...Evolutionists say, evolution happens too slowly for humans to see the process happening today. If that were to be true we would see intermediary animals. Consider dogs and cats as an example; one may see variations of these two animals but no one has ever observed a ‘“dat” or “cog.”’(The Scientific). On the other hand microevolution can explain the variations between the dog kingdom and the cat kingdom. Microevolution infact is present and can be observed while macroevolution has never been observed. For example, “evolutionary geneticist experimented with fruit flies and other rapidly reproducing species to induce mutational changes in hopes of creating new species or better kinds.” (The Scientific). With no such luck, Jeffrey Schwartz, a professor of anthropology in Pittsburgh and the leading evolutionist has said, “It was and still is the case that, with the exception of Dobzhansky's claim about a new species of fruit fly, the formation of a new species, by any mechanism, has never been observed.” (The Scientific). Meaning, no one has seen a fruit fly become a new specie it has never been observed or replicated by anyone besides Dobzhansky therefore Dobzhansky’s experiment cannot be held valid. A hypothesis...
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...Evolution “is a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations” (Moran). There are many different definitions for the word “evolution,” such as biological, stellar evolution… The definition that will be discussed is biological evolution. “Biological (or organic) evolution is change in the properties of populations of organisms or groups of such populations, over the course of generations” (Moran). Evolution can be put into two categories: macroevolution and microevolution. “Macroevolution is used to refer to any evolutionary change at or above the level of species” (Wilkins). That is that it occurs over a long period of time, producing major changes in species. “Microevolution refers to any evolutionary change below the level of species, and refers to changes in the frequency within a population or a species of its alleles (alternative genes) and their effects on the form, or phenotype, of organisms that make up that populations or species” (Wilkins). That is that minor changes occur within a small species or group of organisms within a short period of time. There are many mechanisms of evolution such as: genetic variation, drift and selection, natural selection, and speciation. Genetic variation has two processes recombination and mutation. Recombination is when the genes from two parents are mixed to produce offspring by sexual reproduction. Mutation happens when DNA is copied wrong during replication which leads to a difference between...
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...submission Garbology Introduction Evolution is a very interesting concept in anthropology. It refers to the biological populations’ alteration of the inherited characteristics over successive generations. The processes in evolution bring diversity at each biological organization level including, individual organisms, molecules like proteins and DNA, and species. According to what we know, life on this universe actually originated and afterwards evolved from universal common ancestor. Perhaps this is what makes the subject of evolution appear more interesting since through it we get well informed about where we originated from and about our evolution. The concept of evolution is basically categorized under both micro and macroevolution processes. Microevolution refers to changes in the allele frequencies which occur overtime within a given population. For that reason, microevolution refers to the smaller evolutionary changes. For that reason, microevolution is gene pool changes of a population over a certain period of time that result in fairly small changes to organisms found in the population. A good example of such changes includes species’ size or coloring change. This change is essentially as a result of the four processes which in this case are mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and selection both artificial and natural. Mutation is actually a nucleotide sequence change of an organism genome, extra chromosomal genetic element, or virus. These processes...
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...m Biology 2 – Study Guide # 1 Chapters 24 & 25 - Macroevolution What are the two main points of Darwin’s book? What is microevolution? Macroevolution? What are the two theories of macroevolution? What are the three types of gradualism? What is punctuated equilibrium? What is a biological species? What is allopatric speciation? What conditions favor allopatric speciation? Sympatric speciation? What is autopolyploidy? Allopolyploidy? What is a hybrid zone? What are the three outcomes? What is the origin of novelty? (exaptations) What is evo-devo? What is allometric growth, heterochrony, paediomorphosis, paediogenesis? What are hox genes (homeotic genes)? How do evolutionary trends behave? What is adaptive radiation? Know the ways fossils are formed and what fossilizes. What are the limitations of the fossil record? Know how to do a radiometric problem? What is a half-life? Know the geological time scale. What is continental drift? Plate tectonics? K-T boundary? Pangaea? Laurasia? Gondwana? Chapter 17 – Viruses Know the structure of viruses. Know how viruses replicate. Know the viral genome structure. What are bacteriophages? What are the lytic and lysogenic reproductive cycles? Know the information give on HIV virus. What are the treatments? Chapter 27 – Bacteria Know the structure of a prokaryotic cell. Know how bacteria reproduce asexually and through genetic combination. (binary fission, transduction, transformation, conjugation)...
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...prehistoric sense. After all, we were first exposed to the theory of evolution in elementary school studying about dinosaurs. But evolution has not stood still; it has been an on-going process. There are many contributing factors to micro and macroevolution. Microevolution therefore refers to changes in DNA within a population for adaptation. Scientists have uncovered a gene BMP4, which shapes the beaks in Galapagos Finches. According to Weiner the finches represent the best and most detailed demonstration of natural selection. Therefore, whenever the food quality changes as a result of a drought or raining season. During the next couple of years, researchers could see a dramatic change in the beak sizes in various populations. Natural selection can drive changes of their beak sizes in response to selective pressure. As a result, the finches with more BMP4 revealed larger beak sizes. The evidence is all around us. The Galapagos Finches are a good example of microevolution; they provide small changes within a species. But I failed to see any facts that support for macroevolution. It is the process of one species changing into a different species over a long period of time. By producing a dog into a different species that would be an example of macroevolution....
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...My Reflection on Why Evolution is True by Jerry Coyne The textbook Why Evolution is True was an extremely easy read with lots of whimsical thoughts thrown in to keep you attentive. My decision to take an evolution class as an elective was one that I had to truly take some thought and time to finally enroll. While my religious ties are very deep, I needed to open my mind to the possibility of different explanations into the creation of the creatures that inhabit the earth. My fears and tension were calmed when I read the preface to the book Mr. Coyne stated it so well and to the point: Accepting evolution needn’t turn you into a despairing nihilist or rob your life of purpose and meaning. It won’t make you immoral or give you the sentiments of a Stalin or Hitler. Nor need it promote atheism, for enlightened religion has always found a way to accommodate the advances of science. In fact, understanding evolution should surely deepen and enrich our appreciation of the living world and our place in it. (Coyne, 2009, p. xx) With this introduction to the text and Mr. Coyne’s calming of my fears that I would not burn in hell or be betraying my religion by opening my mind and heart to the information that is being provided. Why not open my mind to the possibility that the Theory of Evolution has some truth that is proven by scientific facts, I believe in medicine and that is based on scientific facts and research. The journey through each of the chapters covered in, Is Evolution...
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...Evolution, as it relates to genetic coding through the frequency of alleles, is defined as; A change in allele frequency in a population over time. Darwin has provided the mechanism for this type of evolution through his work,” the origin of species”. At this point, I would like to take a minute to note that Darwin observed what is sometimes referred to as microevolution. He saw the change and effects of allele frequency changing due to environmental change. However, a bird remained a bird and a giraffe is still a giraffe. Speciation (macroevolution) has never been observed. Several criticisms of this theory have arisen over the decades. The age of the Earth for one, while intelligent design, using a literal interpretation...
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...Microevolution is the process whereby pre-existing genetic information is rearranged, corrupted or lost through sexual reproduction. The genetic mutation produces fairly a small-scale change within a population. An example is Two long-haired dogs producing a short-haired puppy. Macroevolution is a theoretical extrapolation of microevolution that requires the introduction of new genetic information. It is believed that it produces far –scale changes. For example, a reptile evolving into a bird. Creationist believe that microevolution does occur but macroevolution does not. Creationist also states that microevolution is a variation supports what the bible says, but microevolution changes the biblical...
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...Structures of animals are proven to be identical or homogeneous to other species of animals making them all evolved from one common ancestor. Archaeologists thought that a dinosaur fossil was a large iguana but as stated in Green, Hank [CrashCourse]. (2012, Jan. 11). Evolution: It's a Thing - Crash Course Biology #20 [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3GagfbA2vo, “Macroevolution is just microevolution on a longer time scale, the sort of thing that turned hippos into whales is a lot harder to observe a species that 200 years ago thought that dinosaurs were big iguanas. . Dinosaurs have very similar anatomies to those of iguanas presenting that iguanas have a very homologous compositions proving they are closely evolved...
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...Midterm 1 Notes * Anthropological Approaches to Understanding Evolution * What is Anthropology? * the study of culture * the study of humans * the study of humans and human behavior * the study of culture among different people and places * the study of global cultures and the comparisons between the various differences * It incorporate culture, including language, social practice, religion, etc. * the study of culture…it can be scientific, humanistic and based on observation * the study of humans in all parts of the world…it combines several fields into a holistic view * the study of humankind in all time and places * Anthropology is: 1. A Social Science * Academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often reply primarily on empirical approaches 2. Studies Culture * Culture is composed of ideas, values and perceptions * Culture is not instinctual, it must be learned and shared * Culture only exists within a society or group of people * Culture is a human adaptation to their environment 3. Holistic * The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence * Cultural Anthropology * The study of patterns of human behavior, thought and emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures ...
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...I interviewed three people prior to beginning this class about their opinions of evolutions . I asked my brother Phil, my friend Navdeep and my roommate Janae. Although I was asking them questions about their belief in creationism, I too was curious about the proof of our origin. I always believed in creationism solely due to my upbringing in a Christian household. However I never had the scientific evidence and knowledge to truly be the foundation for my belief. Through this class and interviewing my friends and realizing where I stood in my understanding of creationism, I learned more and more each week to solidify my argument for creationism. Janae, my roommate who was raised in a Christian household and had a firm belief in Jesus Christ as her savior. She said that in the bible when god made the earth in 7 days, the "day " was not referring to the 24 hour period we have today. I could dispute this by saying Hebrew scholars recognize that the intent was to convey six normal days of twenty four hour length. There was an evening and morning. In Exodus 20:11, " For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day, and hallowed it." She then answered my next question saying there was no shared ancestor between apes and humans. Janae made some clear points about how humans walk upright unlike monkeys and are capable of communicating and having self control and emotions...
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...Lecture 11 Biological Species Concept Speciation: the process in which one species splits into 2 or more species Microevolution: changes in allele frequency in a population Macroevolution: Broad pattern of evolution above the species level Species: a group of populations that are able to interbreed and produce viable fertile offspring. -Gene flow within a population holds members of the population together genetically Reproductive Isolation: Barriers that prevent members of different species from interbreeding 1-Prezygotic Barriers: Habitat Isolation: species live in different areas Temporal Isolation: mating occurs at different seasons Behavioral Isolation: members of a species practice mating rituals unique to their own species Mechanical Isolation: morphological differences prevent transfer of gametes Gamete Isolation: gametes fail to fuse due to biochemical differences 2-Postzygotic Barriers: Reduced Hybrid fertility: Difference in chromosome number causes problems in meiosis Reduced Hybrid viability: genes of parent species may have interactions that affect hybrid health Hybrid breakdown: the first generation of offspring may be healthy and fertile but the second generation will be sterile or unhealthy Morphological Species Concept: Species characterized by body shape Ecological Species Concept: based on species ecological habitat Phylogenetic Species Concept: based on DNA and morphology How Does Speciation occur? * Allopatric Isolation:...
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...One of the evidence of evolution is by studying the fossil layer which is also known as Paleontology . Fossils normally contains remains or traces of organism from the past and by studying them we were able discovered the organism from the past and how they evolved across a geological time and it could be traced back to as far as 3.48 billon years ago(Nora Noffke 2013). Horse teeth are often preserved because they are important evidence that show the macroevolution of the Equidae as horse teeth has changes in order for the horse to survive in different environment. For example during the early Miocene year short-crowned teeth are more common in horses. However the short-crowned teeth undergo adaptive diversification and the horses with short...
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...Class Final: The genetics of cancer * Cancer is when mitosis goes wrong! * Cancer cells lack regulated ability to divide only when needed so they divide uncontrollably. * Hyperplasia- Beginning of cancer development; heightened cell division that can create tumor (neoplasm) * Dysplasia- The change in cells/tissue * Cancer cells go from being complex to primitive—which means cancer cells lose their shape, size and ability to function like normal cells * Cancer originates due to mutations within the DNA, in sequence of nucleotides of genes * Malignant tumors and neoplasms are referred to as cancer; benign neoplasms are NOT cancer * In situ tumors- Precurser to cancer/ precancerous * Very dangerous tumor cells (what’s detected in screenings) Causes of cancer: 1. If there’s mutation in the Proto-oncogenes (tumor suppressor genes), which code for proteins and regulates mitosis… then there will definitely be problem with normal cell division. 2. Carcinogens are substances or physical agents that lead to development of cancer when body is exposed to them. 3. General mutations due to internal/external factors can cause cancer. a. Internal factors- errors in DNA replication; Free radicals; errors in protein synthesis b. External factors- Infectious agents (bacteria/viruses); pollution and chemicals in environment; Radiation (sun); medical treatment (chemo); Lifestyle factors (diet, tobacco) Benign vs. Malignant ...
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...faith in the authority, the scientist providing you with information to believe in evolution. Through my schooling, I want to point out some points in why it is possible to believe in both God and evolution. First off there is two different types of evolution, macro and micro. Micro evolution is what we have seen happen at Galapagos Island through natural selection and survival of the fittest, which has been recreated and tested in labs. As for Macroevolution, it deals with a large spectrum and is based on inference of fossils and DNA based on observations human’s evolution would fall into this spectrum. Again, you must have faith to believe what comes after the missing link to our existence. Furthermore, this is why evolution is still a theory or an idea and surprisingly in a way it is unscientific. We have been taught since our first science class about the scientific method a procedure that it is embedded in us which is experiment, theory should be based on observation, measurement experiment formulation testing yet because macroevolution is not testable, it makes claims about events that were never observed, and it can’t be recreated it is unscientific. Ironically, it is contradictory. To believe in just faith or god Conflict is met when people walk blindly with faith or blindly with reason they do not open their minds and are constricted. Conflict is met when we discuss evolution, for example, and through faith we are taught to believe that we are god’s creation and evolution...
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