...Unit 4 Developing through life stages - Health and social care level 3 M2 – Discuss two major theories of ageing in relation to the development of the individual In this assignment I will be discussing two major theories of ageing; I will be referencing this information from a previous assignment. I believe that my mother will disengage from the community as she gets older. As my mother gets older her health will deteriorate even more, and she already struggles to leave the house by herself now. My mother health has had a big effect on her personality, I can see my mother giving up now and she’s only 47. It’s a big worry that she won’t bother to try to become part of the community and totally distance herself from her surroundings. I believe that my mother will move out into the countryside when I leave home. This only worries me more as if she moves out into the countryside she really will be secluded, as she will be surrounded by fields not people. If my mother does decide to do this she will be leaving what remains of the family behind, the visits would decrease over time as it just take too long to get there and no one has that amount of time to spend travelling. It would very hard for my mother to travel to far places as she may get dizzy and it may be painful for her to sit for a long period of time due to ageing. Therefore, this will affect him from socializing with other people. My mother has not been able to work for a while now due to her disabilities;...
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...Introduction Over the years there have been a countless number of theorists developing their own models on Cognitive Development, with the two most recognised being the theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Semenovich Vygotsky. Although it is difficult to present the title of ‘superior theory’ to either one of these theorists, the merging of certain aspects of each scheme provides teachers with an ability to devise effective learning strategies that cater for individual students. As a direct result of these Piagetian and Vygotskian concepts, students possess the ability to develop and learn at a rate more specified to their learning ability. Review of Literature Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, the assimilation-accommodation model, is composed of four stages, sensorimotor (0 - 2 years), preoperational (2 – 7 years), concrete operational (7 – 11 years) and formal operational (11 – adult). Candida Peterson (2004) claims that within Piaget’s theory, each stage must be sufficiently achieved by the individual in order to advance to the next stage, although there is debate about whether we all do reach the final stage. Piaget believes that the most significant aspect of a child's cognitive development is the interaction between peers, rather than elders, the outside environment, as illustrated by Youniss (1982). Piaget recognised that the rate of cognitive development is determined by four factors, biological maturation, activity, social interaction and equilibration, as illustrated...
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...Introduction Amazing. Fun. Thankful. Time of my life. An opportunity seized. Pivotal. These are the words that come to mind when I reflect on my college experience. From 1978 to 1982, I was making decisions and memories that would last a lifetime. Some aspects of this time period I have wished I could repeat, but for the most part, I am who I am today because of how my college experience has shaped me. In this paper I will share about the factors that most impacted my development during my college years, specifically in the areas of psychosocial, cognitive, and spiritual growth. Then, I will link those stories to the student development in college theories we are discussing in this class. Finally, I will reflect on the positive and negative impact of my college years as it relates to my own development today. Significant Factors Impacting My Development in College Three things stand out when I think about the factors that impacted my development in college: first, my decisive goal of what I wanted to get from college; second, how personal insecurity can limit opportunities; and third, how I found God. My goal for college was to get a job…plain and simple. My mother always told me that I would find what I was looking for in college. What she meant was that if I went looking for trouble, I would find trouble. If I looked for fun, I would find fun. If I sat around doing nothing, I would find nothing. She was right. I set out to find fun and life experience in college, and...
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...personality, and they are psychoanalytical, trait, humanistic and social-cognitive. There are three theories I will describe and compare about personality development. We assess personality through two types of test but with every test comes benefits and issues. The four perspectives of personality attempt to describe different patterns in personality. The psychoanalytical perspective of personality was created by Sigmund Freud. The perspective emphasizes the importance of early childhood familiarity and the unconscious mind. There is some theorist who disagree with some of the aspects of Sigmund Freud theories, but agree with the importance of the unconscious mind. The rest of the theorist have different opinions when it come to the psychoanalytical perspective but share a common understanding that makes up this theory. The trait perspective of personality has a few major theorist that came up with this perspective. The perspective is centered on classifying, describing and assessing the specific traits that makeup human personality. The theorist believes that by understanding these traits they could understand the differences between people. They came up with the dimensions of personality and the personal traits that can measure the difference in personality. These things are the main reason that this perspective is today. The humanistic perspective of personality has two major theorist Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. The humanistic perspective focuses on psychological growth...
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...World: How we discover it. Questions to consider: 1. How are developmental theories influenced by the time in history and the society in which they develop? 2. Which developmental theories are most compatible with your intuitions about development? Two Controversial Issues 1. Are children active or passive in their development? The Organismic (active) view suggests development is internally initiated and occurs in a sequence of qualitatively different stages. It views development as bi-directional. The Mechanistic (passive) view suggests development is a passive predictable response to stimuli. 2. Is development continuous or does it occur in stages? Continuity or Discontinuity. The organismic approach emphasizes qualitative changes (discontinuous), while the mechanistic approach emphasizes quantitative changes (continuous). What is a theory? Definitions: A theory is a systematic formulation of principles explaining behaviour. It is a coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, describe, explain and predict data (p.22). Five broad theoretical perspectives: (p. 24/25) 1. Psychoanalytic 2. Learning 3. Cognitive 4. Contextual 5. Evolutionary/Sociobiological 1. Psychoanalytic theory The psychoanalytic perspective views development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behaviour. Freud’s psychosexual theory (p.23-25) Freud believed that people are born with biological drives that must...
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...Cognitive development can be described as the process in which a person constructs their thoughts for example, remembering things, problem solving and attention. In this essay I am going to evaluate the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. I will look into the weaknesses and strengths of the theories with supporting evidence and also the similarities and the differences of the two theories. Piaget believed that children develop through the interaction of innate capacities with environmental events (Gross 2005). He saw children as scientists and he also argued that cognitive development consists of four evident phases the first phase being the sensorimotor stage, the pre-operational, the concrete operational and the formal operation. Piaget argued that cognition development in children developed through these four stages and that the thinking patterns always happened in a sequence with four key features. It also happened in the same order and no stage was skipped, each stage was an important change than the stage before it. In the sensor motor stage from birth to two years, Piaget observed that childrens cognitive development was limited to natural involuntary response. Children build on these responses and develop complicated processes through physical interaction and experience (Gross 2005). At around seven months, the child learned that even if an object is out of sight the object still existed. This is what Piaget called object permanency In this stage the children will learn...
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...Theories and Theorists Zsofia Kappelman-Arany Walden University Theories and Theorists I am completing a master’s degree in Culture of Psychology. One of my goals is working with children in the future. Therefore, it is crucial to understand human development theories that I will be able to use in my work. Human development theories can help professionals examining how a person’s behavior and personality improves during the lifespan (Berk, 2010). For this assignment, I chose two key theories that address human development. I will introduce and analyze Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory. I will identify similarities and differences. Finally, I will discuss how these theories relate to my goals in research. Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss theorist who conducted research studies on cognitive development. Although he observed his own children, his theory is one of the key theories of human development. Piaget published several books on childhood development, psychology, moral judgment, and intelligence (Berk, 2010). Few of his major works that I will use for this assignment are: The Moral Judgment of the Child (1948), The Early Growth of Logic in the Child (1964), Biology and Knowledge (1971). Piaget’s four stages address infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence (Mussen, 1983). Piaget believed that there is a significant connection between biological and cognitive...
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...Developmental theories in psychology are efforts to comprehend the stages of one's growth and development. We recognize the stages throughout a child's lifespan to adulthood and the effects of environmental and social influences. These theories name the sources of growth, language and learning skills. The big debate in psychology is are these emotions caused by nature or nurture. It is impossible to tell which one is right. However both play an important role in a person's lifespan influencing the person we grow to be. All developmental theories have good points and can be the base to research and forming educated analyzes. They help us to better understand child development and social growth. Piaget's cognitive stages of development proposes that during each stage of a persons life from adolescence to adulthood new skills are learned. As a person develops in age their skills and abilities also progress. Piaget's theory consist of fours major developmental stages. They are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. The sensorimotor stage occurs from birth to the age of two. In this developmental stage children use simple motor activities such as looking, listening and touch understand and learn about their surrounding environment. The second stage preoperational stage ranges from ages 2 to 7. In this stage children mentally represent events and objects with figurative play. At this age children are unable to look at situations from other peoples...
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...Theories of Development and Application General Psychology, PSY101 Theories of Development and Application Understanding the theories of development is key in psychology. Everyone proceeds through specific areas of change and growth in key areas as they go through life. Whatever path is taken during life, understanding theories of development will assist us in motivating and guiding others, as well as understanding ourselves. The following theories of development will be applied to this author’s personal life experience: Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development, Developmental Stage Theory of Erik Erikson, Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development, and Developmental Milestone: Motor Development will all be briefly explained. This author will provide examples of ways thinking has shifted to indicate entering the Formal Operational Thought stage. One stage of Erik Erikson’s Developmental Stage Theory will be chosen and will be applied to this author’s personal life. One decision this author made that was based on Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development will be described. Finally, based on a child this author has known, the description of this child has progressed from rolling over, sitting, standing and walking. This is also known as the four developmental milestones. Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a psychologist who “identified stages of mental development, called Schema, and established the fields of...
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...“Child Development Theory”1 “Child Development Theory” Ney Brown PSY104: Child and Adolescent Development Instructor: Daniella Atwell August 20,2012 “Child Development Theory” 2 Child development occurs from birth and continues throughout adulthood, and during their life span they go through many different changes, including language, physical growth, and cognitive abilities. Interest in this field has been very important to researchers because they want to know what happens during child development as well as the influences on development. There are a few theorist who have their views on child development and they are Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. Understanding child development has become very important today as we all want to Know what a child actually goes through during their development, and later on in life because most of these things will affect them later on in life. Many people don’t realize the many different stages a child goes through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major theories...
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...of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. Piaget believed that children play an active role in the growth of intelligence. He regarded children as philosophers who perceive the world as he or she experiences it (ICELS). Therefore in Piaget’s most prominent work, his theory on the four stages of cognitive development, much of his inspiration came from observations of children. The theory of cognitive development focuses on mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, believing, and reasoning. Through his work, Piaget showed that children think in considerably different ways than adults do and as such he saw cognitive development as a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from maturation and experience (1973). To explain this theory, Piaget used the concept of stages to describe his development as a sequence of the four following stages: sensory – motor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. There are three elements however to understanding his theory of cognitive development. They are schema, the fours process that enable transition from on stage to another, and finally the four stages themselves. He began his studies by making naturalistic observations. Piaget made careful, detailed observations of children, typically his own children or their friends, from these he wrote diary descriptions charting their development. He also conducted...
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...Theories of Development Ronny Wagner PSY Child and Adolescent Development Instructor: Daniella Atwell September 10, 2012 Theories of Development Child development from birth to adulthood was largely ignored throughout much of early history. The knowledge of child development is essential in allowing us to understand the cognitive, physical, and psychosocial growth that children go through from birth into early adulthood. There is much debate whether emotional responses are genetic, as we are born with them, or are they learned from our environment. This is known as the nature vs. nature debate. Children were often viewed simply as small versions of adults and little attention was paid to progress in reference to cognitive, physical, and psychosocial growth. Many childhood developmental theories have been proposed by theorists and researchers. Following are a few of those theories and the theorist behind the theory. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Childhood is a culturally defined period in human development that is between infancy and adulthood. Only in the past 400 years or so has the idea of childhood been a part of Western culture. Early childhood most often refers to the months and years between infancy and school age or middle childhood: 2 to 5 years. The preschool years are a time of significant and complex advances and reorganization in behavior. Learning, perception, reasoning, memory, and social relations undergo important changes and progressions in early...
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...calm when their primary caregiver leaves and who ignore and avoid her when she returns. | | | | anxious-resistant attachment | attachment style characterized by infants who are ambivalent when separated and reunited with their caregiver. | | | | attachment | the strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregivers. | | | | concrete operational stage | Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, which spans ages 6–11, during which the child can perform mental operations—such as reversing—on real objects or events. | | | | conservation | recognition that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as volume) remain constant. | | | | conventional level | the second level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, during which the person values caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness. | | | | critical period | specific period in development when individuals are most receptive to a particular kind of input from the environment (such as visual stimulation and language). | | | | dementia | a loss of mental function, in which many cognitive processes are impaired, such as the ability to remember, reason, solve problems, make decisions, and use language. | | |...
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...Reese PSY 104 October 17, 2011 Professor Rebecca Wilson Most theories fall within a board perceptive with each one focusing on a different part of development. The developmental theories offer different ways of thinking about human, growth, development, and learning. Many researchers use theories as a guide them in their observation and to generate new information, the theories are the platform for all research (Mossler, R.A. 2011). Theorists have researched and tested many theories on child development that have been discovered. This paper will show how three developmental theories gave insight on the similarities and differences of the developmental theories of child development. While there are many theoretical perspectives that try to explain the development of children; the theories provide an overall understanding as well as allows educated hypotheses about the different aspects of child development. Behavioral theories within child development allows the focus to be placed on how environmental interactions influences behavior, and in turn how these behaviors are reinforced and learned. Behaviorism accepts that learning happens through interactions that children have with their environment. The theory points out the study of measureable, observable behavior and it also, includes the way the environment controls a child’s behavior. Theorist John B, Watson and B.F. Skinner, theories are based off their belief that, internal thoughts and motivation cannot...
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...explaining the life span perspective of development. I will be listing the eight developmental stages throughout life, and the three key developmental domains. I will then summarize two of the theories of the life span development. I will list the four I will then explain how heredity and the environment interact to produce individual differences in development. I will then summarize everything that I have wrote in this paper in a conclusion of the paper. I will also list the references that I have used to write this paper. After several hours of research, I have put this paper together. I hope that you like it as much as I enjoyed writing it. Throughout this paper you will know how the life span development works and what all is entailed in it. You will be able to understand the two theories that I have chosen. You will also know how heredity and the environment interact to produce individual differences in development. Explain the life span perspective of development. The life span perspective is all about understanding all of the changes that take place throughout ones’ life and the changes have to be observed as a result of the culture and the situations that surround each change. Life span is also known as and referred to as being life-long changes that continue and is not based by just one age period. The life span perspective consists of physical, cognitive, and social domains. According to Santrock (1999), “Some aspects of our development increase while others decrease”...
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