution of Basel Norms and their contribution to the Subprime Crisis The article highlights the emergence of the Basel Accord in 1998 and how it has evolved over the course of the last 23 years. Contrary to the popular belief capital regulations have been considered the biggest underlying factor of the subprime crisis owing to securitization, the shadow banking system and the flexibility given to banks in risk assessment. The recent Basel III norms though aim to mitigate the already caused damage, the results are still left to be witnessed. Evolution of Basel Norms and their contribution to the Subprime Crisis The article highlights the emergence of the Basel Accord in 1998 and how it has evolved over the course of the last 23 years. Contrary to the popular belief capital regulations have been considered the biggest underlying factor of the subprime crisis owing to securitization, the shadow banking system and the flexibility given to banks in risk assessment. The recent Basel III norms though aim to mitigate the already caused damage, the results are still left to be witnessed. The Financial Crisis of 2008 shook the financial world and is still in tatters even after 3 years of its outbreak. From the New York investment bank Bear Stearns collapse in June 2007, Northern Rock liquidity support (Sep’ 07), Bank of America purchases of Countrywide Financial (Jan’ 08), Nationalization of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac by the federal government (July 08), Lehman Brothers...
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...ASSET-LIABILITY MANAGEMENT IN THE INDIAN BANKS: ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS Abstract The development of the banking system is always associated with the contemporary changes in the economy. The Indian banking industry has undergone a metamorphosis in the last two decades due to changes in the political, economic, financial, social, legal and technological environments. The mind boggling advances in technology and deregulation of financial markets across the countries created new opportunities, tempting banks to enter every business that had been thrown open. The banks are now moving towards universal banking concepts, while adding new channels and a series of innovative product offerings catering to various segments at an attractive price. This makes it imperative for the banks to adopt sophisticated risk management techniques and to establish a link between risk exposures and capital. Effective management of risk has always been the focus area for banks owing to the increasing sophistication in the product range and services and the complex channels that deliver them. The challenge for the banks is to put in place a risk control system that minimizes the volatility in profit and engenders risk consciousness across the rank and file of the organization. Sound risk management will ensure a healthy bottom line for the bank as risk taken by the bank will be commensurate with return and will be within an approved risk management policy. As all transactions of the banks revolve around...
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