...Approximately 17 million Americans have diabetes.(Lamb) As many as one-half are unaware they have it. This chronic disease causes serious health complications including renal failure, heart disease, stroke, and blindness. It is a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced. Then glucose in the blood is not able to be absorbed into the cells of the body.(Kishore) The cells in the human body need energy in order to function. Glucose is the body's primary energy source. It is a simple sugar resulting from the digestion of foods containing carbohydrates. It circulates in the blood from the foods that are digested as a ready energy source for any cells that need it. Insulin is a hormone or chemical produced by cells in the pancreas, it is located behind the stomach. It bonds to a receptor site on the outside of cell and goes into the cell through which glucose can enter. Glucose can be saved for later use by converting to concentrated energy sources like glycogen or fatty acids. When there is not enough insulin produced , glucose stays in the blood rather entering the cells. The body will attempt to dilute the high level of glucose in the blood, which called hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia acts by drawing water out of the cells and into the bloodstream, to dilute the sugar and excrete it in the urine. People with undiagnosed diabetes to be constantly thirsty, drink large quantities of water, and urinate...
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...Diabetes Management February 2015 A Word About Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1 What Is It? Diabetes is a common disorder. It’s marked by high blood sugar. Insulin controls how much sugar stays in your blood. The pancreas makes the hormone insulin. People who have type 1 diabetes can no longer make this hormone. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. Most people with diabetes have type 2. Type 1 diabetes often starts in childhood. But, it can start in adulthood. Type 2 diabetes often starts after age 40. In type 2, the cells of the body do not use insulin well. Obese people are at risk for type 2. Now we will talk about type 1. Diabetes Symptoms The following symptoms are typical of diabetes. However, people with diabetes type 2 maybe so mild they may go undetected. Common symptoms of diabetes: Urinating often Feeling very thirsty Feeling very hungry – even though you are eating Extreme fatigue Blurry vision Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal Weigh loss- even though you are eating more Tingling, pain in the hands/feet Early detection and treatment of diabetes can decrease the risk of developing complications of diabetes. What Your Doctor Looks For Your doctor may test your blood sugar if you have any symptoms of diabetes. Other blood tests include: A1C. This tests average blood sugar over the past two to three months. Cholesterol and triglycerides. The results can help your doctor assess your heart disease...
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...understand how the two forms of diabetes mellitus differ. Maintaining proper levels of insulin is critical for diabetes patients. The means by which insulin can be regulated depends upon which type of diabetes a patient has. Complete the chart with a 25- to 50-word response for each box. |Form of diabetes |Age of onset |Defects in insulin and effects on glucose |Risk factors |Prevention and treatment | | | |metabolism | | | |Type I: Insulin-dependent diabetes |Usually prior |Insulin is needed so that the cells can use |Some risk factors include a family history of|There is no way to prevent type I diabetes. | |mellitus |to age 30 |the sugars in the blood for energy. This type|type I diabetes, genetics, viral exposure, |However, researchers are working on | | | |is caused by the body not manufacturing |having a mother 25 years old or younger when |preventing the disease or allowing further | | | |enough or any insulin, which makes the |she gave birth to the child, the mother had |destruction of the islet cells in patients | | ...
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...not within normal range and patient is also at risk for heart disease. Methods for diagnosis First one can do a spot test using a fasting plasma glucose test and is found to be positive if it is greater than 126. Secondly, an order of two-hour glucose test known as oral glucose tolerance test greater than 200 is positive for diabetes. Lastly if the random glucose plasma level is tested and found to be greater than 200, with demonstrated symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, or polyphagia diabetes can be diagnosed. Functions of insulin Insulin is responsible for assisting the body in the storage of fat by taking lipids from blood into the cells. Additionally, it is responsible for the regulation of glucose by transporting glucose from the blood into the muscles, and liver. Insulin also aids in gluconeogenesis Type1 vs Type 2 DM Type 1 is known to be caused by the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells within the pancreas leading to diabetes. Type 2 is a progressive destruction of the beta cells due to increased glucose levels, leading to a decreased production of insulin over time. Type 1 diabetics require exogenous insulin. However, type 2 have some endogenous supply of insulin but may require additional coverage to reduce glucose levels. Risk factors Risk factors include a positive family history, obesity, poor diet with a sedentary lifestyle, being of African American, Hispanic, Native American or Asian background, gestational diabetes, previous...
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...Nursing care plans for Diabetes Mellitus Submitted by lifenurses on Monday, 4 January 2010 2 Comments Nursing care plans for Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the level of blood glucose is persistently raised above the normal range. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome with disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia due to either a deficiency of insulin secretion or to a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to compensate. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two primary forms: type 1, characterized by absolute insufficiency, and the more prevalent type 2, characterized by insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (ADA], Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, 2003. Causes for Diabetes Mellitus The cause of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes remains unknown, although genetic factors may play a role. Diabetes mellitus results from insulin deficiency or resistance. Insulin transports glucose into the cell for use as energy and storage as glycogen. It also stimulates protein synthesis and free fatty acid storage. Insulin deficiency or resistance compromises the body tissues’ access to essential nutrients for fuel and storage. The resulting hyperglycemia can damage many of the...
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...Evidence Based Nutrition Principles For Diabetes Mellitus Management Evidence Based Nutrition for Diabetes Mellitus Management Dietary management in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) and those at risk for DM requires greater attention especially given current trends that suggest 1 in 3 people will have diabetes by 2050 (Benson et. Al., 2011). Type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90-95% of diagnosed cases, and the underlying metabolic problem that insinuates this disease is obesity (Vojta, De Sa, & Prospect, 2012). Obesity is accountable for the increase in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 DM across all ages (Reisin, 2010). If left untreated and unmanaged, DM can potentiate nerve and blood vessel damage with eventual blindness, kidney damage, limb amputations, and cardiovascular complications leading to stroke and heart attack (2012). Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) can assist people to combat obesity, the major catalyst of this disease, in order to prevent diabetes, manage existing diabetes, and slow the onset of diabetes-related complications (Morris & Wylie, 2010). Since a major component of MNT is dietary management, extensive research has been conducted on what dietary guidelines assist in preventing the onset of DM 2 and in controlling existing DM 1 and 2. Before the discovery of insulin in 1922, low-carbohydrate diets were used as a sole means of controlling DM (Spritzler, 2012). Today, this method of control is still implemented; however...
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...Diabetes Mellitus Christa Hackett SOC 313 Sabrina Geoffrion June 17, 2013 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic, incurable condition of carbohydrate metabolism that involves an imbalance of the supply and demand for insulin; it is the most common of all endocrine conditions (Laffel & Wood, 2007; Olefsky, 2001). Diabetes is a common health condition that affects millions throughout the universe. Diabetes affects millions of people in different and diverse ethnic groups. In the United States diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death. Diabetes is a growing problem in the US and it is becoming an epidemic. There are 3 types of diabetes mellitus, Type-1, Type-2, and Gestational Diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is insulin dependent and accounts for at least 10% of diagnosed cases. In Type 1 diabetes the immune system makes it hard for the body to produce insulin. With no insulin the body cannot transform sugar from food into nutrients for cells. When excess sugar collects in the blood stream, it may eventually cause premature death and heavy damage to organs. Type-1 diabetes can affect adults and children suddenly and require supplemental insulin, a carefully planned diet and exercise regimen. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in young adults, teenagers, and children. Type 1 diabetes happens when the body’s immune system strike and destroys cells in the pancreas, the organ which is located behind the lower part of the stomach. These beta cells commonly produce insulin, the hormone...
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...Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus, most commonly known as “Diabetes” is a chronic disease associated with abnormally high levels of the sugar (Glucose) in the blood. Glucose is the main source of energy for the body's cells. The levels of glucose in the blood are controlled by a hormone called insulin, which is made by the pancreas. Insulin helps glucose enter the cells. In diabetes, the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body can't respond normally to the insulin that is produced, this causes glucose levels in the blood to rise, leading to symptoms such as increased urination, extreme thirst, and unexplained weight loss. Type I diabetes, sometimes called juvenile diabetes begins mostly in childhood or adolescence. In this form of diabetes, the body produces little or no insulin. It is characterized by a sudden onset and occurs more frequently in populations descended from Northern European countries (Finland, Scotland, Scandinavia) than in those from Southern European countries, the Middle East, or Asia. In the United States, approximately three people out of 1,000 develop Type I diabetes. This form also is called insulin-dependent diabetes because people who develop this type need to have daily injections of insulin. Brittle diabetics are a subgroup of Type I where patients have frequent and rapid swings of blood sugar levels between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. These patients usually require several injections of different types of insulin during...
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...Education on Wound Care for Diabetic Patients Education on Wound Care for Diabetic Patients Abstract Non-compliance of wound care management has increased the risk of infection and amputations. Diabetes wound care management is an important and fundamental aspect when it comes to diabetes teaching and education. Assessment of the feet daily and at a primary care office will provide information such as noncompliance, risks for neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, macro-vascular disease, and possible amputation. Education provided by health care practitioners to the diabetic population will promote decrease in risk for further complications and the patient to be involved in their own care. Assessment, treatment, and education on wound care management with the involvement of the patient will increase the patient’s quality of life and be very beneficial to both the practitioner and the patient. Keywords: diabetic wound care management, diabetic ulcer care, outpatient diabetes management, diabetic care management Introduction Working in a primary care setting will involve a multitude of disease processes- diabetes mellitus being one of them. Diabetes is a disease that is characterized by high levels of blood glucose with a defect in insulin secretion and cell resistance. Without proper management, diabetes may lead to other issues in health. Examples of such, would be, delay in wound healing, leading to foot ulcerations, which thus increases the risk for amputations...
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...With the increasing costs of treating and managing patients with chronic conditions such as diabetes, health care facilities are being driven to create disease specific management programs. The goal of disease management-specific programs are to improve patient’s health and prevent disease complications while reducing health care costs. Programs that manage specific illness such as diabetes mellitus employ systems to provide expert care , provide patient disease-centered patient education, provide support to ensure the delivery of effective interventions and use information technology to analyse outcomes (Dunham-Taylor, 2015). Patients are supported to self manage their chronic condition to prevent complications , hospital admissions...
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...Dose Delivery and Meal Time in Acute Care Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Grand Canyon Introduction to Nursing Research NRS- 433V August 04, 2013 Relationship of Glucose Values to Sliding Scale Insulin (Correctional Insulin) Dose Delivery and Meal Time in Acute Care Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Introduction Managing blood glucose (BG) level in diabetic patients proves to be a challenging goal to insulin. The stand-alone method in many adult acute setting is the use of sliding scale insulin (SSI) to treat hyperglycemia. The goal within these settings is to maintain the BG level below 180 mg/dl (Trotter, Conaway & Burns, 2008). The researcher in the mentioned article, hypothesized that pre-prandial fingerstick glucose level obtained more than 30 minutes before meal, will show a variation in blood glucose value and the SSI dose required in treating the values (Trotter, Conaway & Burns, 2013). The research will describe variables seen in the BG levels as it relates to time obtained, the time SSI dose was administered and what time patient was given a meal. Protection of Human Participants Every research that involves human participants must following research guidelines to establish trust and to prevent the unethical treatment of participant Cahana & Hurst, 2008). An informed consent describing the purpose, benefits, and the disclosure of any risk associated with the study was given to the participant. Patients were informed that their participant in...
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...Diabetes: Prevalence, Diagnosis and Prevention English/147 A considerable percentage of the global population suffers from different health conditions that affect their health and wellbeing. Diabetes is among the conditions that affect a greater percentage of the global population. Statistics shows that approximately 382 million people are affected by diabetes in the world. Early diagnosis of diabetes is critical for easy management and prevention of symptoms associated with the condition. Considering the increasing prevalence of diabetes and its associated effects translate into the need for the adoption of responsive measures that aim at creating awareness and prevention of diabetes across the world. Therefore, the following paper focuses on the analysis of prevalence, diagnosis, and prevention of diabetes. Diabetes refers to a combination of metabolic conditions or diseases that are characterized by high glucose levels in the blood. The high level of glucose is attributed to inadequate production of insulin or improper response of cells to insulin or occurrence of both. “It is estimated that more than 382 million people across the world had diabetes by the year 2013” (In DeFronzo et al., 2015). Diabetes is classified into three broad classes, type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The body lacking the mechanisms needed for the production of insulin characterizes type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, there is inadequate production of...
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...Teaching plan for a new-onset juvenile diabetic Introduction Diabetes causes chronic health conditions and comorbidities, and if left untreated it has negative health consequences for individuals and also nation’s economy. According to a 2014 report from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted in 2012 that diabetes affects more than 29.1 million Americans and of them 8.1 million are undiagnosed (CDC,2014). The estimated cost of Diabetes in the United States in 2012 was 245 billion dollar that includes medical cost, disability, and premature death (CDC, 2014). According to Healthy People 2020, diabetes is the seventh leading cause of mortality, lowers life expectancy by up to 15 years, increase the risk of heart disease, kidney failures, blindness, and so forth (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Type I diabetes is one of the most common endocrine diseases of childhood which is why it is also called juvenile onset diabetes. It is an autoimmune disease where the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed resulting in the inability of insulin production. People with type I diabetes need to take insulin daily to regulate their blood sugars (Lamb, 2015). Background and Importance of Research Diabetes is a severe and chronic disease that causes chronic disabilities. The inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in abnormally high blood sugar levels. Over years, high blood sugar levels can damage...
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...given towards non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and hypertension from all over the world as well as in Malaysia. In health clinics and hospitals, we are seeing increasing number of patients who are diagnosed with diabetes. Diabetes is a phenomenon which is becoming more common but there is a plenty ways which could be done to reduce the severity of any complications from this disease. Generally, there are three main types of diabetes. It includes Type 1 diabetes (juvenile diabetes), Type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes (during pregnancy). Type 1 diabetes (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) should consume insulin daily in order to survive. Meanwhile, type 2 diabetes (Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) is the most common type of diabetes. Whereas, gestational diabetes is another type of diabetes where there is a high blood sugar level which is diagnosed during pregnancy. Diabetes Mellitus which is a well-known chronic illness requires a comprehensive of medical care by the expertise team. The risk of long term complications needs full support from various professionals to conduct diabetes care. Acute complications can be prevented via ongoing patient self-management education and awareness of illness. Patient self-management education and problem solving skills development are necessary to be provided in diabetic clinic plan through a variety of strategies and techniques. Creation of a primary care diabetes clinic with trained paramedics who provide individual...
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...diabetes Before you begin your teaching plan be sure to define the characteristics of the clinical site and patient population. The teaching plan should be customized to this population. This is a sample teaching plan that you can use and customize to your needs. You may want to design a pre-test and post-test to give your patients would are attending the teaching program. Based on statistics from the Centers for Disease Control website, 17.0 million people in the United States, approximately 6.2% of the population, have diabetes. Of this 17 million people, 11.1 million are diagnosed and 5.9 million are undiagnosed. In the different age groups, about 151,000 people less than 20 years of age have diabetes, approximately 0.19% of people in this age group. In the 20 and older age group 16.9 million and 8.6% of people have diabetes. The 65 and older age group has 7.0 million and 20.1% of all people with diabetes (www.cdc.gov/diabetes). The Identified Learning Need Patients with Diabetes have very comprehensive learning needs. The learning needs are focused on managing their glucose levels and preventing complications of diabetes. Learning needs for managing diabetes are complex and include: monitoring blood glucose levels, menu/food planning, exercise, medications, skin care, management of co-existing disease processes, knowledge of medications, knowledge of the disease process and how to manage hypo/hyperglycemic episodes. Many patients are diagnosed with diabetes every...
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