...that produces enough force to propel a vehicle using the reciprocal motion of a piston cylinder, which is itself propelled by electromagnetic force. The problem that this patent solves is the ability to produce the driving force necessary without the numerous types of resistance that inherently occur in internal combustion engines. In the electromagnetic piston engine, the inner wall of the cylinder is magnetizable to a single magnetic pole. To make the piston more able to engage with the cylinder, the piston magnetization unit magnetizes part of the piston to another single pole. The cylinder’s magnetization creates a force between the cylinder and piston that is magnetically attractive. This, in turn, causes the piston to move in one direction until it is repelled by the opposing magnetic force in the opposite direction. Friction force arises from motion of one object with respect to another when the two objects are within contact distance. This is due to the surface molecules of one object forming atomic bonds with the surface molecules of the other object. These bonds apply a force that resists any motion of the objects (which break the bonds). Friction force depends on the relative speed of the objects with respect to one another, being smaller at higher speeds. For all practical applications, the friction force is constant at rest (called static friction) and a different constant as the objects move (called kinetic friction). The friction force obviously depends also...
Words: 983 - Pages: 4
...GCSE Physics Revision notes 2014 Contents Static and Current Electricity .............................................................................................................. 2 Properties of Waves ........................................................................................................................... 12 Uses of Waves..................................................................................................................................... 13 Forces, Moments and Pressure......................................................................................................... 14 Energy Transfers................................................................................................................................. 17 Energy Calculations ............................................................................................................................ 20 Radioactivity ........................................................................................................................................ 22 Magnetism and Electromagnetism ................................................................................................... 24 Space .................................................................................................................................................... 27 These notes cover the main areas of this subject. Please check the specific areas you need with your exam board. They are...
Words: 6048 - Pages: 25
...*Physics Prelims (1-7).qxd 12/11/08 1:00 PM Page 1 SCIENCE VISUAL RESOURCES PHYSICS An Illustrated Guide to Science The Diagram Group *Physics Prelims (1-7).qxd 12/11/08 1:00 PM Page 2 Physics: An Illustrated Guide to Science Copyright © 2006 The Diagram Group Author: Derek McMonagle BSc PhD CSci CChem FRSC Editors: Catherine Gaunt, Jamie Stokes Design: Anthony Atherton, Richard Hummerstone, Lee Lawrence, Tim Noel-Johnson, Phil Richardson Illustration: Peter Wilkinson Picture research: Neil McKenna Indexer: Martin Hargreaves All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, please contact the Publisher ISBN 0-8160-6167-X Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at 212/967-8800 or 800/322-8755. You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Printed in China CP Diagram 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 This book is printed on acid-free paper. *Physics Prelims (1-7).qxd 12/11/08 1:00 PM Page...
Words: 78462 - Pages: 314
...Unit 8 Assignment 1 20. Because the magnetic force which deflects the electrons is defined by F = q * v x B (v x B is the cross product of the 2 vectors), so: The force vector would always be perpendicular to both the v and B vectors. Since the force is perpendicular to the electron's velocity vector, and thus the path of the electrons, the work done by the field on the electrons is 0, because W = F*d*cos(theta), and theta=90 degrees, therefore cos(theta)=0, and W=0 If W = 0 then there is no change in the kinetic energy of the electrons, thus their speed remains constant; the acceleration provided by the magnetic field was used only to change the direction. 31. Well, it depends upon the Sensitivity setting of the metal detector. As it is clear, the threshold value of the metal detector's sensitivity can be adjusted to suit various needs. so it is obviously set to discard small variations caused by a very small pieces of metal. 34. Yes, There is nothing seperately as a DC motor or DC generator. It is simply a DC machine. It acts either as a motor or a generator depending on the input. If the input is mechanical energy, the output is electrical : this is generator action If the input is electrical, the output is mechanical torque: this is motoring action 48. when you step up the voltage with transformers you lose current. It is a trade off and motors are not 100% effective so you would have a power loss. Unit 2 Assignment 1 8. when your car...
Words: 647 - Pages: 3
...Roller coaster works by the change of potential energy to kinetic energy. This is what drives the roller coaster. All of the kinetic energy you need for the roller coaster ride is there once the coaster goes down the first hill. The size of the first hill determines the speed of the rest of the ride. This works as almost a gravitational pull. Almost all roller coasters are moved by gravity and momentum of the ride going up and down the hills. Once you're going, different types of wheels help keep the ride going smooth and not bumpy. The running wheels will help guide the coaster on the track. The type of roller coaster depends on how the roller coaster starts going up the first hill. The roller coaster is either lifted up the first hill...
Words: 352 - Pages: 2
...Magnetism 1. (a) What is the magnitude of the force per meter of length on a straight wire carrying an 8.40 A current when perpendicular to a 0.90 T uniform magnetic field? (b) What if the angle between the wire and field is 45.0°? [Answer: (a) 7.6 N m–1; (b) 5.3 N m–1] 2. A 1.5 m length of wire carrying 4.5 A of current is oriented horizontally. At that point on the Earth’s surface, the dip angle of the Earth’s magnetic field makes an angle of 38° to the wire. Estimate the magnitude of the magnetic force on the wire due to the Earth’s magnetic field of 5.5 × 10–5 T at this point. [Answer: 2.3 × 10–4 N] 3. A 5.0 MeV (kinetic energy) proton enters a 0.20 T magnetic field, in a plane perpendicular to the field. What is the radius of its path? [Answer: 1.6 m] 4. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force between two parallel wires 35 m long and 6.0 cm apart, each carrying 25 A in the same direction. [Answer: 7.3 × 10–2 N, attractive] 5. Calculate the force on an airplane which has acquired a net charge of 1550 µC and moves with a speed of 120 ms-1 perpendicular to the Earth’s magnetic field of 5.0 × 10–5 T. [Answer: 9.3 × 10–6 N] 6. Determine the magnetic field midway between two long straight wires 2.0 cm apart in terms of the current I in one when the other carries 15 A. Assume these currents are (a) in the same direction, and (b) in opposite directions. [Answer: (a) (2 × 10–5)(I – 15) T; (b) (2 × 10–5)(I + 15)...
Words: 982 - Pages: 4
...hand column. | Completion Complete each statement. | | 1. | A car that increases its speed from 20 km/h to 100 km/h undergoes ____positive________________ acceleration. | | 2. | It usually takes more force to start an object sliding than it does to keep an object sliding because static friction is usually ___________greater_________ than sliding friction. | | 3. | In a closed system, the loss of momentum of one object ______is equal to______________ the gain in momentum of another object. | | 4. | Using a hammer to drive a nail, it is the reaction force that brings the motion of the hammer to a stop but the _____action force__________ that drives the nail into the wood. | | 5. | As an object’s temperature increases, the ______rate______________ at which it radiates energy increases. | | 6. | When a person plucks a guitar string, the number of half wavelengths that fit into the length of the string determines the ___________pitch_________ of the sound produced. | | 7. | The law of reflection states that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of __________incidence__________. | | 8. | The region where a magnet's force is strongest is at the__________ __pole_____________. | | 9. | The magnetic field lines of a bar magnet begin near the magnet’s ______north pole______________. | | 10. | The energy source used to produce most of the electrical energy in the United States...
Words: 831 - Pages: 4
...National Aeronautics and Space Administration Educational Product Educators Grades 5–12 & Students EB-2001-12-019-JPL Educational Brief C A S S I N I S C I E N C E I N V E S T I G A T I O N The Spinning World of Spacecraft Reaction Wheels Objective To demonstrate how reaction wheels (also known as momentum wheels) take advantage of Newton’s Third Law to control a spacecraft’s orientation. Time Required: 1 hour Saturn System Analogy: Cassini’s Reaction Wheel Assembly and its use during orbital operations at Saturn Keywords: Gyroscope, Interplanetary, Momentum, Orientation, Reaction M AT E R I A L S • D-cell battery. This will provide half of a 3-volt motor’s rated performance, which is just about right. • About 6 feet of thin wire pair, 28 gauge or so (available at electronics parts stores and hardware stores that carry a wide ranges of wire gauges). Use stranded rather than solid-conductor wire to provide flexibility. The thinner, longer, and more flexible, the better. • Optional: a switch or pushbutton, with a normally open circuit (available from electronics parts stores for a few dollars). If the switch is not used, the motor is controlled by touching the wire to the battery terminal. • Optional: a potentiometer (available from electronics parts stores) or other means to vary the voltage supplied to the motor • Cassini spacecraft paper model (available through the Cassini web site at http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/ cassini/english/teachers/classroom.shtml/);...
Words: 2237 - Pages: 9
...1) When is the average velocity of an object equal to the instantaneous velocity? A) always B) never C) only when the velocity is constant D) only when the velocity is increasing at a constant rate 2) A new car manufacturer advertises that their car can go "from zero to sixty in 8 s". This is a description of A) average speed. B) instantaneous speed. C) average acceleration. D) instantaneous acceleration. 3) Suppose that a car traveling to the East (+x direction) begins to slow down as it approaches a traffic light. Make a statement concerning its acceleration. A) The car is decelerating, and its acceleration is positive. B) The car is decelerating, and its acceleration is negative. C) The acceleration is zero. D) A statement cannot be made using the information given. 4) Suppose that a car traveling to the West (-x direction) begins to slow down as it approaches a traffic light. Make a statement concerning its acceleration. A) The car is decelerating, and its acceleration is positive. B) The car is decelerating, and its acceleration is negative. C) The acceleration is zero. D) A statement cannot be made using the information given. 5) Suppose that an object is moving with a constant velocity. Make a statement concerning its acceleration. A) The acceleration must be constantly increasing. B) The acceleration must be constantly decreasing. C) The acceleration must be a constant non-zero value. D) The acceleration must be equal to zero. ...
Words: 10622 - Pages: 43
...Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.685 Electric Machines Class Notes 1: Electromagnetic Forces c 2003 James L. Kirtley Jr. September 5, 2005 1 Introduction Bearings Stator Stator Conductors Rotor Air Gap Rotor Conductors Shaft End Windings Figure 1: Form of Electric Machine This section of notes discusses some of the fundamental processes involved in electric machinery. In the section on energy conversion processes we examine the two major ways of estimating electromagnetic forces: those involving thermodynamic arguments (conservation of energy) and field methods (Maxwell’s Stress Tensor). But first it is appropriate to introduce the topic by describing a notional rotating electric machine. Electric machinery comes in many different types and a strikingly broad range of sizes, from those little machines that cause cell ’phones and pagers to vibrate (yes, those are rotating electric machines) to turbine generators with ratings upwards of a Gigawatt. Most of the machines with which we are familiar are rotating, but linear electric motors are widely used, from shuttle drives in weaving machines to equipment handling and amusement park rides. Currently under development are large linear induction machines to be used to launch aircraft. It is our purpose in this subject to develop an analytical basis for understanding how all of these different machines work. We start, however, with a picture of perhaps...
Words: 5431 - Pages: 22
...Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effects of the angle between the conductor and the magnetic field on the magnetic force. Variables There are many variables in this experiment. The independent variable in this experiment is the angle between the conductor and the magnetic field, θ. The dependent variable in this experiment is the magnetic force, N (the reading of the electronic weighing balance, g). The variable that we must keep constant in this experiment is strength of magnetic field, B, the current passing through the conductor, I, length of the conductor, l. Data processing The equation of the force produced by the electromagnet is, F=BIlsinθ When the electromagnet is placed near to the permanent magnet, they will experience magnetic force according to Newton’s 3rd law of motion. F=mg F=BIlsinθ=mg Presentation The hypothesis of the experiment stated that the magnetic force is directly proportional to the sine of the angle. y=mx+c mg=BIl(sinθ)+0 Results Magnetic force, F=mg g=9.8ms-2 I = 0.96A The angle between the conductor and the magnetic field, θ(°) | sin θ | The reading of the electronic weighing balance, m(g) | m(x10-4kg) | Magnetic force,f(x10-3N) | | | Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | Average | | | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 20 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 1.20 | 1.18 | 30 | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 1.70 |...
Words: 866 - Pages: 4
...direction experiences a magnetic force in the positive z direction. If Bx = 0, what is the direction of the magnetic field? (negative y direction) 2. A 2.0-C charge moves with a velocity of ( ) m/s and experiences a magnetic force of ( ) N. The x component of the magnetic field is equal to zero. Determine the y component of the magnetic field. (+3.0 T) 3. A 2.0-C charge moves with a velocity of ( ) m/s and experiences a magnetic force of ( ) N. The x component of the magnetic field is equal to zero. Determine the z component of the magnetic field. (+5.0 T) 4. A particle (mass = 2.0 mg, charge = 6.0 C) moves in the positive direction along the x axis with a velocity of 3.0 km/s. It enters a magnetic field of ( ) mT. What is the acceleration of the 2 particle? (36 27 ) m/s 5. What is the magnetic force on a 2.0-m length of (straight) wire carrying a current of 30 A in a region where a uniform magnetic field has a magnitude of 55 mT and is directed at an angle of 20 away from the wire? (1.1 N) 6. The figure shows the orientation of a rectangular loop consisting of 80 closely wrapped turns each carrying a current I. The magnetic field in the region is ( ) mT. The loop can turn about the y axis. If = 30, a = 0.40 m, b = 0.30 m, and I = 8.0 A, what is the magnitude of the torque exerted on the loop? (2.7 N m) 7. A current of 4.0 A is maintained in a single circular loop having a circumference of 80 cm. An external magnetic field of 2.0 T is directed...
Words: 469 - Pages: 2
... Statics of Rigid Bodies DEFINITION Mechanics • the study of the relationship among forces and their effects on bodies. • the science which describes and predicts the conditions for rest and motion of bodies under the action of forces. • a physical science (for it deals with physical phenomena) Prev Department of Engineering Sciences Jump to… Stop Show Next Statics of Rigid Bodies MECHANICS MECHANICS RIGID BODIES STATICS bodies at rest DYNAMICS bodies in motion DEFORMABLE BODIES INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS COMPRESSIBLE Prev Department of Engineering Sciences Jump to… Stop Show Next Statics of Rigid Bodies What is a FORCE? represents the action of one body on another that tends to change the state or state of motion of a body. may be exerted by actual contact or at a distance (e.g. gravitational and magnetic forces). characterized by its point of application, magnitude and direction. represented by a vector. Prev Department of Engineering Sciences Jump to… Stop Show Next Statics of Rigid Bodies Effects of a FORCE • development of other forces (reactions or internal forces) • deformation of the body • acceleration of the body Applied Force Prev Department of Engineering Sciences Jump to… Stop Show Next Statics of Rigid Bodies Development of other forces Applied Force Development of force or forces at points of contact with other bodies (reactions). Reaction Prev Department of...
Words: 534 - Pages: 3
...Chapter I Introduction and Background of the Study Introduction One of the major problems of our country is the limited supply of electricity. And as a researcher we created a simple way on how we charge electrical energy from huma/mechanical energy or pedal power with the use of our Bicycle Charger. A Pedal Powered generator provides a method of generating electricity by means of a modified exercise bike for use in energy storage and running portable devices. Human.mechanical energy is converted by a belt-liked cloth to a bike dick brake. The energy created by the DC generator can be stored in various types of lead-acid batteries. Energy stored in battery form can act as a supplemental energy source for battery banks that may already bu used for wind, hydro and photovoltaic systems. Also, energy that is stored within the lead-acid battery can be utilizrd as DC current for use in DC appliances such as those found in automotive mobile homes. If Alternating Current (AC) appliances are in place then an inventer must be used to transfer the 12 volts of DC current into the standard 110 volts of AC current for usage by these appliances. Pedal power is the source of getting energy from humans. It can be described as the transfer of energy generated through the movement of human feet and hands in some cases. Humans used the pedal power to impel bicycles for centuries. In the primeval time all the machinery was manual and required the physocal energy to run them. This use of pedal...
Words: 1978 - Pages: 8
...Energy can be converted from one form into another in three basic ways know as the action of force. The first one is gravitational forces which is when gravity accelerates a falling object, its converts its potential energy to kinetic energy. Likewise, when an object is lifted the gravitational field stores the energy exerted by the lifter as potential energy in the earth-object system. The second one is electric and magnetic force fields which is charged particles, upon which electrical fields exert forces, possess potential energy in the presence of an electric field in a way similar to that of an object in a gravitational field. These force fields can accelerate particles, converting a particle's potential energy into kinetic energy. Particles can interact via the electric and magnetic fields they create, transferring energy between them, and in the case of an electrical current in a conductor, cause molecules to vibrate, for example converting electrical potential energy into heat. This leads to the third action of force which is frictional forces(www.powerincooperation.com)This is defined as macroscopic energy of an object, that is, the potential and kinetic energy associated with the position, orientation, or motion of the entire object, not counting the thermal or heat energy of the system, can be converted into heat, whenever the object slides against another object. The sliding causes the molecules on the surfaces of contact to interact via electromagnetic fields with...
Words: 320 - Pages: 2
