...an area of accounting that provides management with relevant data. Discuss management’s use of this data for purposes of profit planning, policy formulation, and decision-making. It is essential to a business’s going concern that management executes proper profit planning, policy formulation and decision making. This is achieved with the help of tools such as cost-volume-profit (CVP) and break-even analysis. Break-even analysis determines the point at which revenue received equals the costs associated with receiving the revenue. Break-even analysis calculates what is known as a margin of safety, the amount that revenues exceed the break-even point. This is the amount that revenues can fall while still staying above the break-even point to ensure that profitability is maintained. The information used to determine and analyze the breakeven point includes fixed, variable and total costs and the associated sales revenues. A breakeven chart is a strategic tool used to plot the financial revenue of a business unit against time or sales to determine the point when sales output is equal to revenue generated. This is recognized as the breakeven point. It analyses the relationship between fixed and variable costs and to predict the effect on profitability of changes to those costs. The concept of CVP analysis examines the relationship among factors that impact on profits such as total revenue, total costs, and operating income. Specifically management can use CVP analysis to...
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...HEALTH FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT The Housekeeping Service department of Ruger Clinic, a multispecialty practice in Toledo, Ohio, had $100,000 in direct costs in 2007. These costs must be allocated to Ruger’s three revenue-producing patient services departments using the direct method. Two cost drivers are under consideration: patient services revenue and hours of housekeeping services used. The patient services departments generated $5million in total revenues in 2007, and to support these clinical activities, they used 5,000 hours of housekeeping services. 1) What is the value of cost pool? Sol)A critical part of cost measurement at the subunit level is the assignment or allocation, of indirect costs. Cost allocation is essentially a pricing process within the organization whereby managers allocate the costs of one department to other departments. To assign costs, two important elements must be identified: a cost pool and a cost driver. A cost pool is a grouping of costs that must be allocated. Hence the value of Cost pool for the above question is $100,000. 2) What is the allocation rate if: a. Patient services revenue is used as the cost driver? Sol) Allocation rate = Cost pool/patient services revenue = $ 100,000/$5,000,000 = $0.02 per dollar of patient services revenue. b. Hours of housekeeping services is used as the cost driver? Sol) Allocation rate = Cost pool/hours of housekeeping services ...
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...What is management accounting? Management accounting or managerial accounting is the process of identifying, analyzing, recording and presenting financial information that is used for internally by the management for planning, decision making and control. In contrast to financial accounting, managerial accounting is concerned with providing helpful information and reports to internal users such as managers and entrepreneurs, so that they can control and plan the business activities. According to the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), Management Accounting is "the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of information used by management to plan, evaluate and control within an entity and to assure appropriate use of and accountability for its resources. Management accounting also comprises the preparation of financial reports for non-management groups such as shareholders, creditors, regulatory agencies and tax authorities". For fulfilling the purpose of management accounting there are already many techniques and tools prevail in the market. The first management accounting tools and techniques contribute to the attainment of organizational objective is standard costing. Standard costing is an accounting system designed to properly allocate costs of direct labor, indirect labor, materials, overhead, and selling / general / administrative accounts on a unit basis for the purpose of accurately...
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...method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period. It requires managers to justify all budgeted expenditures, not just changes in the budget from the prior year. 4. Muster Budget: A set of interconnected budgets of sales, production costs, purchases, incomes etc. is called Master Budget. It also includes pro-forma financial statements. It serves as a planning and control tool of the organization. 5. Cash Budget: Estimation of cash inflows and out flows for a business or individual for a specific period of time is called Cash Budget. 6. Advantage of sell impose Budget: i. Individuals at all levels of the organization are viewed as members of the team whose judgments are valued by top management. ii. Budget estimates prepared by front-line managers are often more accurate than estimates prepared by top managers. iii. Motivation is generally higher when individuals participate in setting their own goals than when the goals are imposed from above. iv. A manager who is not able to meet a budget imposed from above can claim that it was unrealistic. Self-imposed budgets eliminate this excuse. Chapter-13 1. Differential cost: The difference between the cost of two alternative decisions or of a change in output levels is called Differential cost. The concept can be particularly useful in step...
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...states that Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) is the examination of numbers and values or more specifically the study of the effects of changes in costs and volume on a company's profits, it is at its most basic level so much more; it is essentially the study of relationships. It explores the production of a particular item along with its associated costs and production volumes and evaluates the relationship shared with a company’s ultimate goal; profit. Within this, “study of relationships,” it also examines the effects of change on the relationships between cost, volume and profit. Utilized properly, a CVP analysis can be a company’s greatest tool (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2011) The Components of CVP In order for CVP to be accurate, it makes certain assumptions, all of which must remain true and accurate for the CVP analysis also to remain true and accurate. To this end, the costs and resulting revenue must remain linear throughout the life of a product or more specifically, a particular production line. Costs are established as fixed or variable and are affected only by changes in activity. Finally, if a product or product line consists of two or more items, the relationship of all items involved must remain consistent. A thorough and proper CVP analysis considers the relationships shared among the components involved in production such as volume, level of activity, unit selling price, variable cost per unit, total fixed costs and sales mix. CVP becomes a determining factor...
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...making strategies through CVP analysis Standard Costing and Variance analysis: concept and objectives of standard costing, advantages and limitations, variance analysis (Material, labour, overheads and sales variance), practical applications Budgeting and budgetary control mechanism Activity based costing, Responsibility Accounting Target costing Objective Objective of this course is to help student understand: 1. The essence of management accounting-effective use of the accounting information for planning, control and business decision making. 2. To use cost accounting as a managerial tool for business strategy and implementation. 3. To understand analyse the costing tools and their business application for enhancing revenue and profitability of a firm,. 4. To analyse various aspects of costing such as, marginal costing, absorption costing, allocation of costs, standard costing and variance analysis, activity based costing, target costing etc. 5. To understand the process of decision making, planning and budgeting in a business organisation. Pedagogy Lectures Discussions on case studies Term Projects and presentations Discussion and presentation on published research papers on related topics. Text book: Management Accounting: Paresh Shah, OXFORD UNIVERSITY Press, Edition, Eighth impression 2012. Reference Books: 1. Managerial Accounting, by James Jiambalvo, third edition, pub. Wiley 2. Management Accounting, M Y Khan & P K Jain, Pub....
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...MARGINAL COSTING Introduction This paper explores the use of cost accounting information for decision-making purposes. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Marginal cost: This is the cost of a unit of a product or service, which would be avoided if that unit or service was not produced or provided Break-even point: This is the volume of sales where there is neither profit nor loss. 1 9 6 COST ACCOUNTING S T U D Y T E X T Margin of safety: This is the excess of sales over the break-even volume in sales. It states the extent to which sales can drop before losses begin to be incurred in a firm Contribution: This is the difference between sales value and the marginal cost of sales. To understand this topic, you need to understand the topic on cost behavior first. Marginal costing is built on cost behavior and terms. Of key importance are product costs, period costs, variable costs and fixed cost. Product costs are costs identified with goods produced or purchased for resale. Such costs are initially identified as part of the value of stock and only become expenses when the stock is sold. In contrast, period costs are costs that are deducted as expenses during the current period without ever being included in the value of stock held. We saw how product costs are absorbed into the cost of units of output. Now we describe marginal costing and compare it with absorption costing. Whereas absorption costing recognizes fixed costs (usually fixed production costs) as part of the...
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...MBA Accounting for Managers Fall 2015 Course Syllabus Faculty Jasmine Hsu Faculty Contact Details jhsu@jgu.edu.in Class Time and Venue as per the programme time table Course Description The goal of this course is to help you understand the role and application of accounting information in business and learn how managers can use external and internal accounting information for decision-making. This course aims to provide an overview of key principles and concepts in financial accounting and managerial accounting. Specific topics include: components of financial statements; financial statements analysis; product costing; costvolume-profit analysis; and budgeting. Course Objectives After completion of the course, you should be able to: Understand the roles of financial accounting (external) and managerial accounting (internal) Analyze financial reports, specifically the balance sheet, statement of profit and loss and statement of cash flow. Identify and apply key financial ratios to financial statement analysis. Identify and apply basic elements of cost concepts, product costing and cost-volumeprofit (CVP) analysis to management decision-making process. Understand key considerations during the budgeting process and budgetary control. Course Materials Narayanswami (2014): “Financial Accounting: A Managerial Perspective”, Prentice-Hall Pvt Ltd., 5th edition, New Delhi (FA) Jiambalvo (2013):” Managerial Accounting”, Wiley India, 5th...
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...–AMMAN –JORDAN FALL-2011. Key words :managerial accounting , cost accounting , CVP. o "USEFULNESS OF COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYISI AS AMANGERIAL CONCEPT" 1 DR.MOADE SHUBITA "USEFULNESS OF COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYISI AS AMANGERIAL Concept" By samya Alakhdar , Dr . Moade Shubita , NYIT –AMMAN –JORDAN FALL-2011. Key words :managerial accounting , cost accounting , CVP. TOPICS TO COVER: ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION PROBLEM ASSUMPTION UNDERLYING CVP ANALYSISI THE CONTRIBUTION MARGIN. CONTRIBUTION MARGIN INCOME STATEMENT DEFINE THE BREAKEVEN POINT WHAT IS THE C.M RATIO. THE IMPORTANCE of UNIT CONTRIBUTION MARGINE DETERMINATI SOME APPLICATIONS OF CM “WHAT IF “ANALYSIS ON OF TARGET INCOME AND TAXES MOS- MARGINE OF SAFETY CHOOSING THE COST STRUCTURE TO DECREASE COST ULTIMATELY DEGREE OF OPERATING LEVERAGE DEGREE OF OPERATING LEVERAGE IMPORTANCE FOR MANAGERS SALES MIX . CASE TO STUDY. LIMITATION OF CVP CONCLOUSION REFERENCES 2 DR.MOADE SHUBITA "USEFULNESS OF COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYISI AS AMANGERIAL Concept" By samya Alakhdar , Dr . Moade Shubita , NYIT –AMMAN –JORDAN FALL-2011. Key words :managerial accounting , cost accounting , CVP. ABSTRACT: In order to cope with many planning decisions managers use cost volume profit analysis , They find it an extremely useful measurement in a variety of ways . The present paper aimed to: Increase the understanding of usefulness of CVP concept. Increase the understanding of budgets...
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...ISSUES IN ACCOUNTING EDUCATION Vol. 19, No. 4 November 2004 pp. 555–565 The ALLTEL Pavilion Case: Strategy and CVP Analysis Edward Blocher and Kung H. Chen ABSTRACT: The ALLTEL Pavilion case is intended for the undergraduate management accounting or cost accounting course and the M.B.A. management accounting course. It provides an excellent context in which to examine strategic issues in using cost volume profit (CVP) in a service business. Based on an actual entertainment pavilion, the case develops many factors unique to a service business and illustrates how pavilion management can use CVP analysis to determine which artists to attract and what kinds of contracts to have with these performers. The Pavilion has two types of customers (paying ticket holders and free ticket holders) and earns profits from three types of revenues (ticket revenues, concession revenues, and parking fees). The case requires you to identify the best strategy for different types of artists, conduct cost-volume-profit analyses, consider the strategic issues related to operating leverage and how this affects the choice of performer and contract, and assess pricing strategies. O ne day in early November, Pam Berg, Manager of the ALLTEL Pavilion, was reviewing the operating results for the year just completed in preparation for the executive board meeting the following Friday. While the year ended in the black, she was disappointed that the ALLTEL Pavilion failed to earn the budgeted...
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...ON CVP ANALYSIS IN BANK Submitted to Dr. Harunur Rashid Professor Department of Accounting and Information Systems University of Chittagong Submitted by Md. Ariful Hoque B.B.A. (Hons.): 4th Year. Class Roll: 4541 Exam Roll: 2004 /42 Session: 2003-2004 Department of Accounting and Information Systems University of Chittagong Date of submission: August 25, 2009 Letter of Submission To Dr. Harunur Rashid Professor Department of Accounting and Information Systems University of Chittagong. Subject: Submission of Term Paper report on “CVP analysis in Bank.” Sir, With the greatest pleasure, I would like to submit my report on “CVP analysis in Bank” I have tried my best to gain practical experience and also tried to reflect the same in report with my limited scope and knowledge. I wish your hearty consideration, if there is any deviation in my report. I wish to thank for your friendly co-ordination to make the program success. Yours truly, ____________________ (Md. Ariful Hoque) B.B.A. (Hons.): 4th Year. Class Roll: 4541 Exam Roll: 2004 /42 Session: 2003-2004 Department of Accounting and Information Systems University of Chittagong PREFACE The Term Paper is a program that is common for the B.B.A. student. As students of the Commerce Faculty we got adventurous touch of the program under our department of AIS. The program...
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...Accounting System in a Company Almost all the countries in the world allow foreign companies to compete with domestic firms nowadays, which make the costs of spending in the international trade plummet over the past decades. However, global markets provide more potential for the competitive companies. In other words, the companies have to face more challenges. If they can’t win the game, they will vanish from the global market. It is not a game winning by the capital; it is a competition with wisdom, good customer service, and in-time decision and so on. If they can get some useful information, selecting them among a great deal of data, papers, reports or something else to help them make a right decision on one project, they will get benefits from it and win in the commercial battle. Do you think the accounting information is important for you to make the right decision? The accounting sources can show you a lot of valuable information which are the right things you are looking for. You can make use of these resources to make a suitable financial planning for the coming action of the company, analyze through the data to determine how much money you should spend in different units and how many products you need to sell to reach your target profits, and broaden your vision and your strategies into specific goals. Why does a company need accounting? In the intense competition between rival companies, a corporation needs to gain more market and increase more profits...
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...between Fixed and Variable Costs Used in a Flexible Budget There are two main costs that need to be managed to budget which are fixed costs and variable cost. No matter how much merchandise is sold or how many services are offered fixed costs do not change. These costs are things such as rent, insurance and salaries. Regardless if the business is not making enough profit these costs have to be paid. Variable cost can change according to how many products are made. Variable costs change according to output. Fixed costs behave much differently than variable costs. Remember that a relevant range of activity is the range in which actual operations are likely to occur. A cost is fixed only within a limited time. For planning purposes, management usually considers an annual period: Fixed costs are expected to be constant within the period. Fixed costs change when activity exceeds the relevant range. Many costs demonstrate both variable and fixed behavior characteristics. Variable costs vary in...
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...survive. The Cost Volume Profit Analysis is the dominant and most cost efficient way of doing so. By understanding the economic concerns of cost structure, contribution margin, and break-even sensitivity, a business can create a decision model to enhance the company’s productivity. A brief outline is required in understanding the Cost Volume Profit analysis (or CVP) and creating a decision model. In a very general outlook, the CVP looks at how fixed, variable, and mixed costs change with changes in sales volume. The main goal is to determine what factors control costs and see how management can use this information to improve planning and control activity. The first step in any CVP analysis is picking an activity base relation to the nature of the company’s operation. For example, a retail operation may use output while a manufacturing operation may use input as their base. After establishing a base, it is required for the company to identify all fixed, variable, and overhead costs. This is not an easy task, as what is to be measured one category of cost may change in a different environment. The CVP looks at how both of these costs affect the operating income. Each cost...
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...particularly large because his company has too much fixed cost. Required: a. Expand on John’s thought. How are the large losses related to fixed costs? In management accounting, fixed costs are defined as expenses that do not change as a function of the activity of a business, within the relevant period. For example, a retailer must pay rent and utility bills irrespective of sales. In John’s case, I will assume that he will have a Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis performed. I would hope also that this analysis would be performed on each of his businesses in the three states that he operates within and at a corporate level. No company should go on gut feelings when it comes to saving their business and this could be the situation for John. Cost-Volume-profit (CVP), in managerial economics is a form of cost accounting. It is a simplified model, useful for elementary instruction and for short-run decisions. Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis expands the use of information provided by breakeven analysis. A critical part of CVP analysis is the point where total revenues equal total costs (both fixed and variable costs). At this breakeven point (BEP), a company will experience no income or loss. In this exercise, John has expressed large losses in his business. This BEP can be an initial examination that precedes more detailed CVP analysis. This is...
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