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CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Research is the process of arriving at dependable solution through the systematic investigation into a subject or problem, event or phenomenon.
This project is an examination of the effects of taxes on pricing, profitability and goals of manufacturing companies.
The objective of this chapter is basically to present a comprehensive description of the means by which necessary data are derived and the methods that were adopted for the presentation and also subsequent analysis of the project data.

3.2 METHODOLOGY The chapter entails the method used in the collection of data.
The information derived from this research work was classified into primary and secondary data. This method of classification was found convenient for the presentation of this research work.
The primary data constituted personal interview, which aim at providing fresh information valuable to this research. The secondary data constituted an intensive study of related literature, which actually made the research work conclusive. An extensive desk research was carried out on publication, newspaper, journals, internet, government gazettes and published materials on taxation. Libraries were also visited in the course of information gathering, libraries visited includes Lagos state Polytechnic Library and Library of The Institute of Chartered Accountant (ICAN) Lagos.

3.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS i. Does company tax affect the profitability of manufacturing firm? ii. Does company tax affect the level of dividend payment to shareholders? iii. Is the price of a product increased proportionately to absorb the company income tax? 3.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
HO: Company tax does not affect the profitability of manufacturing firms.
H1: Company tax affects the profitability of manufacturing firm.
HO: Company tax does affect the level of dividend payment to shareholders
H1: Company tax affects the level of dividend payment to shareholders.
HO: The price of a product is not increased proportionately to absorb the Company Income tax.
H1: The price of a product is increased to absorb the company income tax.

3.5 RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the information needed. It is the over-all operational pattern or framework of the project that stipulates what information is to be collected, from which source and by what procedures.
Research data is either primary or secondary, depending on the source of the information.
This research study was conducted by grouping data under the following heading; primary data and secondary data.

PRIMARY DATA
Primary data is information collected by the researcher directly through instruments such as surveys, interviews, focus groups or observation. Tailored to his specific needs, primary research provides the researcher with the most accurate and up-to-date data. Merits of primary data include:
i. It gives current and quality data; ii. It prevent the use of outdated information and; iii. It takes cognizance of the appropriate geographical coverage of the survey.
The demerits of primary data are:
i. Takes a lot of time and; ii. Consume lots of manpower and other resources for collecting the data. This research work is field study and as such personal interviews were used as basic means of obtaining primary data needed for the research study.
Primary interviews were conducted with some staffs/officers of the firm (GlaxoSmithKline Nigeria Plc).
In preparing the questions, case was taking to draft relevant questions, which will aid the researcher to test the hypothesis. The purpose of the primary data was to make provisions for the inadequacy of some of the secondary data, which were not available.

SECONDARY DATA
It refers to the statistical material which is not originated by the investigator himself but obtained from someone else's records. This type of data is generally taken from newspapers, magazines, bulletins, reports, journals etc. Secondary data are those already in existence for some other purpose than the answering of the question in hand.
The merits of secondary data include:
i. It already exists, so it saves time. ii. It is often cheaper than doing primary research. iii. It may allow you access to data you could not otherwise get.

The demerits of secondary data are:
i. There may be biases in the data that you don't know about. ii. Its answers may not exactly fit your research questions.
Using the secondary data, a survey of some existing related materials was carried out on the research topic. Some of these materials (documents) were taking from textbooks, newspapers, magazines, decrees and statues as well as present and past copies of the Federal Annual Budgets.
The collection of data for this research work involved a wide range of research tools. These include:
. Interviews
. Questionnaire
. Library research

Interviews: The methods of interview involved drafted questions, which are related to the subject matter. The Deputy Accountant of GlaxoSmithKline Nigeria Plc, and the Internal Audit manager were interviewed since they were considered experts and vast in the knowledge of the subject matter.
Questionnaire: This consists of questionnaire (question & answer) designed and drafted to be answered by people concerned. It is one of the three ways by which data could be obtained or collected. It is very simple and easy to understand, it is very useful in obtaining valid data for small or large group of people and that is the main reason why it is used in this project.
Library Research: Adequate use of the library of the following institutions was made: Lagos State Polytechnic, and Institute of Chartered Accountant of Nigeria (ICAN).

3.6 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
The questionnaires are used to gather data and information. To analyze data and information made available tables would be constructed and the percentage distribution of the information gathered would be calculated.
Chi-square would be used to test relationship between the variable. The hypotheses are formulated from a negative and positive position that is, a null hypotheses (Ho). The differed hypothesis for the given one is called alternative hypothesis (Hi) procedures will be carried out to enable a decision to be reached whether to accept or reject the hypothesis. This is known as test of significance. They are mathematically expressed defined as:

Simple percentage (%) = No of respondent X 100
Total Nos of respondents Chi-Square (X2) = ∑ (Oi-Oj) F
Where:
∑ = is the summation Oi = is the observed frequency Oj = is the expected frequency

3.7 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
Population can be defined as the number in totally of people in a given geographical location. According to canal, population depicts any group of people or objects which are similar in one or more ways which forms the subject of the study in a particular survey.
Before research is possible, the population to be surveyed must be clearly defined. With regards to this study, the population embodies a particular manufacturing company (GlaxoSmithKline Nigeria Plc) as a case study. This has facilitated the obtaining of accurate and current information used for analysis.

3.8 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
In order to actualize the purpose of this project, it is crucial to analyze the various data and information gathered from the field.
With respect to primary data, a simple size of thirty 30 officials were randomly chosen from the above mentioned firm and departments for the administration of interview on the questionnaire distributed to them and for the examination of records and this was made through by simple random techniques.
The firm has seven departments, which include internal Audit Department, Administration Department, Production Department, Material Control Department, Account Department, Marketing Department and Research, and Development Department. Each department has a minimum of fourteen (14) workers selected numbers of five (5) workers was interviewed from each department and all responded in good faith.

3.9 SAMPLING OF POPULATION
Sampling is a technique of a scientific process used in selecting a sample from the entire population as to draw a relatively valid conclusion about its attributions. This will enable the research to reduce the population to management size of the purpose of the study. Random sampling has been persistently used in this study that it deserves some justification.

According to James R. Taylor (1988), random sampling is that portion of drawing a portion (or sample) of a population or a universal so that each member of the population or universe has an equal chance of being selected. In other words, in a random sampling, all possible samples of fixed size have the probability of being selected. A sample drawn at random is unbiased in the sense that no member of the population has any more chance of being selected than other any member.

Simple and random sampling techniques were used for this research. Like any other viz stratified sampling, systematic, quota sampling has its own weakness. The greatest of this is random error, which can itself be reduced by increasing the sample size.

3.10 CONSTRIANT
Information: Since the promulgation of Company Income Tax Act (CITA) in 1979, there has been a series of amendments, but the government press that could readily be used as a reference sources has made no collective publication. It was difficult to have a sequence of the various development of the different tax law within the period.

Extraction of Data: A likely source of data from manufacturing companies is their published annual accounts. The term tax liabilities reflects grossed up tax liability and as such it was difficult to identity, which tax, made the most significant impact.

Data Collection: Government for tax purposes would use the reluctance of the Nigeria work force to provide required information sometimes felt information given out.

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