...logical thinking, share a great deal of features. All of the deans of ancient mathematics, Pythagoras; of Renaissance, Gottfried Leibniz; of modern, Bertrand Russell, were also major philosophers. Meanwhile, the ultimate ambitions of both subjects are closely linked—to give an explanation of everything by finding the general rules and patterns governing the entire universe. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to deduce that almost no one is able to state the subtle connection between these two fields. Try wandering in the most densely populated spot in New York City, Times Square, and asking someone from the crowd. Therefore, it is a good idea to show how they can blend into each other. Theory, as the word is used by scientists, is the highest expression of the quintessential ideas. In mathematics, some influential theories eventually boil down to philosophical ideas after their natures have been extracted and refined, and vice versa, even though the creators of such theories do not intentionally start thinking with ideas from the other discipline. For instance, the Nash Equilibrium, the great idea from John F.Nash, also a milestone in the development of game theory, has changed the foundations of economics. However, if we meticulously deconstruct this theory until we find its intrinsic nature, a philosophical idea will emerge at its core. The principal idea of the Nash Equilibrium can be interpreted as “To avoid the worst instead of to get the best,” a thought that existed in eastern...
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...Pre-Socratic Period Thales of Miletus Background: Thales of Miletus (fl. c. 585 BC) is regarded as the father of philosophy. Thales of Miletus was considered one of the Seven Wise Men of ancient Greece. Thales was the first of the Greek natural philosophers and founder of the Ionian school of ancient Greek thinkers. Works/Writings/Philosophy: His is said to have measured the Egyptian pyramids and to have calculated the distance from shore of ships at sea using his knowledge of geometry. He also predicted an eclipse of the sun. In geometry Thales has been credited with the discovery of five theorems like the one that a triangle inscribed in a semicircle has a right angle. He tried to discover the substance from which everything in nature is made off and suggested water. Thales is important in bridging the worlds of myth and reason. He initiated the revolutionary notion that to understand the world one needed to know its nature and that there was an explanation for all phenomena in natural terms. That was a giant step from the assumptions of the old world that supernatural forces determined almost everything. While considering the effects of magnetism and static electricity, he concluded that the power to move other things without the mover itself changing was a characteristic of "life", so that a magnet and amber must therefore be alive in some way (in that they have animation or the power to act). If so, he argued, there is no difference between the living and the dead...
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...Template * Complete the following University of Phoenix Foundations of Research template. * Base your responses on at least four current scholarly sources, of which two are articles from peer-reviewed journals. * Cite references used according to APA 6th edition. Include an APA-formatted reference list. * Insert your reference list at the end of the document. * Demonstrate your understanding of the nature of the three major research methods by describing and comparing the foundations of quantitative and qualitative research for each of the following elements, using this template. Limit your response of each item to 100 words. * Nature of research: scientific and philosophical underpinnings The scientific and philosophical underpinnings need a foundation for inquiry to conduct research. Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies consist of three philosophical underpinnings, which is identified as: objectivism, subjectivism, and constructivism. The different philosophical foundations and scientific of quantitative and qualitative methodologies have different ontology and epistemology. In quantitative paradigms have an ontology and epistemology of, where the observer and the observed are considered separate and independent. Whereas, qualitative the ontology and epistemology is multiple, socially and psychologically constructed phenomenon, where the observer and the observed are connected to each other (Gelo, Braakmann, and...
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...Philosophical Terms Exercise Define the following terms in your own words: metaphysics: Is a branch of philosophy that focuses its primary studies on the structure and constitution of reality. Metaphysics has been defined throughout history in many ways. It is mainly understood in the categories of what things are or believed to be. The mental and physical as the study of reality, opposed to appearance. Theories and principles alike have defined this term with much emphasis on existence, reality, and life. epistemology: Epistemology focuses on the origin, nature, and limits of human knowledge. For example, questions related to whether knowledge of any kind is possible, and what kind, if so. Do we have knowledge at birth? And what sort is present during this time. Do we inherent knowledge through mental states or properties in our lives? These questions offer avenues that are still under much scrutiny by many philosophers. Knowledge and existence offer minimum answers, but there are justifications for how we acknowledge its nature around us. ontology: This is described as the study of being in general, or what applies neutrally to everything that is real. Many questions surrounding ontology deal with concerns around what type of entities exist, or for that matter, what can be said to exist? Are there similarities and differences to existence? Ontology has been a major branch of metaphysics and still continues to be very important in its philosophical approach...
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...faith and reason emerged, due to the attributions of many great philosophical thinkers. Some of these thinkers include John Locke, Galileo, and Rene Descartes. The major philosophical assumptions of the enlightenment were science, the mind, deism, criticism, and cosmopolitanism. The new way of thinking in the enlightenment promoted deism. The view in which there is a God, but he is not so involved in the world. It is the belief in religious truths discovered by people through a process of reasoning. The major motto of the enlightenment was “Have the courage to use your own understanding”. The enlightenment also promoted criticism, which meant everything had to be questioned to find the truth. The last of the philosophical assumptions is cosmopolitanism, the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community. All these assumptions contributed to the enlightenment, in a way that will change how the seventeenth century lived on a daily basis. John Locke’s essay on human understanding was the starting point of the enlightenment. He stated that all humans are born with their mind at a blank page, with knowledge and identity only developing with experience. He believed that there were no legitimate government under the rights of the Kings theory. The Kings theory was that God chose the rulers and if the ruler was being challenged, you are challenging God. Locke did not agree with this so he wrote his own theory stating that the power to be a governor should be granted by...
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...Chapter 1 Summary Creswell (2013), in his book Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design begins the first chapter with an introduction to qualitative research and the purpose for writing the text. He states his primary purpose for writing the book is “to examine five different approaches to qualitative inquiry – narrative, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case studies – and put them side-by-side so that we can see their differences” (p. 2). As a result, the text differs from other books on qualitative research, which normally begin with a single approach to qualitative inquiry. Creswell’s (2013) rationale for this is so reader can have a greater understanding of each of the approaches, how they apply to the research process, and the differences and similarities between each approach. This particular edition is the third edition of the text. As a result, Creswell (2013) made a number of changes from previous editions. For instance, the information on philosophical assumptions has been reworked in chapter two, and ethical dilemmas are in various phases of research are addressed in chapter three. Additionally, chapter four has a section added addressing the area of “defining characteristics” while chapter five had some changes in illustrations used (p. 3). Portions of the book were simplified, and the matter of technological advances in research have also been addressed. Lastly, thought provoking exercises where added at the end of each chapter, and references...
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...RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative. and Mixed Methods Approaches SECOND EDITION John W. Creswell University of Nebraska, Lincoln SAGE Publications International Educational and Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks London New Delhi ~ 6 7 6 3Copyright O 2003 by Sage Publications, Inc. -3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover image copyright O Sheldan CollinsICorbis; used by permission. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com Sage Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. M-32 Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 110 048 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Creswell, John W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches I by John W. Creswel1.- 2nd ed. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-7619-2441-8 (c) - ISBN 0-7619-2442-6 (pbk.) 1. Social sciences-Research-Methodology. 2. Social sciences-Statistical methods. I. Title. H62 .C6963 2002 30W.7'2-dc21 Acquiring Editor: Editorial Assistant: Production Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Designer: ...
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...Meaning and Existentialism in My Life - Existentialism is a phiosophy which revolves around the central belief that we create ourselves. External factors are not important. It is the way that we let external factors affect us that determines who we are. As individuals we all have the freedom to choose our own path and that is what life is all about. Along with the freedom of choice comes the responsibilty of one's actions which can make some people anxious but give others meaning to their lives. To overcome this anxiousness and accept responsibilty is to meet the challenges of life and to truly live it.... [tags: Existentialism, ] 675 words (1.9 pages) $14.95 [preview] Understanding Existentialism - Do we matter. Do we seek personal happiness in life. These are questions from existentialism. The dictionary defines existentialism as an individual’s experience filled with isolation in a hostile universe where a human being attempts to find true self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility. Hamlet is an existentialist character who believes that he is forced to avenge his father’s death and the hatred builds in his heart because of the many betrayals which direct him towards a senseless life and constant thoughts about suicide; this ultimately leads to his demise and he is left with naught.... [tags: Existentialism] 872 words (2.5 pages) $14.95 [preview] Life Value vs. Existentialism in Grendel - A main theme in John Gardner’s Grendel...
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...The philosophical study of social research is an important dimension of social science which has been placed to analyze the problems of social science description and its relationships. Philosophy of social science deals with the generalized meaning of the thing & centered on the sharing of experience about the social world in which people’s perspective differs from one another. The various approaches analyze the social research on the basis of three grounds: Thematic analysis, meta-narratives and mini-narratives and lastly, cause-effect analysis. The changing pattern of the philosophical foundations continuously enriches itself with new dimensions and views about social world. Approaches of philosophy of science in social research There are certain approaches of philosophy of science in social research- * Realism * Empiricism * Positivism * Post positivism * Idealism * Rationalism * Functionalism * Structuralism * Utilitarianism * Instrumentalism * Feminism * Materialism * Skepticism * Nomothetic and Ideographic * Solipsism * Atomism * Holism * Perspectivism * Relativism These are described below- * Realism: Realism is a perspective of social research which represents itself as a dominant indicator on International politics. Context makes the situation. * Ontology: Social reality is stratified into three domains: * the empirical observations are made up of experiences and events...
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...Recent studies by Reed and others have extended the scope of the theory to include additional and various populations of adolescent and adult age groups, patients, and nonpatients, who may have increased awareness of mortality (Palmer et al., 2010). Examples include Japanese institutionalized older adults (Hoshi & Reed, 2011), Korean family caregivers and Korean older adults caregivers (Kim et al., 2014), Amish adults in rural Ohio (Sharpnack et al., 2010), caregivers of older adults with dementia (Kidd et al., 2011), low-income older adults (McCarthy, 2011), Norwegian older adult patients (Haugan et al., 2013), and Taiwanese nursing students (Chen & Walsh, 2009). Furthermore, Reed was awarded funding to investigate self-transcendence as it relates to end-of-life decisions and well-being in family caregivers (Teixeira, 2008). Self-transcendence theory guides the initial questions and may undergo further refinement as this inquiry progresses (Reed, 2016). Moreover, the theory has been utilized in the field of information technology. For example, DiNapoli et al. (2014) proposed a theory-based, computer-mediated, self-help (CMSH) intervention for testing in research and eventual application in practice among individuals who have HIV/AIDS. Clinicians can implement theory informed strategies (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal) to expand the individuals' social and community support (DiNapoli et...
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...Case Analysis (pg. 351) 1. Summarize the facts that led to the defendant’s claim that he was subjected to double jeopardy. He was convicted to his concurrent 72 month sentences for his crime which he plead guilty to, in which the judgment and sentencing of said crimes never referred to his Caribou Way property. Prior to this conviction, his property had already been forfeited to the American government by order of default in this same case. His plea agreement never referred to the forfeit of his Caribou Way property. The initial forfeiture of the property was a judgment made on the open cases against Falkowski. Then, having him sentenced for concurrent 72 month terms in a correctional facility would have made that a secondary judgment on the same cases which the American government was granted possession of the property for. Considering his plea agreement referred to the forfeiture of his real estate, it would be implied that the seizing of the Caribou Way property was meant to satisfy his guilty plea, and since the judgment of the possession of the property wasn’t granted along with the sentencing of the accused, then the order of the events would show that he was subjected to double jeopardy once by the seizing of his property, and then again by the sentencing of 72 concurrent month terms for each count. Giving reason to believe that the seizing of the property didn’t satisfy the judgment placed by the court for any of the counts the accused was facing. 2. What was (were)...
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...Counseling Theory Paper Cherish Stokely Liberty University Abstract This counseling theory paper combines different aspects of various counseling theories and puts them into one unified theory. This new theory takes in account my personal beliefs and worldview. This theory is not permanent, but is put together to allow direction for future counseling sessions. Although each client has a unique situation, this theory can be a basis on how a counselor would start the interaction between herself and the client. This paper outlines philosophical assumptions, which includes how man is inherently evil, but there is still hope for growth. The next section will then discuss the model of personality, which talks about how man develops. This section combines counseling theories such as Gestalt and behavior therapy. The next two sections discuss psychological health and abnormality. This section looks at how a client will be able to set himself free from symptoms that are harming the client. The next section will conclude by talking about psychotherapy and how a counselor should look at the role of the counselor and client while using certain techniques. This paper will conclude with a discussion of the assignment. Overall, this theory could be used in a Christian or secular setting and is based off of personal beliefs. Counseling Theory Paper Each counseling theory includes various strengths that can be used in a counseling session. Since a counselor should make known that each...
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.... 5 4.2 Aenesidemus ..................................................................................... 5 Critical Evaluation of Ancient Skepticism.......................................... 6 List of references ...................................................................................ii Ancient Skepticism i  1 Introduction Ancient skepticism is a wide and important topic in the ancient Greek philosophical schools of thought and has been further developed in contemporary philosophy. It describes the attitude to be doubtful about any claim of knowledge and certainty. The term derives from the Greek skepsis meaning "enquiry", and hence already alludes to the situation in which individuals should question their own beliefs of knowledge claims. Even if knowledge and the level of certainty about it are essential features of the ancient skepticism theory, the element of belief is equally important. As the school of thought deals with the questioning of knowledge claims, one could interpret these as beliefs about reality. Ancient skepticism is a philosophical direction that has for the most part been developed in Hellenistic philosophy, approximately...
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...Question: Research these five philosophical positions identifying the main elements and proponents of each. Discuss the benefits and challenges of each that a sport administrator may face. 1. Introduction The word philosophy comes from the Greek words philein which means “to love “and sophia which means “wisdom. “ Philosophy can therefore be defined as a love of wisdom. Philosophy may begin with curiosity and a question, however aims to end with you finding your own answers. We must evaluate our own thoughts and understand ourselves, religion, customs and conduct without leaning on the views of society, lectures, technology, guardians or our era. Modern philosophers would state that the mission of philosophy is autonomy: the liberty of a person to act in harmony with their decisions about themselves and what they believe in by using there own logical thoughts (Velasquez, 2009). As we examine these five philosophical positions we will determine the benefits and challenges of each that a spot administrator may face. 2. Idealism Idealism may be referred to as the act or practice of envisioning things in an ideal form with the pursuit of ones ideals. The philosophy of idealism suggests that the object of external perception, in itself or as perceived, consists of ideas. The idealist therefore will more likely represent things in an ideal form or as they might or should be rather than as they are. He/She cherishes or pursues high goals somewhat as an optimist...
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... INTRODUCTION The definition of philosophy has remained a perennial philosophical problem and there is little agreement as to what it is. Rather, what many seem to agree on is the descriptions of philosophy, that is, what it encompasses which will provide the basis for our definition. In the same vein, it has been difficult to define what African philosophy is, rather most philosophers have contented themselves in describing what African philosophy is. According to Sogolo, “the controversy over what constitutes an African philosophy tends to dominate sometimes so much that it forms almost the entire content of the course” [1]. In this paper, the attempt is to say what African philosophy is, inspite of the seeming unending polemics in the sphere and practice of African philosophy. In doing this, we shall start by attempting to describe and possibly define what philosophy is. Subsequently we shall be in a position to define African philosophy by looking at the origin of the debate on African philosophy which was as a result of the charge of irrationality leveled against the Africans. Let us recall that many European scholars mostly anthropologists and sociologists in the like of E. Durkheim, Auguste Comte, James Frazer, Sigmund Freud, Malinowski, Max Muller, Herbert Spencer, Edward Tylor and even Levy Bruhl, have attempted to give an answer to what the African traditional world views were through their theories on religions of the primitive people. For instance, Levy Bruhl rejected...
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