...Why is malaria such a problem and how close are we to an effective vaccine for this deadly disease? The problem. It was well over 100 years ago that scientists discovered the cause of malaria as a single-cell parasite called plasmodium but, even today, this life-threatening parasitic disease represents one of the international community’s most pressing public health problems. Malaria is endemic throughout the tropical regions of the world, causing more than 300 million acute illnesses and at least one million deaths each year1 . Children under the age of 5 are particularly prone to infection, and, as a direct result of their immature immunity to disease, make up a dramatic proportion of the deaths each year. In Africa alone (where 90% of all malariaattributed deaths occur) this disease is responsible for the death of one child in 20 before the age of 52. In fact, malaria is the world’s leading cause of childhood mortality, killing one child every 30 seconds3 . Pregnant women and their unborn children are also particularly vulnerable to the disease which contributes to anaemia, premature birth and low birth weight whilst foreign travellers, who have often not developed immunity, represent another high-risk group.4 Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite, Plasmodium. Four species of Plasmodium can cause the disease in humans: P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malarinae and P.falciparum, which is by far the most deadly. The disease is vector-borne and is transmitted...
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...Non-governmental Organisation’s R&D Research and Development RDT Rapid Detection Tests TRIPS Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights WTO World Trade Organisation Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 2 Factors effecting the control of malaria 3 What is the role of the pharmaceutical companies? 5 Recommendations 6 Reference List 8 Introduction This report aims to address the issues regarding the availability of drugs in the developing world in addition to what measures the developed world could use to ease the burden, including the evaluation of the options available and the potential cumulative effects that would accompany these processes. For the purpose of this paper, the author will concentrate on the infection rates in humans of Malaria in Sierra Leone. Although malaria is deemed as a preventable disease many factors inhibit the eradication of infection rates. In the recent World Malaria Report (2013) Sierra Leone is ranked as the country with the fifth highest prevalence rate per capita in addition to fifty percent of the population living in poverty (IMF, 2013). Highlighting the disparity between infection and access to treatment. The fact that Malaria is a reoccurring disease endorses the requirement of robust preventative measures in order for the developing world to gain control of infection rates. Drug resilience is also a major concern for the world as a whole as is counterfeit drugs. The combination of...
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...Malaria is the leading death, illness, and poor growth in developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is a parasitic disease spreading through mosquito bites that involve high fevers, flu-like symptoms, and death. The World Health Organization (2012) reported over a million deaths are attributable to Malaria and 90% of all deaths caused by the disease occur in sub-Sahara Africa. According to the 2012 report from the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimation of 600,000 deaths occurs every year in Sub Sahara Africa, in which a child dies each minute. These young victims are mostly children under five years of age. Many techniques have been put into place to help eradicate the disease, but a lack of well-targeted education systems, which is one of the most effective tools, remains a serious challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa Despite the availability of such many strategies, there is a need to propose a new study that will outline how we can make significant difference in the education systems by the way we use Mobile Technology. Summary To ensure the management, and control of the disease, the data collection will help determine if the disease has a direct correlation to the level of social education, to the lack of adequate resources, good governance in the political arena, lack of Health care services or the financial burden from the affected families? In combination with other research, the recommendation provided by this study will help sustain economic and social...
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...2003 (in £ million) Sales 21,441 Materials and production costs 4,188 Marketing and administration 7,563 R&D expenditures 2,770 Operating income 6,920 Net profit 4,765 GSK has two main business divisions, pharmaceuticals and consumer healthcare. This profile deals with the pharmaceuticals division, which generates 85% of GSK’s sales. The five largest selling GSK products are Seretide/Advair for asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); Paxil/Seroxat and Wellbutrin, both antidepression drugs; Avandia/Avadamet for type 2 diabetes; and the antibiotic Augmentin. Each of these drugs generated above £800 million of sales in 2003. GSK produces a broad range of products of special importance to developing countries, including: Anti-malaria drugs Zentel (albendazole), for de-worming and the prevention of lymphatic filariasis Pentosam, against leishmaniasis Anti-retrovirals (ARVs) for the treatment of HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis drugs Vaccines for developing countries Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) CSR refers to the responsibility of a company for the social, ecological and economic impacts of its operations. GSK follows a proactive and comprehensive CSR approach. In 2003, the company formally adopted a set of Corporate Responsibility Principles. The company is highly transparent about its CSR policies and has a clear governance structure on CSR. Reporting...
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...life through improved health are harder to quantify accurately at scale. Life Expectancy Life expectancy is covered in detail elsewhere in the State of the Tropics, and reports that between 1950 and 2010 the gap between life expectancy in the Tropics and the Rest of the World has narrowed. Over this period life expectancy in the Tropics increased by 22.8 years to 64.4 years and infant mortality reduced by 36%. The rate of change of mortality and morbidity has increased over the last two decades influenced by a range of different factors. Underlying life expectancy data are aggregated data, collected by the WHO to document the changing patterns of mortality. Table E3.1 provides the top ten causes of mortality in rank order over the last decade. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for two-thirds of global deaths in 2011 and infectious diseases for one-third. In 2000 the relative proportions were 60% NCDs and 40% infectious diseases. This rapid shift reflects the massive scale up in recent efforts to prevent and treat a number of major infectious diseases. Although improvements in maternal and child mortality have been made these still remain unacceptably high. In 2011, 6.9 million children under the age of five died, 99% of these in low and middle income countries. Malaria, despite the enormous scale up in control activities still accounted for 14% of the under-five mortality in the Tropics. There are differences in the age at which mortality ...
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...Visit and Issue Report ‘The use of Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) to prevent malaria transmission’ Problem Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes. In 2010, malaria caused an estimated 655,000 deaths (with an uncertainty range of 537,000 to 907,000), mostly among African children. Increased malaria prevention and control measures are dramatically reducing the malaria burden in many places but it is still a massive problem. According to the World malaria report 2011, there were about 216 million cases of malaria (with an uncertainty range of 149 million to 274 million) and an estimated 655,000 deaths in 2010 (with an uncertainty range of 537,000 to 907,000). Malaria mortality rates have fallen by more than 25% globally since 2000 and by 33% in the WHO (World Health Organisation) African Region. Most deaths occur among children living in Africa where a child dies every minute from malaria. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. The parasites are spread to people through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, called "malaria vectors", which bite mainly between dusk and dawn. There are four parasite species that cause malaria in humans: * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium malariae * Plasmodium ovale. Approximately half of the world's population is at risk of malaria. Most malaria cases and deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa...
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...Abstract The purpose of this research is to explain more about the subject that was chosen and to get informed about what is happening and what is being done about it. The global issue that was chosen is Poverty. Poverty is known as the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. The method used in this report is a secondary research. The most used method in this research was the Internet. There are many factors that cause people to live in poverty; some of them are low paid work, the fact of having no job, and inadequate benefits. The consequences of poverty can be social or political; a very distinguished one is death. A lot of people die every day because of hunger, and there are some organizations helping the poverty problem disappear as soon as possible. The most affected generations related to this problem are children. Putting more job opportunities could be very helpful to help this problem, getting volunteers to do social service in the most needed communities and sending some medicines with them so they can help as much as possible. 1.0 Introduction The purpose of this research is to explain more about the subject that was chosen and to get informed about what is happening and what is being done about it. The chosen aspect is poverty, specifically hunger. Poverty is known as “the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions.” (Merriam Webster, 2015) Hunger is having...
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...REPLACEMENT DONOR CROSS MATCHING DONE IF REPLACEMENT DONOR CROSS MATCHING DONE CONSENT AND SIGN OF HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF BLOOD BANK CONSENT AND SIGN OF HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF BLOOD BANK CHECKING FOR AVAILABILITY OF BLOOD GROUP CHECKING FOR AVAILABILITY OF BLOOD GROUP PREPARATION OF COMPONENTS OF COLLECTED BLOOD - PACKED CELLS - FRESH FROZEN PLASMA -CRYOPRECIPITATE -FRESH BLOOD PREPARATION OF COMPONENTS OF COLLECTED BLOOD - PACKED CELLS - FRESH FROZEN PLASMA -CRYOPRECIPITATE -FRESH BLOOD ENTRY OF REQUEST MADE ENTRY OF REQUEST MADE SENT TO BLOOD BANK ISSUE COUNTER SENT TO BLOOD BANK ISSUE COUNTER FROM OT, EMERGENCY OR ICU DEPARTMENT FROM OT, EMERGENCY OR ICU DEPARTMENT NURSE REPORTS TO RECEPTION WITH BLOOD REQUEST FORM NURSE REPORTS TO RECEPTION WITH BLOOD REQUEST FORM PILOT TUBE SENT FOR PROCESSING - ABO, Rh, ANTIBODY SCREENING, HIV 1 AND 2 , HEP. B AND C , VDRL MALARIA PILOT TUBE SENT FOR PROCESSING - ABO, Rh, ANTIBODY SCREENING, HIV...
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...Debate on the Ethics of AIDS Vaccines Administration without Knowledge of Long-Term Side Effects? Debate on the Ethics of AIDS Vaccines Administration without Knowledge of Long-Term Side Effects? I. Introduction (Jessica and Chrystal) A. Why this topic is important? i. AIDS is a pandemic ii. B. Implications i. AIDS vaccine could potentially save billions of lives ii. . C. Objectives of the assignment. i. Identify a health care ethical issue ii. Present facts in an outline format. iii. Describe the pros and cons of the issue including an analysis. iv. Follow APA 6th formatting. II. Literature Review A. Review of the key articles on this topic (5 per team member). i. HIV/AIDS- Ethical/Legal Issues (Arora & Arora, 2009). This article … ii. AIDS Vaccines and Reproductive Immunology (Bourinbaiar, Jirathitikal, Silin, Nian-Qing & Abulafia-Lapid, 2007). This article… iii. Correlates of negative intent to receive an AIDS vaccine: an exploratory study (Crosby, Holtgrave, Bryant, & Frew, 2004). iv. AIDS Care (AIDS CARE), Dhalla S; Nelson KE; Singer J; Poole G. (2009). This article describe how developing an HIV vaccines may contribute to participants better follow-ups and may improve the patient’s knowledge and education regarding HIV/AIDS. v. Development of an AIDS...
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...RESEARCH PAPER ON DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH IN BANGLADESH Introduction: Bangladesh is a developing country with a population of 152,518,015 (approx.) Since our war of independence we have face numerous amount of health and nutrition issues in our country. Although Bangladesh has seen impressive progress in health and nutrition in the last few decades. Despite still low social indicators and continuing prevalence of poverty (40% of the population lives below the poverty line), the health sector in Bangladesh has shown impressive progress. We improved in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, increasing number of doctors, increasing number of hospitals and medical colleges. ICDDR’B etc. The government of Bangladesh has shown policy continuity and commitment to improving health conditions, placing particular emphasis on improving the health conditions of its citizens and targeting the poor, women and children. Where as many of the problems still remains unsolved. The ministry of health and family planning is responsible for the health service of the country should take necessary steps to solve those problems. Objective: The main objective of this whole research is to evaluate the health condition of Bangladesh. From 1971 to 2013 health condition of Bangladesh has radically changed. We are here to present that the number of health centers, hospitals, medicals colleges and other institutions related to health development of our country. We have also seen numerous amount of development...
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...(M1) Communicable diseases are very contagious and can spread very easily from one person to another person, this also includes from animal to person. You can get infected straight away just by touching, eating, drinking or breathing in a substance that has a lot of germs on it. Communicable diseases are caused by agents such as bacteria, parasites, protozoa, fungus and virus. Bacteria exist on every surface including in the air and below sea level. Most bacteria are harmless but others are harmful to our body and can do bad to your health and internal organs, kidneys and the heart. Bacteria can invade into the body via the mouth, sexual organs, nose, eyes or any cuts which need to be cleaned and dressed. Bacteria can enter the body if food is full of bacteria or it isn’t cooked properly, this is called E.Coli. E.Coli is type of bacteria that causes the person to become seriously sick and possibly kill them. A bacterium causes infectious diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. On the other hand, Viruses depend on the host to survive, grow and reproduce. Usually, a host can be an animal or a plan. Viruses are believed to be the smallest microbes on this planet. Once the virus is inside the body it can spread and make the person very ill. ‘‘They reproduce by injecting their genes into the cell to reproduce thousands of new viruses. Viruses cause chicken pox and flue.’’ (Hillendale Health n.d) Viruses can also cause Measles, Influenza and common cold. Fungi are multi-celled...
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...individual | Impact on society | Impact on Environment | Malaria in Urban Tanzania | Symptoms of malaria can have the following impact on an individual; high temperature, headache, sweating, vomiting, diarrhoea and muscles ache.These symptoms are common in other diseases too, so it is important for the doctor to take more tests or identify more severe symptoms such as severe anaemia, cerebral malaria; causes seizures etc. In terms of the symptoms; With some types of malaria, the fever occurs in 48-hour cycles. During these cycles, you feel cold at first with shivering. You then develop a fever, accompanied by severe sweating and fatigue. These symptoms usually last between 6 and 12 hours.Disease prognosis - if malaria is diagnosed early and the correct medication is given the prognosis of the disease is good. However if treatment is not given to the individual when needed it can result in their disease developing further. | The disease malaria can have effects on society these are some points; 1. Public health expenditures. 2. Inpatient hospital admissions. 3. Outpatient health clinic visits. 4. Increases the amount of people to be off from school and work. 5. It will decrease tourism. 6. Inhibits foreign investment. 7. Affects crop production. | Malaria has not been properly avoided as the widespread of insecticide spray has led to environmental issues occurring. This can also lead to health issues for example when the pesticide is being sprayed, it can flow...
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...Incidence of Malaria in Lumi, West Sepik Province Divine Word University Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Extension Department, MADANG By Gideon Waiya Jzeckesonni Resident Health Extension Officer A COMMUNITY DIAGNOSED RESEARCH PROJECT A PROSPECTIVE STUDY MARCH 2008 FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EXTENSION DIVINE WORD UNIVERSITY Page | 3 Contents Title Page… ………………………………………………………………………………...........……….3 Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………...4 Map of West Sepik Province……………………………………………………………………………….5 Lateral View of the study site……………………………………………………………………………....6 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………....7 Glossary and Abbreviations………………………………………………………………….......................8 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………....9 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….10-11 Background……………………………………………………………………………….….....................11 Provincial & District Profile…………………………………………...........................................11 Aims and Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………………12 Methods and Materials………………………………………………………………………………...12-13 Study population and sites…………………………………………………………......................12 Data collection tools……………………………………………………………………………....12 Verbal interview questionnaires…………………………………………………………………..13 Results……………………………………………………………………………………….................14-17 Figure 1-Simple & Treatment Failure malaria cases in table…………………………………….14 Figure 2- Severe Malaria & Deaths arising...
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...Africa The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges August 2005 © 2005. Economic Commission for Africa Material from this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgment is requested, together with a copy of the publication. The views expressed are those of the original authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations. Project coordinator: Adrian Gauci Editorial coordination: Cristina Müller Team: Abebe Shimeles, Workie Mitiku, Vanessa Steinmayer, Reto Thoenen This report was produced with guidance and input from Augustin Fosu, Director of the Economic and Social Policy Division of the ECA. It benefited greatly from the revisions of Bartholomew Armah and Kwabia Boateng. Special thanks to Lorna Davidson for the final editing, to Akwe Amosu for her valuable input, and to Seifu Dagnachew and Teshome Yohannes for creative and efficient lay-out and production. The report was designed by the ECA Communication Team and printed by the Documents Reproduction and Distribution Unit, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Photo credits (left to right): Front cover- R. Zurba/USAID, J. Dunlop/USAID, R. Zurba/USAID, M. Crozet/ILO. Back cover- J. Maillard/ILO, T. Brunette/USAID, I. Getachew/UNICEF. Table of Contents Acronyms ........................................................................................................ iv Preface.......................................................................................
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...poverty, solve poor health, and deal with the lack of education among others. Of the eight millennium development goals, three of these goals are directly related to health. Without significant commitments and dedication from rich and developing nations, these goals will never be met. This paper will capture issues related to MDGs realization especially the realization of reduced child mortality rate in my community in Massachusetts. Achieved MDGs According to World Health Organization (WHO) (2013) several MDG targets have been achieved while others are close to reach. For instance, the fraction of individuals who live in abject poverty has been halved (World Bank 2014). The World Bank notes that the percentage of individuals who subsist on resource below $ 1.25 each day dropped from 47% in the year 1990 to 22% in the year 2010 (Gwatkin,2002 ). In addition two billion people gained access to clean drinking water. Health wise, remarkable gains have been achieved in the fight against tuberculosis and malaria. This is good news to the health sector. Between the year 2000 and 2010 the mortality rates from malaria fell considerably by more than 25%. 1.1 million deaths related to malaria were averted. Between the year 1995 and 2011 a total number of 51 million patients suffering from tuberculosis were successfully treated. This treatment saved 20 million lives (Rechel, Shapo & McKee, 2002). These examples show that some MDGs are almost achieved since the year 2015 is fast approaching...
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