Chapter 1 3 C ‘s strategy
G: 3C’s strategy: 1. Correctness-----正确性—grammar adhere to the rules of S.W.E-（standard writing english）- 2. Concision------简洁性---brevity –用词简短 3. Clarity---intelligibility清楚---句子意思明显和无模棱两可。
Correctness: A closer look
Major grammatical issues: 1) Subject-verb agreement 2) Verbtense 3) Voice 4) Mood 5) Pronouns 6) Modifiers 7) Parallelism 8) Comparisons 9) Idioms Concision: A closer look When stuck between two grammatically correct answer choices, choose the shorter one. 1. 能用一个词代替不用多个词 V. > adj.> 抽象n.>动名词 主动> 被动 Differ> have difference Idealize> ideal Try> make an attempt

2. Avoid redundancy---wordy Can you find and locate the words in this sentence that are redundant?

用词重复：---不简洁，不同的词表示同一意思 Being 总是不简洁的信号---being 必错 1. annual a year 2. raise, rise，increase，grow 3. around, orbit 4. by name of; be known as 5. with; included 6. attempt to do; try to do 7. decline; down, fall, drop,decrease 8. rarely, ever 9. same, exact 10. sum, total 11. before 和when 不能连用在同一个句子中 12. academic与in school 不能在同一句中出现 13. possible,may 14. now 和currently
12.

Clarity: A closer look 通常原句子第一遍读应该是清晰的，选项把原文变得不清晰 如果选项改变了原文含义，这个选项不是正确答案。改变原文含义的选项错在： 1) word placement 2) known VS. unknown 3) multiple meanings 4) “such as” vs. “like” ---- Clarity of meaning : word placement 变换一个词的位置会改变整个句子的含义。 1. Only 和all 的修饰位置不能随意改变（原文修饰谁，选项应该还修饰谁） 2. 修饰词的位置不能随意改变 ---- Clarity of meaning : know vs. unknown A sentence that expresses certainty about an outcome should not be changed to express uncertainty about that outcome (and vice versa反之亦然). （1）原文和选项应该保持一致的态度： ( 原文表达一个确定的结果-( 选项也应该表达一个确定的结果 原文（certain outcome）-( 选项（certain outcome） (原文表达一个不确定或者可能的结果-( 选项也应该表达一个不确定或者可能的结果 原文（uncertain outcome）-( 选项（uncertain outcome） (原文（假设 ）-( 选项（假设 ） (原文（ 事实）-( 选项（ 事实） (原文（as if/ though）(-(选项（as if/ though） (原文（ as if/ though）-( 选项（ 没有as if /though）

( 原文（certain outcome）-(-( 选项（uncertain outcome） ( 原文（假设）(--( 选项（事实） （2）情态动词不能随意添加和改变 Must不能用should 代替 Will 不能用may 代替 原文情态动词不能改变. 原文没有as if （though）,选项不能有as if (though) 当不确定的情态动词出现在选项中，一定要检查原文是否有不确定地含义原文。不确定的情态动词： may ,might, should, ought, would, can , could, as if

---- Clarity of meaning : words with multiple meanings 避免使用含义很多的词light（轻，淡色） 如果一个词不能从原文中确定含义，那么选项中选择提供一个能确定固定含义。 ---- Clarity of meaning : “such as ” vs.”like” Such as, 表示举例 Like, 象，相似 表示举例用such as 不用like

Chapter 2 Subject-verb agreement 主谓一致
To find the simple subject, eliminate any modifiers—找到主语，去掉任何修饰语.
Gmat 主谓一致是最主要的考点。
Eliminate the Middleman
The most common way the Gmat confuses the number of the subject is to split up the subject and the verb by inserting a phrase in between, 必须学会排除the inserting phrase ---the middleman – so that the true subject becomes clear.
Middleman : 1) of if you can remove a phrase from the sentence , and the sentence still make sense, the phrase is likely a “middleman” 2) and vs. additive phrase(附加短语)----- An additive phrase is just another “middleman”
Additive phrase不影响主语的数的变化 不构成复合主语的词： along with/ in addition to / as well as/ accompanied by / together with/ including
@ 仅仅And 变化谓语复数形式； 单数主语和附属短语作主语不影响谓语的数的形式。
Remember: only the word AND can change a singular subject into a plural one. Singular subjects followed by additive phrases remain singular subjects. (3)谓语动词随后的原则（与verb 最近的主语保持人称和数的一致） Either…or../ neither...nor
Collective Nouns are singular集体名词作主语谓语动词用单数
To determine subject verb agreement, you must first decide whether the subject id singular or plural.确定主谓一致，首先判断主语的单复数形式。
集体名词有：administration, army, audience, class, crowd (一群，一伙)， faculty (全体教员)， orchestra, team,group. The crowd IS cheering as the home team Takes the field.
Indefinite pronouns: Usually Singular不定代词通常用单数 1) 以-one ,-body,-thing结尾的代词作主语，谓语动词用单数
| Singular pronouns |
|Anyone/anybody/anything/ someone/somebody/something |
|Everyone/everybody/everything no one/nobody/nothing |
|Whatever/whoever each/every |
|Either*/ neither* |
|Either / neither当与or/ nor成对出现的时候， 可以使用复数的形式 |

2) 5个不定代词作主语，谓语的形式不确定—ＳＡＮＡＭ ,由of 的宾语决定主语的单复数形式。 Ｓ－ some A ----any N-----none A------all M-----most The SANAM pronouns are the exception to this rule: you should look at the object of the “of” construction to determine the number of the subject. Some of the money WAS stolen from my wallet. (money 是单数)
Some of documents WERE stolen from the bank. (documents is plural) 3) “Each “and ”every ” 作主语: 谓语动词用单数
Every dog HAS paws.
Every dog and cat has paws.
Each of these shirts is pretty.
They each are great tennis player. (each 是同位语)
Numerical Words and Phrases 数表示的词和短语 1) The number of -----+ verb 单数 A number of --------+ verb 复数 ( the numbers of 2) Majority/ minority / plurality (多数，较多数) 作主语 —指整体动词用单数 ----指整体的每一个个体，谓语动词用复数 The majority of the students in this class ARE hard workers. Majority of 多数 + 复数名词 + verb 复数 单数名词+ majority + verb 单数 The student majority IS opposed to the death penalty.
A Subject phrase: singular again从句/短语作主语 + 谓语动词用单数
Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.
Whatever they want to do IS fine with me. When In doubt, think singular, 当主语分辨不清的时候，谓语动词多半用单数
Confusing subjects are more often singular than plural, and therefore they usually require singular verb forms.
总结：
谓语动词用复数的时候，主语有以下两种形式： 1) And 连接两个主语 2) A number of + n
谓语动词用单数的时候，主语属于下列情况：
1) 单数名词 + 附属名词additive作主语----verb 单数 =n1 (单数) + additive phrase + n2 + verb (单数) 6个Additive phrase ---along with/ in addition to /as well as/accompanied by/ together with/ including 2) 集体名词作主语 -----verb 单数 8个集体名词: army/ team/ crowd/ faculty/ administration/class/ audience/ orchestra 3) 大部分非限定词（SANAM除外）作主语 4) Each /every 在短语前面合成作主语 5) The number of。。。 +verb 单数 6) 分词短语和从句作主语---verb 单数

Flip it ---there 在句首， 句子倒装 ( there IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop. Flip it: a young man and an older woman are at the bus stop. ( there are a young man and an older woman at the bus stop

Chapter 3 Verb tense , mood, & voice strategy
除了主谓一致外，动词还有3各方面需要考察：时态tense，语气mood和语态voice。
Tense-------Verb tense indicates when an action takes place.
Mood -------There are two moods that are tested on the GMAT: indicative （陈述语气）and subjunctive（虚拟语气）. Verbs in the indicative mood deal with real events. Verbs in the subjunctive mood deal with events that are not necessarily true. 陈述句的动词涉及真正的事件。 虚拟语气的动词处理没必要是真实的事件。
Voice----there are two voices : active voice and passive voice.
In the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action---主语是动作的执行者。
In passive voice----the subject of the sentence has an action performed on it by someone or something else.----主语是句子的承受者---其他人或事完成了主语的动作。
Infinitives----分开不定时的形式必错
避免在不定时形式to + do中的to 和do 动词之间插入词或者词组。
( 主语+ 谓语+to quickly run…
( 主语+ 谓语+ to run quickly….
The simple tenses— 一般时态和进行时态
----present ( or present progressive)
-----past (or past progressive)
----future(or future progressive)
进行时态意味着在现在，过去或者将来正在进行的动作。
Keep it simple---- 句子时态应该保持一致
The perfect tenses : an introduction完成时态
Use the present perfect tense for an action that began in the past and continues into the present.现在完成时，动作开始在过去持续到现在。
Some sentences with more than one action do require you do switch verb tenses within a sentence. Sometimes this involves a simple and logical switch between the simple tenses.
For example: He IS thin now because he SPENT the last six months on an intensive diet.
(this is a logical switch given the content of the sentence)
Sometimes , however, actions in a sentence involve more complex time sequences. These actions can be expressed using the PERFECT tenses: present perfect & past perfect. You must understand these to do well on the GMAT.
不使用完成时态的情况：
1) Verbs that have the same grammatical subject.—动词有同样的语法主语。Because the sequence is clear. I went to the store and bought milk. 2) Before 和after 连接的从句，主句不使用完成时态。因为时间先后顺序很清楚。 注意：过去完成时态在GMAT中最为常见和最重要。 3) 当句子中只有一个动词的动作发生在过去---不能使用过去完成时态。
( I think that ancient peoples HAD BELIEVED in many gods.
V I think that ancient peoples BELIEVED in many gods.
使用完成时态的情况：
1) If an action began in the past and continues into the present, use the present perfect tense. 2) If an action precedes an earlier past action, use the past perfect tense. Otherwise stick to the simple tense. Past participles of Irregular verbs: Hang—悬挂 hung, hung. She hung the picture./ she has hung the picture. ----绞死hanged, hanged. They hanged the outlaw./ they has hanged the outlaw. Lay (to put放，放置，铺设，产蛋)—laid, laid he laid the plate on the table./ he had laid the plate on the table. Lie (to tell an untruth)---lied ,lied She lied about her past./ she has lied about her past. Lie (to recline)躺， 保持，处于---lay lain She lay on the bed./ she has lain on the bed.
If … then tense construction ---if …. Then 时态结构 Could/ would 不会出现在if的条件从句中，只会出现在then 的从句中，有时候then从句省略then. (((( if she could/ would
If .. .then（表示如果…那么…）条件从句指有下述三种形式： 1) Present— if she does…., (then) she will do…. If she wins the lottery, she will give half the money to charity. 2) Past—if she did….,(then) she would /could do … If she won the lottery, she would give half the money to charity. 3) Past perfect----if she had done…, (then ) she would have done….. If she had won the lottery, she would have given half the money to charity.
当表示“是否”的时候 whether > if
The subjunctive mood 虚拟语气
In English , we do not often use the subjunctive . most sentences are written in the indicative mood, used to express facts, or the imperative mood祈使语气, used to express commands.
虚拟语气在以下两种句型中出现：
1) If clauses, when the IF clause expresses a condition contrary to reality. if从句表达与事实相反 If I were a rich man…..，if 表示虚拟语气 ( if he were … (if he was… ( if I was rich, I would donate money to rebuild my old school. ( if I were rich, I would donate money to rebuild my old school. ( if he was tall, he would be able to play basketball better. (if he were tall, he would be able to play basketball better. 2) Hopes, proposals, desires, and requests + that Uncertainty: hopes, proposals, desire, and requests The subjunctive is also used to express the desire of one person or body for another person or body to do something. There is a degree of uncertainty as to whether or not the second person or body will actually do what is asked.虚拟语气总是表达一个人的愿望，或者一个人对另一个人的愿望， 或者去做某件事情的愿望。 有一定程度的不确定。
以下是经常使用虚拟语气的词的的形式：
下述动词 that + 省略to 的不定时形式==that 主语+ 动词原形
It is urgent that she SIGN the permission slip.
I respectfully ask that he BE allowed to continue.
My advice is that he simply LOVE her for who she is.
( The parolee knew it was imperative that he FOUND a job quickly.
( The parolee knew it was imperative that he FIND a job quickly.
|Advice/ Advisable/ Ask/ Arrange |
|Better/ |
|Demand/desire/ desirable/ direct/ directive |
|Essential |
|Fitting |
|Imperative必要的/ important/insist/ instruct教导，命令，指示/ instruction / necessary |
|mandate |
|Order |
|Pray /prefer/ preferable/ plead /propose |
|Recommend/ request/ require/ |
|Suggest/ suggestion/ |
|Urge |
|Urgent |
|Vital |

Active VS. Passive Voice
Passive voice often makes a sentence unnecessarily wordy and awkward.
主动>被动
当动作的执行者by 的形式在划线部分以外的时候，可以使用被动语态。
( The shuttle launch seen around the world by people of all ages, all races , and all religions.
( The shuttle launch WAS seen around the world by people of all ages, all races, and all religions.
不能使用被动语态：
1) 宾语不是直接产生动作，永远不要用被动语态 2) 仅仅及物动词可以使用被动语态的形式。 Chapter 4 pronouns strategy 常见代词的错误有3种： 1) Pronoun reference (2) pronoun agreement (3) pronoun case. 见到代词必须stop to see if it is being used correctly. 1. Pronoun reference Every pronoun must refer to only one antecedent. 当看到代词的时候，首先问自己这个代词指代什么？可以替代哪一个名词？ 1) 代词前面出现一个以上的同复数（或单数）的名词，代词指代一定有问题。 2) 代词前面一定有名词 2. Pronoun Agreement 代词有3种情形： 主格，宾格，和所有格 Who-> whom-> whose If the antecedent is singular, the pronoun that refers to it must be singular. If the antecedent is plural, the pronoun that refers to it must be plural. ( Janice and me went on a picnic together. ( Janice and I went on a picnic together. ( who are you going to marry? ( whom are you going to marry? 3. Possessive poison所有格代词 ( Jose’s room is so messy that HIS mother calls HIM a pig. ( Jose’s room is so messy that his mother calls Jose a pig. The possessive noun in this sentence is Jose’s. Possessive pronouns can refer back to possessive nouns. Thus the possessive pronoun his refers back to Jose’s. however, subject and object pronouns may NOT refer back to possessive nouns. Therefore, the object pronoun HIM is used incorrectly because it may not refer back to Jose’s . subject and object pronouns may only reger back to subject nouns. HIM would only be accurate if it referred back to the word Jose. Even though it seems obvious that him refers to Jose, the sentence must be changed in order for it to be grammatically correct on the GMAT. We can fix the sentence by keeping his and eliminating him.

4. The Deadly Four: it ,its, they , their 致命的4个词 最常见的第三人称的代词指代错误—单数it , 所有格its, 复数they 和他的所属格their. 只要看到这4个词必须停下来检查一下: 代词指代什么？ 代词和指代的名词数一致？ ( when the person calls, take down THEIR information. ( when the person calls, take down HIS information. Or ( when the person calls, takes down THEIR information. ( everyone here will need their own pencil. (everyone here will need his own pencil.
Chapter 5 Modifiers
Adj and adv /Modifying phrases /Possessive poison yet again /adv modifiers /modifiers with relative pron/ essential VS. non-essential modifiers / punctuating essential and non-essential modifiers/ ensuring clarity in modifiers introduced by “which” 1. Often, modifying phrases in Gmat sentences are separated from the noun being modified by commas. Be on the lookout for opening modifiers, which appear in the beginning of a sentence.
Modifiers are usually set off from the rest of the sentence by commas.
Adjectives and Adverbs P73
Modifiers are usually set off from the rest of the sentence by commas.
Adj + n or pron
Adv + verb /adj /adv/prep/phrase
Well—adj –healthy ----adv
Modifying phrase P74
The modifier should touch the noun that it modifies 1. 分词短语的形式主语是句子的真正主语。有的时候，分词短语的修饰的形式主语并不一定在句子中，必要的时候必须变换句子的真正主语，保持和分词结构一致。 2. 修饰的短语不能与被修饰的词分开。
Possessive poison yet again P75
Ο unskilled in complex math, Bill’s score on the entrance exam was poor.
(Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the entrance exam .
Adv modifiers do not need to touch the words they modify
Adv modifiers P75

A modifier and its modified noun should always touch. However, when the word being modified is not a noun, the modifying phrase is called an adverbial phrase and does not need t o touch the word being modified.

Adv modifiers do not need to touch the words they modify. 虽然副词修饰语不必touch其所修饰的谓语，但是副词的修饰的位置在句子中不能产生歧义。

副词不必要紧挨着修饰的词

If the modifier answers the question how? About a verb, it is an adverbial modifier.

Modifiers with relative pronouns 关系代词的修饰词 P76
Which/ that / where/ who/ whose/ whom
Which （修饰物）引导非限定性定语从句，that （指人和物）引导限定性定语从句，who （指人）两者均可。
On the Gmat , it is sometimes preferable to insert a modifier using a relative pronoun and a simple verb tense than using just an-ing form of a verb.(定语从句优先于分词-ing 的形式)

Essential vs. non-essential modifiers限定性和非限定性定语从句P76
Which 引导非限定性的修饰，非限定从句提供的名词信息是不必要的对识别这个名词。（these clauses that provide information about a noun that is not necessary for identifying that noun）.
That 引导限定性定语从句，这个从句是必要的对识别这个名词（these clauses provide information about a noun that is necessary for identifying that noun）
去掉Which 引导的非限定从句，句子的本质意思不改变
去掉that引导的限定从句，句子的本质意思改变

Punctuating essential and non-essential modifiers P77
逗号是区分限定从句和非限定从句的区别。
Commas are used to separated non-essential modifiers from the noun that is modified.
Non-essential clauses are usually set off from the main clause by commas, 然而， 限定性定语从句不是在主句中 .
If an answer choice differs from the original sentence in that it sets a clause apart with commas, you must ask yourself whether the sentence requires an essential or non-essential clause to preserve its logical meaning.
Ensuring clarity in modifiers introduced by “which” P78
On the Gmat, which 是关系代词指代，他的先行词是名词 –不是前面句子的动作
关系代词which 在Gmat句子中经常是错误的信号 –应该注意

*请注意插入语的问题，最近看到携隐在某个帖子的回复也有提及过，所以我想或许可以这样思考： 【，...，】用一对逗号隔开的成分，考虑是否作为插入语，如果是，就只能向前修饰，但句子的其他成分不能有指代涉及其中，因为插入语是可以抽离句子，但对句子结构没有任何影响的。 例如E，如果把作为插入语的【，in...，】抽走，那么them就无指代对象，所以，OG解释说them不能指代介词in的宾语。

Chapter 6 parallelism
Parallel structures
When working with parallel infinitives, it is acceptable to leave out the word TO in all the infinitives after the first. 不定式的平行并列可以省略to.
Parallelism with Pronouns 代词平行并列
Make sure the two sides of the sentence are both structurally and logically parallel.
Pron –such as which, that , those , who etc-signal parallel structures.
If one item includes a pronoun, it is often appropriate to include the same pronoun in parallel items.
Incorrect: I prefer to hire employees who work hard to those that don’t.
Correct: I prefer to hire employees who work hard to those who don’t.
Idioms with built-in parallel structure 习惯用语短语要求平行对称
Incorrect: I definitely prefer eating ice cream to hot dogs in the summertime.
Correct: In the summertime, I definitely prefer eating ice cream to eating hot dog. • The phrase in the summertime has been moved to front, so that it clearly modifies the verb prefer.
|More X than Y The more X the greater Y |
|No less was X than was Y As x to Y |
|Not only X but also Y not X but rather Y |
|X instead of Y The same to X as to Y |
|Range from X to Y Both X and Y/ either X or Y/ |
|Neither X nor Y Mistake X for Y |
|Prefer X to Y X regarded as Y |
|To think of X as Y Believe X to be Y |

Superficial parallelism Vs. Actual parallelism Parallelism is important in sentences with modifiers and idioms. Only the structures that are logically parallel must be structurally parallel. 语法结构— verb phrase, noun phrase, prepositional phrase, adverbial phrases, 先要要逻辑并列 logically parallel before assuming that they must be structurally parallel.然后在句子结构并列。 Watch out for verbs of being 系动词的平行并列 Verbs of being of expressing what a subject does, these verbs express what a subject is, or the condition a subject is in, The most common verb of being is the verb to be, but there are other being verbs as well. Below are two lists,
|To be |Other verbs of being or condition |
|Is /am /are/was/were/been | Appear /seem/ become/ smell/ feel/ sound/ |
|being |grow/ stay/ look/ taste/ remain/ turn |

When you see a form of the verb to be (or any other verb of being), be sure that the two sides of the verb are parallel.
The flower bouquet WAS the husband’s loving gift to his wife.
In addition to being structurally parallel, you must also ensure that the two sides of the being verb are parallel in meaning.

|Comparison signals |
|Like |As |
|Unlike |As (adj) as |
|Likening |As many as |
|More than |As much as |
|Greater than |As few as |
|Less than |As little as |
|Shorter than |As high as |
|Different from |As short as |

Chapter 7 Comparisons
辨别比较---比较词和短语
“like ”VS. “as ” 1. Like 比较两个n ,as 比较两个句子,在GMAT中like 与as 不能互换。As can also be used in comparisons that use the construction as…as 2. 表是举例for example的时候用such as 不用Like
Keeping comparisons parallel
Comparisons must be logically parallel.---比较的事情要相似-比较的事情逻辑上对称
What two things are being compared?—首先找出两个比较的事情
Comparisons must be structurally parallel.----比较必须结构对称。---必须相似的语法结构
Comparative and superlative forms
When comparing only two things, use the comparative form-当两个事情比较的时候用比较级形式。
When comparing more than two things, use the superlative form—当多于两个事情比较的时候用最高级的形式
Irregular forms
|Adj/adv |Comparative |superlative |
|Good |Better |Best |
|Bad |Worse |Worst |
|Much, many |More |Most |
|Little |Little, less,lesser |least |
|far |Farther, further |farthest, furthest |

注意： 1. 比较时候， 谓语补出 2. 比较对象在句子中的作用 1. Like (in contrast to) 比较两个名词， ---比较对象在句子中作主语 2. 主语/ 宾语+ 状语的比较形式： more adj + than those/ noun (of ) + 状语 The clothes hanging on the racks inside the store looked more appealing than those in the store window. (3)there be 的比较要抄写there be 部分 There are about many gym members in the boxing class there are in the aerobics class. (4) more / greater than, 和as 的比较部分尽量动词补出。
3. An alternative way of stating the comparison is the use of two independent clauses connected by but. 陈述比较的可选择方法是使用两个用but 连接的独立从句。 In the United States, farmers can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, but in most parts of Sri Lanka the rains. 比较举例： 1. Like n1…, n2 (主语) + verb…. Unlike n1.., n2 (主语) + verb.. 2. In contract to n1…, n2 + verb.. 3. In comparison with x, y…. Compared to x, y…. 4. Likening ..to 的比较 ，动词不补出 Most of the audience did not enjoy the concert, likening it to the grinding of metal. 5. More + adj + than （1）n1 + 状语（比较对象）+ verb + more + adj/adv + than those + 状语 The clothes hanging on the racks inside the store looked more appealing than those in the store window. (2) 比较主语的时候，谓语动词补出 The blue dress looks more flattering on you than the red one does. (3) 比较状语的时候， 谓语动词补出 Three times more students attended the prom this year than did last year. (4) 前面多余2个动词， 比较对象的动词不补出 Joe went to bed early because his will to succeed in the race the following morning was greater than his desire to play pool with his friends. (4) 有年代出现的时候用比较级 2000 years older than Carbon-14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2,000 years older than any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors

6. As + adj + as 的整句比较

（1）There be + as (adj )+ 比较对象1 as there be 比较对象2. There are about many gym members in the boxing class there are in the aerobics class.

(2 ) 比较动词的时候一定要把主语补出---主语+ 动词---比较对象 Julia was able to climb the tree as fast as her brothers did (3) as 后面省略了主语 americans. 当比较部分主语相同时，这种省略是允许的。 In one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought at Sharpsburg, Maryland,on September 17, 1862, four times as many Americans were killed as would as later be killed on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day. (4) 倍数的比较 --- 成本的格式： X costs twice as much to do as y do. Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice to maintain as much as paved roads do. 7. 比较对象1 Rather than 比较对象2 Brett decided to use his own money rather than his parents’ credit card to pay for the stereo.
Chapter 8 Idioms
Using your ear : spot-extract-replace
First, you must SPOT the suspect idiomatic expression.—侦查
Second , EXTRACT the idiom from the sentence and play with it in your head by inserting it into made-up sentences.
Third , REPLACE the corrected idiom in the sentence and evaluate how it sounds.
X enough to Y vs. so X as to Y
In order to know which expression to use, you must determine the focus of the sentence
---Enough to 表示X是一个有能力完成Y的标准。(the first expression is used when X is the criteria by which an ability to achieve Y is measured .)
Bob is tall enough to reach the top shelf.
---So X as to Y 表示特征X是一个极限在特殊的情形下 Y (the second expression is used when the characteristic X is so extreme in the particular case that ）

|A consequence of |Demand that |Neither X nor Y |
|A debate over |Dependent on |No less.. than |
|A responsibility to |Depends on whether |No less was X than was Y |
|A sequence of |Depicted as 描述 |Not only X but also Y |
|Able to X |Determined by |Not so much X as Y |
|Access to有权使用 |Differ from |Not X but rather Y |
|Agree with()person/idea |Different from |Noted that |
|Agree to (a plan /action) |Disagree with (person /idea) |Permit X to Y |
|Allow for |Discourage from |Persuade X to Y |
|Appeal to |Dispute whether |Prefer X to Y |
|Approve/ disapprove of |Distinguish between X and Y |Prohibit X from Y |
|An instance of |Distinguish X from Y |Potential to |
|As a result of |Doubt that |Range from X to Y |
|As good as |Either X or Y |Rates for (not “of”) |
|As great as |Enable X to Y |Regard as |
|As many…as |Encourage X to Y |Requiring X to Y |
|As much as |Enough X that Y |Responsible for |
|As X as to Y |Estimated to be |Resulting in |
|Associate with |Except for |Retroactive to反动的, 追溯的 |
|Attend to |Except to |Sacrifice X for Y 牺牲，奉献 |
|Attribute X to Y |Fascinated by 入迷 |Seem to indicate |
|Based on |Forbid X to Y |Similar to |
|Be afraid of |Identical with |So as not to be hindered by阻碍打扰 |
|Believe X to be Y |In contrast to |So X as to (be) Y |
|Better served by X than by Y |In danger of在危险中, 垂危 |So X as to constitute Y 确立Y |
|capable of |Independent from |So X that Y |
|Centers on |Indifferent towards对…无兴趣；对…不关心 |Subscribe to |
|Claim to be |Insist that |Such X as Y and Z |
|Compare to (similarities) |Interaction of 相互作用 |Targeted at |
|Compare with (differences) |Isolated from 孤立，独立，绝缘 |The more X the greater Y |
|Concerned with |Just as X, so Y |The same to X as to Y |
|Conform to使适合 |Know to do X |To result in |
|Connection between X and Y |Less X than Y | To think of X as Y |
|Consider X Y (without to be) |Likely to be |Used as |
|Contend that |Mandate that |View X as Y |
|Contrast X with Y |Mistake X for Y |Whether to |
|Credited with |Modeled after仿造, 模仿 |Worried about (not “over”) |
|Declare X Y断言, 宣称, 宣布, 宣告, 声明 |More …than ever |X enough to Y |
|Declare YX |More common among X than among Y |X instead of Y |
|Defined as |More X than Y |X is attributed to Y |
| |Native to |X out of Y (numbers) 在...范围外 |
| |A native of |X regarded as Y |

• a debate over • a lot • a responsibility to • a result of • a sequence of • agree with • as an instance of • as good as/or better than • as great as • as much as • attend to (someone) • attribute X to Y/X is attributed to Y • based on • believe X to be Y • both X and Y • centers on • concerned with • conform to • created with • defined as • depends on whether • depicted as • different from/differ from • distinguishes between X and Y • distinguish from • doubt that • either...or • enable to • fascinated by • forbid X to do Y • identical with • in contrast to • independent from • indifferent towards • modeled after • (no) more...than/(no) less...than • more than ever • neither...nor • not only...but also • not so much...as • prohibits X from doing Y • potential to • range from X to Y • regard as • regardless • responsible for • resulting in • retroactive to • so X as to be Y • so (adjective) that • subscribe to • such...as • the same to X as to Y • to contrast X with Y • to mistake X for Y • to result in • to sacrifice X for Y

Chapter 9 Odds & ends

3 C’s of sentence correction: correction concision and clarity. Gmat 主要语法错误Check each sentence for errors related to the following grammatical topics: 1) Subject-verb agreement –主谓一致 2) Verb tense,mood, & voice 3) Pronouns 4) Modifiers 5) Parallelism 6) Idiom
Gmat次要语法错误：
1) Quantity 2) Connecting words and punctuation 3) Things that are almost always wrong Quantity Rule #1 : words used for countable things VS. words used for uncountable things. Many修饰可数，much 修饰不可数
|Countable modifiers uncountable modifiers |
|Many hats much patience |
|As many hats as shirts as much patience as kindness |
|Few/fewer hats little/ less patience |
|Number of hats amount of patience |

Rule #2： words used to relate two things VS. words used to relate three or more things
|Relating 2 things ralting 3 or more things |
|Between X and Y among X, Y and Z |
|X is better than Y X is the best (among X,Y and Z) |
|X has more than Y X has the most (among X, Y and Z) |
|X has less than Y X has the least (among X, Y and Z) |

Rule #3 the number or number of VS. a number or the numbers of 任何一个选项包含the number of 必错 ( The number of X + is (number of hats + are ( A number of Xs + are ( the numbers 1) the number 是单数， a number 是一个复数 The number of dogs IS greater than the number of cats. A number of dogs ARE chasing away cats 2) the numbers of 错 The number of dogs in Montana is steadily increasing. 任何一个选项包含the number of 必错 Rule #4 increase and decrease VS. greater and less Increase /decrease 与greater /less 不同。 Increase and decrease express the change of ONE thing over time.---一件事情经过时间的变化 Greater and Less signal a comparison between TWO things.---两件事情的比较 句子中出现decrease 和increase 的时候注意用此重复redundancy. Decrease 不能和同类词出现在一句子中，如：fall. Increase---rise ,grow, raor /add to / enlarge/ expand/ extend/ raise/ soar Connecting words---句子和句子的连接方法 1) watch our for sentences that have no logical connectors between two independent clauses ------a RUN_ON sentence---无连接词的两个独立的句子 ( I need to relax, I have so many things to do! ( I need to relax BUT I have so many things to do! 2) Make sure that clauses are connected by a logical “connecting” word:--确保从句逻辑上连接 She is not interested in playing sports, BUT she likes watching them on TV.

The following is a list of the most common connecting words:

|And , or , nor, but, yet, although, when, because, for, since, before, after, if, unless |

Connecting punctuation---符号连接 分号/colon冒号可以连接两个相关的完整的句子。 分号semicolon(;) is used to connect two closely related statements.两个叙述必须是独立的句子。 ( Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; doing everything together.（第二部分不是独立的句子） ( Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together. 冒号colon(:) is used to equate two parts of a sentence. 经常是相同的组成列表，冒号前面必须是一个独立的完整的句子。冒号后插入词namely（既是，也就是） ( I love listening to: classical, rock, and pop music.—不是完整的句子 ( I love many kinds of music: [namely] classical , rock and pop。 分号和冒号的区别： 分号连接两个独立从句（each can stand on its own）. 冒号等于2句子的部分，第二部分依赖于第一部分。

Things that are always (almost) wrong
| | |
|(Do it |(she asked him several times to take out the garbage, but she wasn’t sure whether he would do it. |
|(do so |( she asked him several times to take out the garbage, but she wasn’t sure whether he would do so. |
|(The numbers of |(The politicians were amazed at the numbers of anti-war protests. |
|(the number of |( The politicians were amazed at the number of anti-war protests. |
|(Whether or not |( He couldn’t decide whether or not to apply to Stanford. |
|(whether |( He couldn’t decide whether to apply to Stanford. |

Chapter 10

|GMAT语法题改错的“家规” |
|来源: 中国教育在线 时间: 2008年12月23日 |
|对许多GMAT考生来说，GMAT改错题都是一个让人头疼的问题。按理来说，改错题考的是语法，而中国学生向来是不怵语法的，但为什么到GMAT这 |
|儿就不是了呢?究其原因，一是因为GMAT除了考语法知识外，更强调表达的有效性和简洁性。ETS经常对同一句愿用两到三个语法上正确但表达上 |
|有差异的选项来干扰你。而更让人难以忍受的是，GMAT考题并不完全遵循我们通常所学的、甚至一些专业语法书上明确规定的规则，而有不少自 |
|己的“家规”。 |
| 举例来说，我们在中学曾学过“which可指代前面整个句子”的语法现象，如She worked here for several years, which contributed to her |
|later |
|success.此句which即指代前面整个句子，许多语法书上也提到过一点，但GMAT却并不买帐，坚持认为这句话是错的。又如，我们在中学时学过 |
|that引导宾语从句时，that是可以省略的，但GMAT却说，那怎么行呢?这是不允许的。如果你由此而对前学过的语法产生怀疑，而求助于更厚、更|
|全、更权威的语法书的话，你会发现你的怀疑是毫不道理的。如果你要考GMAT，那没有办法，你只有好好熟悉GMAT的“家规”，才不致至阴沟里翻 |
|船。 |
| 具体说来，GMAT的“家规”有如下数条： |
| 1.在从句中，对以下连接词和引导词要保持高度警惕： |
| (1)which(或代词it)绝对不可指代前面的整个句子； |
| (2)because不可引导名词性从句； |
| (3)宾语从句中引导词that一般不能省略； |
| (4)if绝不可以引导名词性从句，如要表示“是否”，只能用whether引导； |
| (5)对不作为介词宾语的事物作限定性修饰，只用that而不用which。而which仅用于引导对介宾进行修饰的限定性从句和引导非限定性从句。 |
| 2.在require、demand等表“建议、命令”意义的词之后的that从句，要求用虚拟语气动词，即动词原形，不加should。 |
| 3.绝对不可以单独使用that指代前面的单数或不可数名词，而一般是用that of+n.结构指代或换用其他表达方式。 |
| 4.绝不可以单独使用this、these来指代前面出现的单数或复数名词，而绝对要通过换用其他人称代词，或重复前面出现的名词或者改变句子 |
|结构来避免这样非正式且模糊的指代。如sth. of this kind, like this |
|/these等模糊表达均要用such+n.(n.即重复this、these所指代的对象)来取代，意为“这些……”。另外，在“such…… |
|that”结构中，such只修饰具体名词，而不修饰抽象名词(如rapidity、severity等)。 |
| 5.在我们通常使用的there be句型中，以下表达必错： |
| (1)there could be done sth.; |
| (2)there be sth. done; |
| (3)there being+名词词组 |
| (4)there was sth.(抽象的表动作的名词)，如说there was a transmisscion万万不可。呈般来说，GMAT中there |
|be仅用于“某处有某物”，而此物是指一具体名词，如knife，star，wolf等，而非抽象名词conversion, relation等。 |
| 6.表示某人有某种能力做某事，最佳答案的选择依据是can do＞be able to do＞has(hav e) ability to do＞has(have) a capability of |
|doing…在选择时，有can do就不用含be able to do的选项，依次类推。 |
| 7.当我们需要举例时，一律用such as结构，而不用like。 |
| 8.在GMAT改错题中，ETS倾向于用主动语态而非被动语态，当用主动或被动语态的选项在语法和句意上都无错误时，选择用主动语态表达的选 |
|项，即“主动优先原则”。 |
| 9.在GMAT中，关于being的以下使用必错： |
| (1)being+n.(2)being+adj.(3)as being+n./adj./v.-ving.;GMAT认为在以上表达中，being完全多余。 |
| 10.当我们对一动宾结构进行替代时，不用do it,一律用do so.; |
| 11.介词短语：on account of, because of, despite(in spite of ), as a result of之后只跟简单的各词短语。若其后跟的是动名词或名 |
|词所有格+动名词短语，或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时，应改为与其相同意义的连词 because, although等引导的从句形式。 |
| 12.几种简单的表达方式： |
| (1)n. that is (are) adj.必然要换为ad.+n.的名词短语结构，如a man who is poor的选项必错，而应选含有a poor man的选项。 |
| (2)当表示谓语部分，尤其是表示实义动词的含义时，就直接用其动词形式表示，而不要用名词形式或形容词形式，如：be a cause就一定会 |
|被cause(动词)替代；be suggestive of一定会被suggest替代。 |
| (3)一些常见词的替换方式：not any一定会被no替代；that which一定会被what替代；hav ing been done会被done(限定词)所替代。 |
| 13.平行结构的最后一个成立之前必定有一个连词and, or, neither, nor或as well as,否则嘴并列结构必存在问题。如：to do A. do B, |
|do的表达就必死无疑，正确表达应该是to do A, do B, and do C或to do A, to do B, and to do C。; |
| 14.在平行结构中，对于“不是……而是”的结构， ETS更喜欢用rather than,而很少用inst ead of。实践中，若5个选项中存在这两个词的互换 |
|，直接在含rather than的选项中找答案，除非含rather than的结构有语法或逻辑错误，才可考虑instead of。 |
| |
|15.若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中发现情态动词，那么在最后的正确答案中必须有些情态动词或类似语气的词出现。实践中，此原则可转化为 |
|：不含此情态动词或类似语气词的选项均为错误选项，立即排除。对于GMAT的“家规”，也不必过于担心，熟悉之后，在实践中逐步巩固即可。对 |
|于GMAT“家规”您可放心的是，GMAT“家规”训练出来的表达完全适用于其他语法书的“国法”，反之则不然，或者说，GMAT的语法更苛刻些。不管如 |
|何苛刻，想考GMAT的话，您就必须得遵守，否则您就等着“家法侍侯” 吧! |
| |

插入”菜单→“分隔符”命令。选中“分节符类型”中的“下一页”选框后点击确定按钮，并以此为例对整份文件进行分节处理。等整个文章分好节以后，就可以点击“视图”菜单→“页眉与页脚”命令进入页眉编辑模式了。再从“页眉与页脚”工具栏中点击“显示下一项”按钮，跳转到下一节的页眉处。此时，我们应该点击页眉与页脚工具栏中的“链接到前一个”按钮切断第2节与前一节的页眉内容联系，然后再输入第2节的页眉以此类推，直到完成整个文章的编排。
本文摘自：IT问号网(www.itkeys.cn) 原文链接：http://www.itkeys.cn/doc/200703/1173258827141.html

用词重复：---不简洁，不同的词表示同一意思 Being 总是不简洁的信号---being 必错 15. annual a year 16. raise, rise，increase，grow 17. around, orbit 18. by name of; be known as 19. with; included 20. attempt to do; try to do 21. decline; down, fall, drop,decrease 22. rarely, ever 23. same, exact 24. sum, total 25. before 和when 不能连用在同一个句子中 26. academic与in school 不能在同一句中出现 27. possible,may

Indefinite pronouns: Usually Singular不定代词通常用单数 1) 以-one ,-body,-thing结尾的代词作主语，谓语动词用单数
| Singular pronouns |
|Anyone/anybody/anything/ someone/somebody/something |
|Everyone/everybody/everything no one/nobody/nothing |
|Whatever/whoever each/every |
|Either*/ neither* |
|Either / neither当与or/ nor成对出现的时候， 可以使用复数的形式 |

2) 5个不定代词作主语，谓语的形式不确定—ＳＡＮＡＭ ,由of 的宾语决定主语的单复数形式。 Ｓ－ some A ----any N-----none A------all M-----most The SANAM pronouns are the exception to this rule: you should look at the object of the “of” construction to determine the number of the subject. Some of the money WAS stolen from my wallet. (money 是单数)
Some of documents WERE stolen from the bank. (documents is plural)
虚拟语气
|Advice/ Advisable/ Ask/ Arrange |
|Better/ |
|Demand/desire/ desirable/ direct/ directive |
|Essential |
|Fitting |
|Imperative必要的/ important/insist/ instruct教导，命令，指示/ instruction / necessary |
|mandate |
|Order |
|Pray /prefer/ preferable/ plead /propose |
|Recommend/ request/ require/ |
|Suggest/ suggestion/ |
|Urge |
|Urgent |
|Vital |

Idioms with built-in parallel structure 习惯用语短语要求平行对称
Incorrect: I definitely prefer eating ice cream to hot dogs in the summertime.
Correct: In the summertime, I definitely prefer eating ice cream to eating hot dog. • The phrase in the summertime has been moved to front, so that it clearly modifies the verb prefer.
|More X than Y The more X the greater Y |
|No less was X than was Y As x to Y |
|Not only X but also Y not X but rather Y |
|X instead of Y The same to X as to Y |
|Range from X to Y Both X and Y/ either X or Y/ |
|Neither X nor Y Mistake X for Y |
|Prefer X to Y X regarded as Y |
|To think of X as Y Believe X to be Y |
|Like |As |
|Unlike |As (adj) as |
|Likening |As many as |
|More than |As much as |
|Greater than |As few as |
|Less than |As little as |
|Shorter than |As high as |
|Different from |As short as |

比较
Idioms

|A consequence of |Demand that |Neither X nor Y |
|A debate over |Dependent on |No less.. than |
|A responsibility to |Depends on whether |No less was X than was Y |
|A sequence of |Depicted as 描述 |Not only X but also Y |
|Able to X |Determined by |Not so much X as Y |
|Access to有权使用 |Differ from |Not X but rather Y |
|Agree with()person/idea |Different from |Noted that |
|Agree to (a plan /action) |Disagree with (person /idea) |Permit X to Y |
|Allow for |Discourage from |Persuade X to Y |
|Appeal to |Dispute whether |Prefer X to Y |
|Approve/ disapprove of |Distinguish between X and Y |Prohibit X from Y |
|An instance of |Distinguish X from Y |Potential to |
|As a result of |Doubt that |Range from X to Y |
|As good as |Either X or Y |Rates for (not “of”) |
|As great as |Enable X to Y |Regard as |
|As many…as |Encourage X to Y |Requiring X to Y |
|As much as |Enough X that Y |Responsible for |
|As X as to Y |Estimated to be |Resulting in |
|Associate with |Except for |Retroactive to反动的, 追溯的 |
|Attend to |Except to |Sacrifice X for Y 牺牲，奉献 |
|Attribute X to Y |Fascinated by 入迷 |Seem to indicate |
|Based on |Forbid X to Y |Similar to |
|Be afraid of |Identical with |So as not to be hindered by阻碍打扰 |
|Believe X to be Y |In contrast to |So X as to (be) Y |
|Better served by X than by Y |In danger of在危险中, 垂危 |So X as to constitute Y 确立Y |
|capable of |Independent from |So X that Y |
|Centers on |Indifferent towards对…无兴趣；对…不关心 |Subscribe to |
|Claim to be |Insist that |Such X as Y and Z |
|Compare to (similarities) |Interaction of 相互作用 |Targeted at |
|Compare with (differences) |Isolated from 孤立，独立，绝缘 |The more X the greater Y |
|Concerned with |Just as X, so Y |The same to X as to Y |
|Conform to使适合 |Know to do X |To result in |
|Connection between X and Y |Less X than Y | To think of X as Y |
|Consider X Y (without to be) |Likely to be |Used as |
|Contend that |Mandate that |View X as Y |
|Contrast X with Y |Mistake X for Y |Whether to |
|Credited with |Modeled after仿造, 模仿 |Worried about (not “over”) |
|Declare X Y断言, 宣称, 宣布, 宣告, 声明 |More …than ever |X enough to Y |
|Declare YX |More common among X than among Y |X instead of Y |
|Defined as |More X than Y |X is attributed to Y |
| |Native to |X out of Y (numbers) 在...范围外 |
| |A native of |X regarded as Y |

• a debate over • a lot • a responsibility to • a result of • a sequence of • agree with • as an instance of • as good as/or better than • as great as • as much as • attend to (someone) • attribute X to Y/X is attributed to Y • based on • believe X to be Y • both X and Y • centers on • concerned with • conform to • created with • defined as • depends on whether • depicted as • different from/differ from • distinguishes between X and Y • distinguish from • doubt that • either...or • enable to • fascinated by • forbid X to do Y • identical with • in contrast to • independent from • indifferent towards • modeled after • (no) more...than/(no) less...than • more than ever • neither...nor • not only...but also • not so much...as • prohibits X from doing Y • potential to • range from X to Y • regard as • regardless • responsible for • resulting in • retroactive to • so X as to be Y • so (adjective) that • subscribe to • such...as • the same to X as to Y • to contrast X with Y • to mistake X for Y • to result in • to sacrifice X for Y