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Malhotra Cap 20

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Análisis por Conglomerados y segmentación post hoc

(Ppt Clases y Cap 20, Malhotra)

• La segmentación de mercado enfrenta dos problemas posibles:

1. Qué método utilizar para determinar los segmentos

2. Qué base se utilizará para caracterizar los segmentos

*Conglomerado: objetos o casos pertenecientes a un grupo, bastante homogéneos entre sí.

• Métodos para formar los segmentos de mercado:

1. A priori: definir los conglomerados a través de una variable objetivo.

2. Posteriori: los perfiles se conglomeran de acuerdo a sus proximidades en comportamiento de compra o actitudes. Ej: beneficios que busca el consumidor.

➢ Lo siguiente es determinar si los segmentos formados difieren respecto variables demográficas, uso productos, etc.

Análisis por conglomerados

• Propósitos del análisis por conglomerados:

o Segmentar el mercado ( ej: segmentación por beneficios.

o Comprender la conducta de los compradores: identificar grupos homogéneos.

o Identificar oportunidades para productos nuevos: agrupar marcas y productos y así determinar conjuntos competitivos en el mercado.

o Elegir mercados de prueba

o Reducir datos

• Objetivo: buscar agrupar a los individuos en base a un criterio que tengan en semejanza.

• Objetivos específicos:

i. Definir medida para evaluar qué tan semejantes o diferentes son los objetos conglomerados.

➢ Distancia: cuando las variables son de escala intervalo. La proximidad entre los objetos se mide por la cercanía de sus perfiles 8valores entre 0 e infinito)

➢ Coincidencia: cuando variables están en escala nominal. La proximidad se mide por el porcentaje de coincidencias que tienen los perfiles de los objetos (valores entre 1 y 0)

Ej: cuántas veces un atributo es compartido por las variables

➢ Correlación: Consideran cercanía de dos perfiles en término relativos.

ESTADISTICAS DEL ANALISIS POR CONGLOMERADOS

• Centroide del conglomerado: Lo componen los valores de las medias de las variables en todos los casos u objetos de ese conglomerado.

• Centros del conglomerado: son los puntos iniciales de un conglomerado no jerárquicos. Los conglomerados se forman en torno a estos centros.

• Dendograma: grafico para desplegar los resultados de un conglomerado. Las líneas verticales son conglomerados conjuntados. Se lee de izquierda a derecha.

• Distancia entre los centros de los conglomerados: indica que tan separados están los pares individuales de los conglomerados. Los que están ampliamente separados son distintos y, por ende, deseables.

• Diagrama de carámbanos: representación de los resultados de un agrupamiento. Las columnas son los objetos agrupados y las filas el número de conglomerados. Se leen de abajo hacia arriba.

• Esquema de aglomeración: da información sobre los objetos que se combinan en cada etapa del proceso de agrupamiento.

• Matriz de coeficientes de semejanza y distancia: matriz que contiene la distancia entre pares de objetos o casos.

• Pertenencia a un conglomerado

ii. Definir un método para formar los objetos (conglomerados)

1. Jerárquicos: Tanto conglomerados como objetos hay. Luego estos se van fusionando según posibles semejanzas entre ellos hasta que finalmente se forma un único. La distancia que exista entre ellos va a definir cuáles se fusionarán entre ellos.

2. Aglomeración: Cada objeto comienza en un conglomerado diferente.

3. División: todos los objetos comienzan en un conglomerado gigante. Los conglomerados se forman al dividir este gran conglomerado en otros más pequeños.

[pic]

INTERPRETACION Y PERFILES DE LOS CONGLOMERADOS

• Los centroides representan valores de las medias de los objetos contenidos en el conglomerado con cada una de las variables. Permiten describir cada conglomerado asignándole un nombre.

[pic]

➢ La tabla muestra los centroides o valores promedios de cada conglomerado.

EJ:

✓ El conglomerado 1 tiene valores altos en las V1 (ir de compras es divertido) y V3(cuando voy de compras aprovecho de ir a comer). Al mismo tiempo tiene un valor bajo en V5 (no me interesa ir de compras), por lo que el conglomerado 1 lo podemos etiquetar como “compradores divertidos”

✓ El conglomerado 3 tiene valores alto en V2 (las compras desequilibran mi presupuesto), V4 (trato de encontrar las mejores ofertas cuando voy a comprar) y V6(puede ahorrarse mucho dinero si se comparan precios), por lo que podemos etiquetar al conglomerado 3 como “compradores ahorrativos”.

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