...Introduction The American Basswood tree, Tilia americana, has become a staple in both urban and forested areas from Missouri to Maine. Also referred to as the American Linden, the tree has both historical and ecological significance. In the Northeast, Native Americans used the fibrous Basswood for rope, mats, nets, and baskets. The sap of the tree as well as the leaves and cambium were consumed in various ways. The Iroquois in particular used the bark of the tree for bandages and other medicinal purposes (Nesom, 2003). Ecologically, the tree provides ample resources for birds and other animals, especially during winter. Decaying older trees function as autogenic engineers by providing habitats for cavity-nesting animals. Basswoods also enrich...
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...spores of thermophiles may be added from equipment. * Bagging of raw sugar may also add some micro organisms. * During the refining of raw sugar contamination may come from equipment, and organisms are added during bagging. * In manufacture of beet sugar, clean beets are sliced into thin slices and the sugar is removed by diffusion process at 60 to 85 C. sources of contamination are flume water and diffusion- battery waters. * Thermophiles may grow into the latter at 70 c. * Contamination may also take place during refining and bagging of the sugar. * Granulated sugar are now very low in microbial content for the most part, containing from a few to a several hundred organisms per gram, mostly bacterial spores. MAPLE SIRUP * Sap...
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...an estimated amount of 250 mL extract) sieve, container, pan and lather, and stove. The researcher washed the fruit. Then the fruit’s sap was extracted by squeezing using your hands. The extract was filtered using a sieve to remove the bonny and irregularly furrowed stone inside the fruit. The extract was poured in the heated pan and then stirred thoroughly until it became caramelized. Therefore this study is effective as an alternative source for sugar. The researcher recommended to the future investigators to conduct further experimentation about mansanitas. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study We all know that the Philippines is now suffering from crisis and many of as Filipinos are in poor situations. This is because of some high priced products like sugar. Sugar is used as an additives by many Filipinos especially bakers in making breads and cakes, coffee and juices and an additives for food. And because of this, many stores are increasing there prices of food and some are just closing their stores because of the lack of funds. So, I choose this study the feasibility of Mansanitas (Zizyphus jujuba Linn.) fruit extract as an alternative source for sugar in order to help not only the bakers but also some housewives who are using sugar as there additives in there homes to save money and can produce home-made sugar. Mansanitas nowadays is widely...
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...NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW YORK Natural History of New York New York State covers an area of 54,077 square miles (141,229 square km), 87% of which is land. Inland lakes and rivers cover 1,894 square miles (4,908 sq. km) and the State has jurisdiction over 981 sq. miles (2,541 sq. km) of the Atlantic Ocean as well as 3,988 square miles (10,329 sq. km) of the Great Lakes. Climate New York State lies in the humid temperate region of the northeastern United States. Average January temperatures range from 15.8 to 33.8 degrees Fahrenheit and 66.2 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit in July. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year and most parts of the State receive about 40 inches annually. Variation in topography and proximity to bodies of water causes large climatic variations and these deviations have created distinct ecological zones, which are home to a complex web of biological diversity. The Landscape New York’s land forms were shaped by the recent glacial stage which disappeared not more than 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. Thompson (1977) identified nine major land form regions within the state. The Adirondack upland in the northern-most portion of the State includes New York’s highest point, Mt. Marcy, hundreds of glacial lakes, and rich mineral deposits. Other upland regions include the Appalachian upland, which occupies nearly half the state, and the Tug Hill Upland, which is the least settled part of the state due to its poor soils, bad drainage and excessive precipitation...
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...14th GREEN TIP TO SAVE MOTHER EARTH Broken scientific apparatus like thermometer, barometers, manometers, sphygmomanometers, and float valves and other things that have mercury on should be disposed properly. Avoid throwing them in rivers for mercury is toxic and poisonous. Mercury * Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum. * Mercury poisoning can result from exposure to water-soluble forms of mercury (such as mercuric chloride or methylmercury), inhalation of mercury vapor, or eating seafood contaminated with mercury. * Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers, manometers, sphygmomanometers, float valves, mercury switches, mercury relays fluorescent lamps and other devices, through concerns about the element's toxicity have led to mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers being largely phased out in clinical environments in favour of alternatives such as alcohol- or galinstan-filled glass thermometers and thermistor- or infrared-based electronic instruments. Mercury can be found in four different forms: * Mercury metal, which is a silver-gray liquid, is harmful to humans when it is exposed into the air and consequently breathed into the lungs. * Methylmercury "may be taken into the body by eating certain saltwater and freshwater fish, especially larger fish at the top of the food chain, such as shark, swordfish, largemouth bass, and chain pickerel." ...
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...Econ 308 Midterm (Average Revenue) (Marginal Revenue) 1.) a.) # Of Operations | Total Harvest | Average Harvest | Marginal Harvest | Marginal Profit 0 0 0 0 0 1 40 40 40 15 2 75 37.5 35 10 3 105 35 30 5 4 130 32.5 25 0 5 150 30 20 -5 6 165 27.5 15 -10 7 175 25 10 -15 8 180 22.5 5 -20 9 182 20.22 3 -22 b.) To figure out the number of logging operations that maximizes the total profits in the logging industry, the number of operations in a stretch of rainforest should be operating up to a set point where the value of the addition to the total harvest exceeds the opportunity cost of a logging operation. The number of operations should stop at four since the fifth operation would bring in $20,000 in marginal revenue, which is less than enough to cover the costs of $25,000 per week. With that being said, four operations would maximize total profits in the industry. When we add up the difference between marginal revenue and marginal profit for the first four boats, the resource rent is $30,000 per day. c.) If profit-maximization is the only guiding principle to enter the logging industry, there will be a constant stream of newcomers looking for a profit and taking advantage of the open...
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...Glycemic Index for Sweeteners The glycemic index for sweeteners is a function of three things: 1. The amount of carbohydrate present. 2. The type of carbohydrate present. 3. The presence of other substances (soluble fiber for example) that slow metabolism of carbohydrates. Glucose has a glycemic index (GI) of 100 and fructose is 25. Sucrose (Ordinary sugar) which is made up of a combination of these two has a GI of 65. The search for a low GI natural sugar based sweetener is somewhat futile as they all contain combinations of the above, or similar sugars. Although fructose has a fairly low GI , it has other harmful effects and must be considered unsafe to take in large quantities. Agave Syrup has a low GI because it is mainly fructose. Agave has been delisted and banned by theGlycemic Research Institute of Washington DC because serious side effects were observed in clinical trials. Coconut Palm Sugar contains mainly sucrose and one would expect a GI of about 65. However it scores well in the glycemic index for sweeteners list. Tests have indicated a GI of only about 35. This may be partly because of other substances in it such as soluble fiber. However, the testing was very limited. More testing may well produce a higher GI. Yacon Syrup, scores best in the Glycemic Index for Sweeteners that are sugar based. It derives it's sweetness from Fructo-oligosaccharides, a type of sugar with a very low GI. It is probably the only truly raw, organic, natural, low calorie, and...
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...NEWS FEATURE Vol 460|16 NATURE|Vol 460|23 July 2009 RAGAMUFFIN EARTH A small group of ecologists is looking beyond the pristine to study the scrubby, feral and untended. Emma Marris learns to appreciate ‘novel ecosystems’. J oe Mascaro, a PhD student in a T-shirt and floral print shorts, is soaking in the diversity of the Hawaiian jungle. Above, a green canopy blocks out most of the sky. Aerial roots wend their way down past tropical trunks, tree ferns and moss-covered prop roots to an understorey of ferns and seedlings. The jungle is lush, humid and thick with mosquitoes. It is also as cosmopolitan as London’s Heathrow airport. This forest on Big Island features mango trees from India (Mangifera indica); Cecropia obtusifolia, a tree with huge star-shaped leaves from Mexico, Central America and Colombia; rose apples (Syzygium jambos) from southeast Asia; tasty strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum) from the threatened Atlantic coast of Brazil; and a smattering of Queensland maples (Flindersia brayleyana) from Australia. It also has candlenuts (Aleurites moluccana), a species that humans have moved around so much that its origins have become obscure. There is at least some native Hawaiian representation in the form of hala, or screwpine (Pandanus 450 tectorius), which is pictured on the crest of Punahou School, where US President Barack Obama studied. There are no Hawaiian birds here though. Mascaro sees plenty of feral pigs, descendants of those brought by settlers...
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...wood decay 6 2.0 The Role of microorganisms in wood decay 7 3.0 Microbiological degradation of wood 9 3.1 Wood decaying fungi 10 3.1.1 Soft rot 10 3.1.2White rot 13 3.1.3 Bacteria 13 3.2 Mechanism of wood deterioration 14 3.2.1 Degradation of hemicelluloses 15 3.2.2 Degradation of lignin 16 3.2.3 Cellulose degradation 16 4.0CASE STUDY 19 5.0 Control of wood deterioration 21 5.1 CONCLUSION 24 REFERENCE 25 MICROBIAL DETERIORATION OF WOOD AND ITS CONTROL BY AGWULONU JOSEPH SU11311020 DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES SALEM UNIVERSITY LOKOJA, KOGI STATE. Background Wood is a hard, fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by them. It also mediates the transfer of water and nutrients to the leaves and other growing tissues. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber. However, various...
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...Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gasses produced by human activities. A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect.The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. The causes of increasing greenhouse gases are: Burning fossil fuels, thus releasing into the atmosphere carbon that has been safely stored for millions of years by burning coal, oil and natural gas for transport and electricity. An enormous demand for electricity. The growing population of the earth all want cars, refrigerators, air-conditioning and a double garage. Most electricity is generated by burning coal. A constant and growing demand for red meat. Cattle belch out methane, a toxic greenhouse gas, much more dangerous than carbon dioxide. More and more forests and bushland, which absorb carbon dioxide from the air, are being cut down so more cattle can graze. A reduction in the planet's ability to remove...
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...may be a seemingly good thing, mandatory volunteering causes young adolescents to rebel against community service and volunteer work. According to the Cognitive Evaluation Theory study, people tend to resist and lose interest in what is being asked of them when they feel they are being controlled by an outside source because of the human nature of individualism(Pearce 1).This is already seen in other school situations, such as with homework. Many children will often refuse to do rudimentary or simple homework assignments. Throughout history, volunteering has evolved into a cultural connection; a common characteristic of humans on a local, national, and global level is the desire to help one another. Although this statement is not necessarily true for every individual, most people feel an urgency to assist friends, family members, coworkers, and/or strangers in need or in crisis. Why should we volunteer? Many people donate their time for varying reasons whether it’s fundraising for disaster relief or collecting, preparing, and serving food for a food bank (Moore). Maybe it’s the warm sensation in your heart after you play a game of chess with a bedridden cancer patient, or the contagious smiles shared between servers and recipients at a soup kitchen that attracts a person to volunteering; in any case,...
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...Algebra for the Utterly Confused This page intentionally left blank. Algebra for the Utterly Confused Larry J. Stephens McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-143095-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-135514-6 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc...
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...this definition does not include “logging”. More inclusive was Myers’s 1980 definition, where deforestation refers, “generally to the complete destruction of forest cover through clearing for agriculture … [so] … that not a tree remains, and the land is given over to non-forest purposes … [and where] very heavy and unduly negligent logging … [result in a] … decline of biomass and depletion of ecosystem services … . So severe that the residual forest can no longer qualify as forest in any practical sense of the world.” Alan Graigner (1980, AS quoted in Saxena and Nautiyal, 1997) asserts that selective logging does not “lead to forest clearance and does not constitute deforestation”, whereas Norman Myers (1980, 1993) thinks that logging is crucial because, although it may only affect a small proportion of trees per hectare, it damages wide areas and is the precursor of penetration by the forest farmers. For the purpose of this study, the FAO’s latest definitions (1993) will be used. The FAO defines forests as “ecosystems with a minimum of 10% crown cover of trees and/or bamboo, generally associated with wild flora, fauna, and natural soil conditions, and not subject to agricultural practices” and deforestation as a “change of land use with a depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10% crown cover”. “A livelihood comprises the assets (natural, physical, human, financial and social capital), activities, and the access to...
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...ADRA AC&H AC&H H&S ADRA HA HA H&S OI REC NAT NAT OI VOC VOC SGO&H REC SGO&H pathfinder honor book 2014 revision general conference youth ministries department -1- ADRA AC&H H&S NAT HA OI SGO&H REC VOC pathfinder honor book 2014 revision general conference youth ministries department -3- General Conference Youth Ministries Department Director: Gilbert Cangy General Conference Associate Youth Director/Pathfinder World Director: Jonatan Tejel General Conference Honors Committee: Jonatan Tejel, Chairman Vanessa Correa, Secretary Gennady Kasap: ESD Youth Director Busi Khumalo: SID Youth Director Mark O’Ffill: NAD representative John Sommerfeld: SPD representative Paul Tompkins: TED Youth Director Jobbie Yabut: SSD Youth Director Udolcy Zukowski: SAD Pathfinder Director Copyright © 2014 by the Youth Ministries Department of the Seventh-day Adventist® Church All rights reserved. Published 2014 First edition published 1998. Second edition 2011. Third edition 2014 Rights for publishing this book outside the U.S.A. or in non-English languages are administered by the Youth Ministries Department of the Seventh-day Adventist® Church. For additional information, please visit our website, www.gcyouthministries. org, email youthinfo@gc.adventist.org, or write to Youth Ministries Department, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists® Church, 12501 Old Columbia Pike, Silver Spring, MD 20904, U.S.A. Cover and inside design by Jonatan Tejel Printed in the United...
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...“It's delightful when your imaginations come true, isn't it?”(M. Montgomery, 15). Anne of Green Gables written by Lucy Maud Montgomery is a novel which focuses on the theme of conflict between imagination and social expectations. Montgomery represents her passionate sense of creativity and imagination through the unique yet queer character of Anne Shirley whom is present in a series of her novels. Montgomery develops this character in her written work by making many connections and similarities relative to significant memories of her own childhood. As a Canadian author, Montgomery uses a variety of Canadian landmarks in her writing which contributed greatly to Canadian literature. It has also been recognized that a wide collection of writing devices are used within the author’s work to enhance the development of the novel. The theme of this novel presents significance to the character of Anne whom continuously struggles to subside her unique imagination and submit to social expectations. There are endless examples within Anne of Green Gables that demonstrate the similarities between herself and the beloved character of Anne. To conclude, the character of Anne Shirley is merely a reflection of Montgomery herself. A Canadian with roots in Scotland, Lucy M. Montgomery was a regional romantic novelist best known for Anne of Green Gables (1908)( Castriota, Lucy). Montgomery was born in 1874 in PEI where she was raised by her maternal grandparents after her mother passed away due...
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