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Cercetarea de marketing

1) Definirea cercetarii de marketing, continutul si sfera cercetarilor de markegting Orice activitate de marketing trebuie sa aiba ca punctde plecare cercetarea. Nu se poate face lansarea unui produs, adoptarea unei strategii de piata, de cucerire a unor noi segmente de piata fara ca in prealabil sa se realizeze o cercetare amanuntita a tuturor factorilor, variabilelor care pot influenta si pot asigura succesul activitatii respective. Activitatea de marketing are in vedere anticiparea miscarilor, deplasarilor, mutatiilor ce au loc pe piata dar si in cadrul intern al firmei. Aceste informatii care au specialistilor in marketing viziunea asupra raporturilor dintre firma si mediu, sunt furnizate de activitatea de cercetare. Exista mai multe definiri ale conceptului de cercetare de marketing, de exemplu: Asociatia Americana de Marketing defineste cercetarea de marketing ca pe un proces prin care se asigura adunarea sistematica, inregistrarea si analizarea datelor despre problemele legate de marketingul bunurilor si serviciilor. O alta definitie a lui Kotler si Armstrong, considera ca cercetarea de marketing este functia care leaga consumatorul, clientul si publicul, de specialistul in marketing. Informatiile obtinute in cadrul cercetarii de marketing sunt folosite: - pentru a identifica oportunitatile si problemele de marketing; - pentru a genera, a imbunatati si a evalua activitatea de marketing; - pentru a monitoriza performantele de marketing; - pentru a imbunatati intelegerea proceselor de marketing. Rolul cercetarilor de marketing este divers si complex, astfel: - cercetarea de marketing trebuie facuta pentru realizarea unei orientari a firmei in domeniul productiei, a structurii, calitatii produselor, serviciilor oferite populatiei; - cercetarile de marketing sunt sunt orientate spre desfacerea produselor si serviciilor pe piata interna, eventual spre patrunderea pe alte piete, chiar pe piete internationale in cadrul carora se manifesta o concurenta acerba; - cercetarile de marketing trebuie sa fundamenteze activitatea promotionala a produselor firmei care trebuie sa fie eficienta si oportuna; - cercetarile de marketing contribuie la fundamentarea investitiilor firmei in sensul ca, cunoscand cerintele pietei, ce structura de produse, si ce produse si la ce calitate se cer pe piata, se fundamenteaza anumite NU INTELEG pe principiul NU INTELEG respectiv: acthizitionarea de utilaj, de tehnologii noi, realizarea unor NU INTELEG de produse necesare pentru noile produse care se vor lansa. - Informatiile obtinute in timpul cercetarii contribuie si la programarea rentabilitatii firmei In opinia specialistului englez R. Birn, cercetarile de marketing trebuie sa se indrepte in doua directii: 1. planificarea la nivel de firma prin obtinerea de informatii necesare pentru luarea unor decizii pe permen mediu si lung; 2. revizionarea pietei. Aria cercetarilor de marketing se axeaza in principal pe piata, dar aceasta nu este limitata, trebuind sa se ia in considerare si alte domenii care pot influenta activitatea si rezultatele firmei. Domeniile principale ale cercetarii de marketing sunt: 1. Firma – avand in vedere obiectivele, strategiile, tacticile acesteia, resursele umane, financiare, informationale, materiale, de care dispune,calitatea managementului; 2. Piata – este de fapt doemniul cel mai important avand in vedere dimensiunile pietelor, localizarea lor, structurile si tipurile de piete, corelatiile dintre cerere si oferta de pe piata, diferiti factori de influenta de pe piata, etc. 3. Studierea nevoilor de consum si de utilizare 4. Comportamentul consumatorului are in vedere factorii care influenteaza comportamentul 5. Cercetarea mix-ului de Marketing imbinarea celor 4p (produs, pret, plasare si promovare) 6. Conjunctura economico-sociala in care se desfasoara activitatea firmei – inflatie, somaj, marire venituri, disponibilizari, vanzarea firmelor de la stat la particular, etc.

2) Tipologia cercetarilor de marketing Cercetarile de marketing se pot clasifica dupa mai multe criterii: 1. dupa natura surselor de informatie avem: a. cercetari de birou – se bazeaza pe date statistice, anuare, documente sau studii elaborate anterior, etc.; b. cercetari de teren – se fac pe teren, pe piata prin contact nemijlocit cu purtatorii de informatii, utilizand diferite metode (chestionare, interogare, fotografie, observatii, instantanee); 2. dupa obiectul cercetarii existente: a. cercetari exploratorii – pentru identificarea coordonatelor fenomenelor de piata, si a factorilor de influenta. Se realizeaza prin studii pilot, experimente de laborator; b. cercetari instrumentale – realizate pentru confirmarea sau infirmarea folosirii unor anumite metode sau tehnici de catre marketing; c. cercetari descriptive – urmaresc descrierea unui anumit fenomen de piata fara identificarea cauzelor; d. cercetari explicative cauzale – se bazeaza pe principiul cauza-efect; e. cercetari predictive – au scopul previzionarii unui fenomen pe piata, pe termen lung. 3. dupa frecventa desfasurarii: a. cercetari permanente – au grad de complexitate mai mic si care urmaresc informarea curenta a agentilor economici; b. cercetari periodice – care se desfasoara la anumite intervale de timp, au un caractere mai complex, privind evolutia unuia sau mai multor fenomene de pe piata; c. cercetari ocazionale – se fac cu prilejul lansarii unui produs sau a unui serviciu, cu anumite ocazii, etc..

Organizarea cercetarii de marketing trebuie sa permita stabilirea oportunitatii unei cercetari de marketing in procesul de fundamentare si adapatare al deciziei, elaborarea variantelor posibile de cercetare, alegerea varianteri optime pe baza careia sa se poata face organizarea propriu-zisa a cercetarii. Ccercetarea de marketing se realizeaza pe esantioane, pe subcolectivitati, cu caracter de reprezentativitate, avand in vedere faptul ca ea nu se poate realiza la nivelul intregii piete, nivelul intrebului segment de piata pe care-l priveste. Pentru a fi eficiente in viziunea profesorului Kotler, cercetarile de marketing parcurg urmatoarele etape: 1. Definirea problemei care trebuie rezolvata, si a obiectivelor – are o importanta deosebita daca problema este bine definita, atunci cand cercetarea va avea un punct de plecare optim, dar daca problema este definita vag, cei care caracterizeaza nu vor sti incotro sa se indrepte. Obiectivele sunt foarte variate. Exista un obiectiv central si mai multe derivate din cel central. Exemplu: cunoasterea cererii pentru un produs Identificarea a noi piete de desfacere Pentru definirea corecta a problemei si obiectvelor, este necesara o colaborare buna intre executant si beneficiar. Exemplu: daca intr-o firma au scazut vanzarile unui anumit produs, aceasta este problema si trebuie identificate cauzele care au dus la aceasta situatie. 2. Planificarea cercetarii are in vedere mai multe aspecte: a. alegerea surselor de informare; b. alegerea metodelor de cercetare; c. alegerea instrumentelor de cercetare; d. dimensionarea esantioanelor; e. metode de contractare a respondentilor. Sursele de informatii pot fi primare sau secundare. Dupa provenienta, ele pot fi informatii din surse externe si din surse interne. Metode de cercetare: observarea, ancheta, experimentul de marketing. Instrumente: chestionarele, referitor la dimensionarea esantionului, marimea acestora depinde de marimea populatiei si de precizia cu care vrem sa se desfasoare cercetarea. 3. Colectarea informatiilor - in aceasta etapa se realizeaza din punct de vedere organizatoric, structura activitatii de cercetare respective. Cine?, unde?, cand? si ce?. - in aceasta etapa pot apare unele neajunsuri in sensul ca unii respondenti dau informatii gresite intentionat sau neintentionat; altii nuvor sa raspunda, altii nu sunt de gasit; o alta deficienta este atunci cand cei care realizeaza ancheta nu sunt obiectivi. 4. Analizarea informatiilor – folosind diferite metode, se valorifica tot volumul de informatii obtinute in etapele precedente. 5. Redactarea studiului si prezentarea rezultatelor – aceasta etapa trebuie sa prezinte rezultatele sistematic si sugestiv pentru a incita la actiune, respectiv pentru a trece la evaluarea efectiva a cercetarii de marketing.

Metode si tehnici utilizate pentru culegerea si analiza informatiilor in cercetarea de marketing

Deoarece cercetarea de marketing este foarte complexa si prezinta o importanta deosebita pentru firma, alegerea metodei ce se va folsi, prezinta o importanta foarte mare. Dar orice activitate de cercetare incepe de la stabilirea modului de masurare a fenomenului cercetat pentru a avea un etalon. 1. Masurarea in cercetarile de marketing – este un proces de exprimare sumbolica numerica sau nenumerica a gradului care un fenomen are o anumita proprietate sau caracteristica (prof. Nicolescu). Procesul de masurare foloseste ca instrument de lucru scala care trebuie sa permita diferentierea si sa fie inteligibila. Scalele se pot si ele diferentia dupa mai multe criterii. Cel mai des se utilizeaza criteriile proprietatii de masurare dupa care avem: - Scala nominala – care permite clasificarea in doua sau mai multe grupe dupa apartenenta si calitatea in cadrul categoriei respective a subiectilor analizati. (batrani- tineri, consumatori – neconsumatori) - Scala ordinara – asigura determinarea ierarhizarii obiectivelor, subiectilor consumatori dupa un anumit criteriu ( fara a stabili distanta dintre componente) o Exemplu: in functie de preferintele unui anumit produs - Scala de interval – permite atat staibilirea ordinii cat si a marimii distantei dintre elementele ierarhizate. Se foloseste aici in mod frecvent indicele (al pretului, dezvoltarii umane, al dobanzii) - Scala de raportare – permite efectuarea de comparatii intre cotele de piata, intre venituri, intre varstele persoanelor, etc. Colectarea informatiilor cu ajutorul tipurilor de scale mentionate, necesita folosirea unor tehnici de scalare care se pot grupa astfel: - tehnici de scalare prin care datele ordinare de baza permit prin prelucrare, utilizarea scalelor interval, enumerandu-se: metoda comparatiilor perechi, metoda ierarhizarii rangurilor, metoda selectionarii pe cateogrii de obiective, etc. - tehnici de scalare care permit estimarea directa a valorilor dupa scala.
Exemplu: diferentiala schematica, scala lui Likert, metoda Fishbein-Rosenberg

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