...mesothelium helps to protect the organs by making a special lubricating fluid which allows organs to move around. This fluid also makes it easier for the lungs to move inside the chest during breathing. When in different parts of the body the mesothelium has different names such as in the chest it is called the pleura, in the abdomen it is called the peritoneum and it is called the pericardium in the space around the heart. Tumors of the mesothelium can be non cancerous or cancerous. Malignant mesothelioma is a cancerous tumor of the mesothelium, although this is often shortened to mesotheliom it can start in four main areas in the body. Pleural mesotheliomas start in the chest. They account for about three out of four mesotheliomas. Peritoneal mesotheliomas make up most of the remaining cases and they begin in the abdomen. Pericardial mesotheliomas start in the covering around the heart and are very rare. Mesotheliomas of the tunica vaginalis are very rare tumors and they start in the covering layer of the testicles which is actually an out pouching of peritoneum. Malignant mesotheliomas can also be divided into four types such as Epithelioid, Sarcomatoid, Mixed and Desmoplastic based on how the cells are arranged when checked via a microscope. About 50% to 60% of the above disease is Epithelioid and it tends to have a better outlook and a prognosis than the other types. About 10% to 20% of mesotheliomas are Sarcomatoid (fibrous). Mixed (biphasic) mesotheliomas have both sarcomatoid...
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...they need to, because it is true and under clinical trials here in the United States. “High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound” (HIFU) will do just that. The (HIFU) treatment destroys cancer cells by heating them with highly focused ultrasonic beams. “Sipuleucel-T” (Provenge), is a treatment vaccine that has also been proven effective, and recently received FDA approval. These two treatments alone have advanced Prostate Cancer treatments considerably. In 1975, the yearly Prostate Cancer diagnosis rate for new cases was 94 out of every 1000,000 men. The rate in which they died in the same year, was 31 men dying out of every 1000,000. Let us move forward to the year of 2007. In 2007, the yearly Prostate Cancer rate for new cases was 166 out of every 100,000. Also in 2007, the rate of men that died after being diagnosed with Prostate Cancer was a lower number than in 1975. At only 24 men dying out of every 1000,000 newly diagnosed cases. As the research for this paper was underway, the realization was reached, that there are a lot of sites on the internet, that do not have accurate information. Careful care was given to ensure that the most accurate, and...
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...abnormal changes, in the genes responsible to adjust the process of cells and keeping them healthy. Breast cancer originates from breast tissue, most commonly from the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Breast cancer is caused by the increase of cancerous cells in the breast. If untreated, harmful cells will take over the normal tissue and spread through the body which is called metastasis. Lumpy breasts are not an increased risk for cancer, a nodule found in your breast is rarely breast cancer, Breast Cancer is a rising concern with all Americans across the United States, but with the right knowledge and awareness a life could be saved. The purpose of screening exams, such as mammograms, is to find malignant tumors before they start to cause symptoms. Screenings are tests and exams used to find a condition like cancer, in people who do not have any symptoms. . Breast cancers are found when doing self- exams tend to be larger and are more likely to be little and stay confined to the breast. The benefits of the birth control pill might outweigh the risk of breast cancer. Active reduces your risk of breast cancer, Thirty minutes a day of moderate exercise is recommended; excess pounds boost your risk of cancer. Make your use of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, calcium and lower your intake of fats and sweets. Indulge in a little dark chocolate it contains an enzyme called kinase that kills cancerous cells and leaves healthy cells not damaged. ...
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...What is cancer?Cancer is also known as a malignant tumor, is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include: a new lump, abnormal bleeding, a prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements, among others. While these symptoms may indicate cancer they may also occur due to other issues. There are over 100 different known cancers that affect humans. Common cancers In middle aged adults * Skin Cancer * Breast Cancer * Testicular Cancer * Cervical Cancer | | | | | Middle Aged Cancers | | | By: Shawnn casagrandeHCA 24007/31/2014 | | Table of ContentsSkin Cancer 1Breast Cancer 2Testicular Cancer 3Cervical Cancer 4 | | | | | | Skin Cancer The overall incidence of skin cancer among middle aged men and women between 40 and 60 years of age has increased nearly eightfold between the years of 1970 and 2009, according to a study from the Mayo Clinic. Prevention and Detection 1.Avoid tanning beds 2. Use sunscreen 3. Perform frequent self-skin examinations 4. Have annual dermatological exams. Breast CancerThe term “breast cancer” refers to a malignant tumor that has developed from cells in the breast. Usually breast cancer either begins in the cells of the lobules, which are the milk-producing glands, or the...
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...Breast Cancer Amber Whitted COM/156 March 9, 2014 John Garot Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a rising concern with men and women in the United States, but with the right treatment and knowledge many lives have been saved. It has many forms and a possibility of growing rapidly. Do you know the signs and the treatment options that are available? Know these can save your life or a loved one’s life, as well. There are steps that you can take to lower your risk for breast cancer.” In 2013, according to the American Cancer Society there will be an estimated 299,200 new cases of breast cancer among men and women, and approximately 39,620 women are expected to die, and about 410 men will die. The five year relative survival rate for breast cancer patients has improved from 75% in the mid1970s to 90% today. Death rates have continued to decline since 1990. (American Cancer Society, 2013). Men are at a low risk for developing breast cancer. “The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2014, about 2,360 men in the United States will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and about 430 of those men will die. Breast cancer is 100 times less common for men than women” (American Cancer Society, 2013). However, breast cancer is the leading cancer among women in the United States, accounting for 29% of newly diagnosed cases. White women have a higher incidence rate than African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians, although, African Americans have the highest mortality...
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...The pancreas is located in the middle of the abdomen. It’s surrounded by the stomach, small intestine, liver and spleen. It’s about six inches long and shaped like a thin pear, wide at one end. It has three sections: wider right end is the head, the middle is the body and the left end is the tail. The pancreas has two functions; to make enzymes that help digest fats and proteins and the other, to produce insulin that controls the blood sugar level called glucose. It consists of Islet cells (1 of 3 types), which are endocrine glands. This means the Islet cells secret the insulin directly into the blood stream. The pancreas contains many more of these Islet cells than the body needs to maintain a normal insulin level. Even when half of the pancreas is removed, the blood sugar level can still remain normal. The pancreas is also made up of exocrine glands, which produce enzymes for digestion. When the blood sugar levels aren’t normal, it’s a disease called diabetes. Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is a deficiency of the hormone insulin or the inhibition of its action with the cells. The insulin acts like a bridge between the glucose and the cells. In the US there are about 16 million people who suffer from diabetes. It is the seventh most common cause of all deaths. Diabetes is most common in Native American females over 45 years of age. There are two main types of diabetes. The firsts is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In IDDM the body either doesn’t...
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...A prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Prostate cancer is cancer that forms in tissue in that gland, it usually occurs in older men. Cancer comes in forms of tumors, which is an abnormal growth of cells. Malignant tumors are the cancerous tumors of the two different types of tumors. Can cause pain and interfere with normal function, but they can also cause other systems in the body to act abnormally. Malignant tumors can invade nearby groups of cells or tissues, crowding out and destroying normal cells. Sometimes cancer cells can break away from the tumor and travel to other parts of the body. Body fluids that carry cancer cells from the tumor to other parts of the body are called lymph’s. Lymph is a fluid that drains waste from cells and filters unwanted substances such as cancer cells. Isolated or disseminated tumor cells are single or small groups of tumor cells that have been separated from the tumor and can be found in the blood, lymph, or bone marrow. Men have slightly less than 1 in 2 chances that they will develop some type of cancer during their lifetime. Approximately 77% of all cancers are diagnosed in persons aged 55 and older. The most frequently diagnosed cancer in men in the US is prostate cancer. ( (Disease)) Symptoms of prostate cancer are as follows, Weak or interrupted flow of urine, Frequent urination (especially at night).Trouble urinating, Pain or burning during urination, Blood in the...
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...Research has also found that more men are affected by brain cancer than women. There are two classifications of a brain tumor that are formed. One is called primary brain cancer. A primary brain tumor occurs when one type of cell changes it characteristics and multiplies in abnormal ways causing a tumor or mass to grow in the brain. The most common primary brain tumors are gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, vestibular schwannomas, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors. These brain tumors are called primary because they start and form in the brain. The second type of brain tumor is called metastatic brain cancer. Metastatic brain tumors are caused by cancerous cells in a tumor elsewhere in the body. These cancerous cells spread to the brain from a cancerous tumor in the body causing a cancerous tumor in the brain. This process is called metastasis. This process occurs in about twenty-five percent of tumors found in the body. There are many types of brain tumors. Not all tumors found in the brain are cancer. Tumors can be malignant (cancer) or benign (not cancer). A malignant tumor is a cancerous tumor that in some cases can spread to other parts of the brain. A benign tumor is a non-cancerous tumor found in the brain that does not spread. Just because a benign tumor is not cancer doesn’t mean it is not life threatening. Even with a benign tumor the skull cannot expand to accommodate for the mass growing inside. Even if a tumor is benign it still needs special...
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...division, thus forming a malignant mass. Carcinogenesis: Cancers consist of single clones or several clones of cells that are capable of partially (benign tumor) or fully (malignant cancer) independent growth in the host. The essence of carcinogenesis is the activation (deregulation) of genes that regulate cell growth via bypassing the host’s regulatory circuits. Multiple genes must be deregulated for the development of fully malignant tumors What causes cancer? Physical, chemical and biological agents may cause cancer. Cancer arises from the mutation of a normal gene. Mutated genes that cause cancer are called oncogenes. Carcinogens: Radiations: Ultraviolet light, X-rays, radioactive elements induce DNA damage and chromosome brakes. Chemicals: smoke and tar, countless chemicals that damage DNA (mutagens Oncogenic viruses: insert DNA or cDNA copies of viral (v) oncogens into the genome of host target cells. Hereditary: certain oncogenes are inheritable. Classification of cancer Benign tumor: do not spread from their site of origin, but can crowd out surrounding cells e.g. brain tumour, warts. Malignant tumours: can spread from the original site and cause secondary tumors. This is called metastasis. They interfere with neighbouring cells and can block blood vessels, the gut, glands, lungs etc. [pic] Tumor antigens: TA is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells. Mechanism of tumor antigenesis Normal proteins...
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...of Cancer In medical understanding, cancer is a malignant tumor that develops from epithelial cells, i.e. cells that cover almost all of human organs and tissues. The name of the disease is associated with the image of a crab or cancer, since tumor often produces arms in the surrounding tissue looking like the limbs of cancer. Cancer is the most frequent cause of death in economically developed countries. Approximately 12.7 million diagnoses of various cancer types are set every year, and over a half (7.6 million – 64 %) of oncology patients die (Jemal et al., 2011). Diagnosis and Staging Cancer may be of any disease group being characterized with uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells that may have spread throughout the body. It is believed that cancer develops from a single cell or a small group of cells after the changes that have occurred in their DNA - the genetic material that instructs cell behavior. Some cancers occur due to genetic abnormalities, and others are due to the action of carcinogens, environmental agents that can cause genetic mutations. Sometimes viruses interact with the cells genes and increase their chances of becoming malignant. Cells become cancerous when they are not able to perform their usual functions and interact with other cells, particularly respond to their signals. Cancer cells start to divide much quicker than common cells, forming cells masses – tumors. Malignant (cancerous) tumors are unable to respond to cells signals and due to...
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...A prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Prostate cancer is cancer that forms in tissue in that gland, it usually occurs in older men. Cancer comes in forms of tumors, which is an abnormal growth of cells. Malignant tumors are the cancerous tumors of the two different types of tumors. Can cause pain and interfere with normal function, but they can also cause other systems in the body to act abnormally. Malignant tumors can invade nearby groups of cells or tissues, crowding out and destroying normal cells. Sometimes cancer cells can break away from the tumor and travel to other parts of the body. Body fluids that carry cancer cells from the tumor to other parts of the body are called lymph’s. Lymph is a fluid that drains waste from cells and filters unwanted substances such as cancer cells. Isolated or disseminated tumor cells are single or small groups of tumor cells that have been separated from the tumor and can be found in the blood, lymph, or bone marrow. Men have slightly less than 1 in 2 chances that they will develop some type of cancer during their lifetime. Approximately 77% of all cancers are diagnosed in persons aged 55 and older. The most frequently diagnosed cancer in men in the US is prostate cancer. ( (Disease)) Symptoms of prostate cancer are as follows, Weak or interrupted flow of urine, Frequent urination (especially at night).Trouble urinating, Pain or burning during urination, Blood in the...
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...You have a brain tumor! This is a statement that I hope none of you every have to hear. But, unfortunately 8.2 out of every 100,000 people in the US have received this diagnosis according to the IRSA Website. A primary malignant brain tumor represents 2% of cancers diagnosed in the US. And even worse 13,000 Americans die from them each year…which is 2% of all cancer deaths per the IRSA website. So, tonight I would like to talk to you about one type of primary brain cancer that has affected my life personally. Glioblastoma Multiforeme…or as a June 6, 2000 article named it “ The Terminator” My mom was diagnosed with this cancer on Dec 30,2010 after showing signs that my family and I missed for months. My hopes are that by sharing the information that I have learned with each of you that you may be better educated in what to watch for, treatment options, prognosis and etc. Just in case it ever happens to you or someone you love. Let’s start with the facts. According to the IRSA website “Malignant tumors are life-threatening; they invade surrounding normal body tissue, and grow unusually rapidly”. “The tumor generally does not have a distinct border and may spread to other areas in the brain or spine…some of them to critical areas which can be life threatening immediately. Even benign tumors can be life-threatening because of their location. So, you might ask yourself…what causes a brain tumor? Tumors are caused by a change in the genetic structure or...
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...exactly is colon cancer? To answer this question, a brief look at cancer and how it develops is first warranted. The human body is comprised of millions of cells necessary to carry on the basic functions of life. Instructions in cellular DNA periodically tell these cells reproduce themselves in order for the human body to regenerate. Cancer occurs when the mechanism that regulates cell proliferation fails and the human body begins manufacturing large numbers of cells that cannot be utilized by the body. This process occurs within a specific organ and this is what causes the appearance of tumors. In essence, tumors are simply large quantities of healthy cells that the body has produced in excess. This is typically what happens in the case of colon cancer. Inside the colon, normal healthy cells begin replicating at an abnormal rate and form what is known as a polyp. Polyps are a form of benign tumor, which means that cells have accumulated in one place but have not invaded or damaged nearby tissue. Once a polyp has developed it may take several more years for colon cancer to appear. This is because, in the colon, the development of cancer follows a process of progression that covers a myriad of transformations for the polyp....
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...Adhesivenessof Normal and Tumor Cells . . Mechanisms of cellular locomotion .... ITltrastructure of cell contacts Biochemicalproperties oftumor cellmembranes 525 3. Disorganization. The malignant cells as they 525 multiply fail to form tissue of the arrangement 532 characteristic of their normal counterparts. 532 4. Persistent growth. The malignant cell popu 532 lation keeps up a continuous growth by mitosis. 532 534 LOCAL INVASIVENESS 534 We must first consider what is the mechanism 539 541 of movement of malignant cells when they invade 543 their immediate surroundings. Probably the main mechanism is active "amoeboid" cell locomotion, In recent years attention has been increasingly which was first recorded for cancer cells nearly a turning to the cell surface as the seat of an impor century ago. Since the advent of tissue culture it tant part of the malignant transformation. This has been observed in a very wide range of metawidening of the field of interest of cancer workers zoan cells. Until the mechanics of this style of owes its beginning largely to the work of Coman locomotion are better understood it seems prefer (34). Coman was concerned with how invasion and able to put the term "amoeboid" to one side and metastasis occur, and this crucial aspect of the to use the relatively noncommittal name "solidsubstrate locomotion." This emphasizes one essen cancer problem—crucial in the sense that it con cerns the difference between benign and malignant tial aspect of the mechanism...
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...Ductal Carcinoma Breast tissue can develop a multitude of both malignant and nonmalignant pathologies. Some of the malignant pathologies include ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma. Some nonmalignant pathologies of the breast include hematomas, lipomas, fibroadenomas, hamartoma, fat necrosis/oil cysts, and rim calcifications. The malignant and nonmalignant pathology of the breast that will be talked about are fibroadenomas and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are benign tumors that are composed of glandular and stromal breast tissue. These benign tumors are most common in women in their 20s and 30s but can occur in women of any age. Although fibroadenomas can be felt by the patient, some are only found by using imaging such as mammography or breast ultrasound (American Cancer Society, 2014). Fibroadenomas usually appear to be round with distinct borders on imaging. They can feel like a marble within the breast that can be moved under the skin. Some women may have only one tumor while other women may have multiple tumors. Fibroadenomas are also usually firm and not tender (American Cancer Society, 2014). The cause of fibroadenomas is still unknown, however they are more common in women of African American decent (MedlinePlus, 2013). Even with the distinct characteristics, a fibroadenoma can only be identified and diagnosed with certainty after a biopsy of the tissue...
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